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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is prerenal azotemia?
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selective rise in BUN during early renal failure
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Define segmental. (kidney pathology)
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involving part of the glomerular tuft
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hematuria, hypertension, oliguria, azotemia = ?
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Nephritic Syndrome, "I" = inflammation
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LM findings in post-strep glomerulonephritis?
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lumpy bumpy and hypercellular w/ neutrophils
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EM findings in post-strep glomerulonephritis?
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subepithelial humps (from deposition of cationic antigen)
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IF findings in post-strep glomerulonephritis?
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granular
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Goodpasture's is what type of hypersensistivity?
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type II (IgG binding directly to BM)
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Goodpasture's IF?
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linear
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Symptoms of Goodpasture's?
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hemoptysis, hematuria
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Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis EM?
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subendothelial humps; "tram track"
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Course of crescentic glomerulonephritis?
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rapid (the Red Crescent is the Islamic Red Cross, an organization that provides relief during emergencies, like crescentic glomerulonephritis)
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Course of Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?
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slow
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IgA nephropathy IF and EM?
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mesangial deposits of IgA (Mes"A"ngium)
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Which can be post infectious, IgA nephropathy or Goodpasture's?
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IgA nephropathy
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Signs of nephrotic syndrome?
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massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, hyperlipidemia (think "erotic" = an erection(edema) and ejaculate(massive proteinuria)
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LM of membranous glomerulonephritis?
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diffuse capillary and basement membrane thickening
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IF of membranous glomerulonephritis?
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granular
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EM of membranous glomerulonephritis?
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spike and dome ("if you have a spike in your dome, you must be insane in the "membran"e," -Chirag)
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Minimal change disease EM?
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foot process effacement
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Most common cause of childhood nephrotic syndrome?
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minimal change disease
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Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis LM?
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segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis
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Diabetic nephropathy LM?
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Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions
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SLE (5 patterns of renal involvement) LM?
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wire-loop appearance w/ extensive granular BM depsits in membranous glomerulonephritis pattern
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What is the most common kidney stone?
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Calcium (with either oxalate of phosphate)
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What kidney stone is associated with a bacterial infection?
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Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struivte) stones are associated with urase positive bugs that make ammonium
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What are the two most common stone-forming bacteria?
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proteus vulgaris and Staph.
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What stones are associated with gout?
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Uric acid stones
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What else can cause uric acid stones?
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Any disease with high cell turnover (remember that uric acid is a by-product of DNA formation), so leukemia and myeloproliferative disease
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What stones are associated with cystineuria?
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cystine stones
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What two stones are radiolucent?
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Uric acid and cystine (the two purely metabolic causes)
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What are the complications of stones?
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Hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis
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What causes calcium stones?
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Anything that increases calcium in the blood, so high PTH, malignancy (bone breakdown, PTH production), vitamin D overdose.
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Renal Cell Carcinoma: Is this a common renal cancer?
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Yes, the most common
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Renal Cell Carcinoma: Who is prone to this?
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males, ages 50-70, smokers, gene deletions on chromosome 3
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Renal Cell Carcinoma: This is a cancer of what cell type?
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renal tubule cells, histologically they appear clear.
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Renal Cell Carcinoma: What are the clinical signs of this cancer?
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flank pain, fever, hematuria, palpable mass, secondary polycythemia
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Renal Cell Carcinoma: How does it spread?
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It invades the renal veins and IVC, to spread hematogenously
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Renal Cell Carcinoma: What hormones can it produce?
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ACTH, prolactin, Parathyroid-like hormone, gonadotropins and renin.
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Wilm's Tumor: Who gets this cancer?
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Children 2-4 years
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Wilm's Tumor: Is it common?
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The most common renal cancer in children
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Wilm's Tumor: What is the chromosomal abnormality that leads to this?
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deletion of tumor suppressor gene WT1 on chromosome 11
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Wilm's Tumor: What tetrad is it associated with?
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WAGR - Wilm's, Anirida (lack of an iris), Genitourinary malformation, and Retardation
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Wilm's Tumor: How does it present?
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huge palpable mass and hemihypertrophy
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Wilm's Tumor: What is the histological appearance?
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mixed - with stromal, mesenchymal, tubular, glomerular and fibrous elements
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Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Where does this cancer occur?
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Urinary spaces (tract, calyces, pelvis, bladder)
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Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Does it recur?
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yes, often
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Transitional Cell Carcinoma: How does it spread?
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Local invasion
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Transitional Cell Carcinoma: What can predispose you to it?
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Pee SAC toxins - Phenacetin, Smoking, Aniline dye (benezenes), and Cyclophsophimide.
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Transitional Cell Carcinoma: How does it present?
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Hematuria
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