Renal Phys

Front 1

Administration of an inhibitor of ACE would be expected to have what effects on circulating levels of renin and aldosterone?

Back 1

increased renin, decreased aldosterone

Front 2

Na and glucose are cotransported in what part of the nephron?

Back 2

apical membrane of the proximal tubule

Front 3

a decrease in GFR would lead to _ renin release, _ vasoconstictor release, _ resistance of efferent arterioles, _ GFR

Back 3

increased
decreased
increased
increased

Front 4

Glucose is reabsorbed in what part of the nephron?

Back 4

proximal tubule

Front 5

The tubuloglomerular feedback is stimulated by _

Back 5

an increase in tubular load delivered to the distal tubule

Front 6

Countercurrent exchange preserves _

Back 6

hyperosmolarity of the renal medulla

Front 7

ADH is primarily regulated by neurons in the _

Back 7

hypothalamus

Front 8

sodium channel blockers have what effect on potassium secretion?

Back 8

decreases K secretion

Front 9

Juxtaglomerular nephrons are the ones where the capsule is located _

Back 9

near the cortical medullary junction

Front 10

The superficial nephron has what arteriole supply with it?

What about the juxtaglomerular nephron?

Back 10

peritubular capillary bed

vasa recta

Front 11

The JGA is the area of contact between the _ and _

Back 11

glomerulus and distal tubule

Front 12

JG cells secrete _

Back 12

renin

Front 13

What is the equation for renal clearance?

Back 13

C= UV/P

Front 14

GFR is measured using solutes that _

RPF is measured using solutes that _

Back 14

are cleared by filtration only

are cleared (completely) by filtration and secretion

Front 15

A high plasma creatinine is indicative of a _ GFR

Back 15

low

Front 16

Urea exretion is directly related to the urine flow independent of _

Back 16

GFR

Front 17

A high BUN/Creatinine confirms _

Back 17

dehydration

Front 18

BUN (increases/decreases) with decreased urine flow

Back 18

increases

Front 19

The best substance to measure RPF is _

Back 19

PAH

Front 20

(Cations)(Anions) are filtered more than the other.

Back 20

Cations are filtered more than Anions

Front 21

Kf (increases/decreases) as nephrons are lost

Back 21

decreases

Front 22

If only afferent arterioles are constricted, GFR will _, RPF wil_

Back 22

decrease and decrease

Front 23

If only efferent arterioles are constricted, then __

Back 23

GFR starts to increase, but then will decrease because the fall in RPF over powers the increase in capillary pressure

Front 24

_ is the main site of renal autoregulation

Back 24

afferent arteriole

Front 25

Tuberoglomerular feedback is mediated by the _

Back 25

JGA

Front 26

Macula densa release paracrine factors such as _ and _, which then contract _.

Back 26

adenosine and ATP

Afferent arteriole smooth muscles

Front 27

Regarding Na reabsorption, _% is reabsorbed in the TAL and early DCT. Here, it is absorbed (with/without) water

Back 27

25%

reabsorbed withOUT water

Front 28

Regarding Na reabsorption, apical entry is (passive/active), and basolateral transport is (passive/active)

Back 28

passive, (symporters and antiporters and Na channels)

active (ATPase)

Front 29

What Na transporters are found in the early proximal tubules?

Back 29

Apical: Na/solute symporters, Na/H antiporters (indirectly coupled to HCO absorption)

Basolateral: NaK ATPase, Na/HCO3 sympoter

Front 30

Peritubular capillary starling forces favor water _

Back 30

reabsorption

They have a relatively low hydrostatic pressure and a high oncotic pressure

Front 31

In the early proximal tubule, _ is the dominate counterion

Back 31

HCO3-


(There is limited Cl reabsorption, infact the concentration of chloride increases slightly along the length of the PT)

Front 32

In the late proximal tubule, _ is the dominant counterion.

The main route of reabsorption for this ion is (paracellular/transcellular)

Back 32

Cl-

transcellular

Front 33

The thin descending limb (concentrates/dilutes) tubular fluid.

The thin ascending limb (concentrates/dilutes) tubular fluid.

Back 33

concentrates (Lots of aquaporins)

dilutes (permeable to Na and Cl through paracellular transport)

Front 34

The thick ascending limb does what to the tubular fluid?

Back 34

dilutes it,

there is active transcellular NaCl reabsorption, as well as passive paracellular Na reabsorption.

Front 35

What transporters are present at the apical side of the thick ascending limb?

Back 35

NaK2Cl symporter - driven by the NaCl gradient

K channel recycles K,

Na/H exchanger

Front 36

What transporters are present on the basolateral side of the thick ascending limb?

Back 36

HCO3-/Cl- antiporter

Cl- and K channels (passive)

NaKATPase

Front 37

Loop Diuretics such as _, act by inhibiting the _ channel found in the _

Back 37

Furosemide

Na/K/Cl symporter

thick ascending limb

Front 38

In the early distal convoluted tubule, there is _ reabsorption, but no _. Therefore the tubular fluid is (concentrated/dilute)

Back 38

NaCl reabsorbed

Water is not

Dilute

Front 39

Thiazide diuretics aim to inhibit _ channel found in the _.

Back 39

Na/Cl symporter

found in the early DCT

Front 40

Beta intercalated cells secrete _ during alkalosis

Alpha intercalated cells secrete _

Back 40

HCO3-

H+

Front 41

Amiloride is called a _ diuretic, because it _

Back 41

K sparing diuretic

it inhibits apical Na channels of the principal cells, reducing the trans-epithelial potential difference and reduces apical K secretion

Front 42

ADH increases apical _ channels in the distal nephron

Back 42

AQP2

Front 43

Aldosterone stimulates _ cells to reabsorb _.

Back 43

principal cells

Na

Front 44

Increased BFR through vasa recta does what to the medullary gradient?

Back 44

washes out

Front 45

Renin converts _ to _.

Back 45

Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I

Front 46

Angiotensin II is a : (4)

Back 46

vasoconstrictor
inducer of aldosterone synthesis
inhibitor of renin release
stimulator of AVP (ADH) release and thirst

Front 47

Angiotensin II increases _ resistance, which will (increase/decrease) filtration fraction, (increase/decrease) peritubular capillary colloid pressure, and ultimately (increase/decrease) Na reabsorption

Back 47

afferent and efferent resistance (efferent more so)

increase FF
increase P
Increase Na reabsorption

Front 48

SANS postganglionic cells release NE, which will Increase _ resistance, and eventually lead to _ RBF and _ GFR

Back 48

afferent (and to a lesser extent, efferent) arteriolar resistance

decrease RBF and decrease GFR

Front 49

NSAIDs inhibit _ synthesis and are therefore contraindicated in chronic renal failure

Back 49

prostaglandin

These are vasodilators and help with protective mechanisms of the kidney

Front 50

_ is the primary determinant of water permeability in the collecting duct

Back 50

ADH (AVP)

Front 51

AVP release is triggered by _ osmolarity in ECF, triggered by hypothalamic osmoreceptors

Back 51

increase

Front 52

Renin release is stimulated by _.

Back 52

decrease ECF

Front 53

_ and _ induce the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands

Back 53

ANG II and plasma K

Front 54

90% of K reabsorption occurs in the _ and the _.

In a low K diet, it is reabsorbed by _ cells found _.

Back 54

proximal tubule (80) and loop of henle (10)

alpha intercalated cells found in the CCT

Front 55

In a high K diet, it is secreted into the _ by the _ cells

Back 55

CCT by principal cells

Front 56

K reabsorption is coupled to _ secretion

Back 56

H

Front 57

K secretion increases with _

Back 57

high Na in CT, Aldosterone, high plasma K, and acute alkalosis

Front 58

All Calcium reabsorption in the DCT (8%) happens (transcellularly/paracellularly)

Back 58

transcellularly.

This is the major regulatory site for Ca reabsorption

Front 59

Where is the major regulatory site for Ca reabsorption?

Back 59

DCT

Front 60

Regarding Ca reabsorption, Ca enters the apical membrane by _, and crosses the basolateral membrane by _

Back 60

passive entry

active reabsorption, through H-Ca pump (1) or the Na-Ca exchanger (2)

Front 61

What hormone is linked with Ca reabsorption?

Back 61

PTH

Front 62

Alkalosis: 1. triggers Ca reabsorption in DC, 2. indirectly inhibits Ca reabsorption in the DC 3. Has no effect on Ca reabsorption

Back 62

1! triggers Ca reabsorption

Front 63

Loop diuretics have what effect on Ca excretion?

Back 63

They increase calcium excretion by blocking the Na/K/Cl transporter

Front 64

Thiazide and amiloride diuretics have what effect on Ca excretion?

Back 64

decrease ca excretion, because they increase the apical electrical gradient

Front 65

What is the glucose transporter found in the early PT?

Late PT?

Back 65

SGLT2 - high capacity, low affinity

SGLT1 - low capacity, high affinity

Front 66

The Na H exchanger is found in what parts of the nephron?

Back 66

Early and late PT

TAL

DCT

Front 67

H+ secretion is mostly due to _ cells

Back 67

alpha intercalated

Front 68

_ stimulates H secretion

Back 68

hypokalemia

hypovolemia

Front 69

At the brush border, you find carbonic anhydrase _, while inside the cell is carbonic anhydrase _

Back 69

IV

II

Front 70

NH3 is produced in the _ from _.

Back 70

early PT

from glutamine