Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 4 parts to a kidney starting with the word renal?
|
Renal Capsule, Renal Cortex, Renal Medulla, and Renal Pelvis
|
|
What is the function of an Erythropoietin hormone and where is it produced?
|
A hormone that is produced from the kidneys and stimulates bone marrow to produce more Red Blood Cells
|
|
What is the function of a Renin hormone and where is it produced?
|
A hormone that is produced from the kidneys and regulates BP
|
|
What is the function of a Aldosterone hormone and where is it produced?
|
A hormone that is produced from the Adrenals and regulates BP
|
|
what is the function of Anti-diuretic Hormone and where is it produced?
|
A hormone that is produced from the pituitary and regulates BP
|
|
what does a urethra do ?
|
helps transfer urine from the bladder to be eliminated out the body
|
|
what does the kidneys do in our body?
|
extracts waste from the blood, balances body fluids and forms urine secretes renin and erythropoietin regulates electrolytes and PH balance, activates vitamin D |
|
what is the function of the urinary bladder?
|
a reservoir for the urine
|
|
How many ureters does the body have and what is the function?
|
transfers urine from the kidneys to the bladder using peristalsis 2 ureters |
|
What are the signs and symptoms of ESRD patients and what do you monitor for?
|
Signs and symptoms of oliguria, anuria, azotemia, edema, HTN, anemia, muscle weakness, N&V, I&O, weight daily, Vital Signs, electrolyte imbalance, HGB, RBC level Diet: high folate (beans/green veggies) |
|
what is ESRD?
|
End Stage Renal Disease - inability of the kidneys to excrete compounds
|
|
What findings may be expected in ESRD patients?
|
anuria, proteinuria, marked azotemia, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, fluid volume excess, heart failure, pulmonary edema
|
|
why is an ESRD patient at risk for anemia?
|
blood loss and removal of folate during dialysis may contribute to an existing anemia that often occurs with chronic renal failure due to decreased secretion of erythropoietin
|
|
what are included in a nephron?
|
glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, convoluated tubule and collecting duct
|
|
Cause of Glomerulonephritis
|
bilateral inflammation of the glomerular capillaries, commonly following a strep infection impetigo, SLE, HTN, sclerosis |
|
What are some treatment for Glomerulonephritis?
|
loop Diuretics: Lasix Vasodilator: Hydralazine Corticosteroids: Prednisone Dialysis
|
|
What would a skin and throat culture detect for Glomerulonephritis?
|
Throat culture detects Group A Beta Hemolytic Strep and positive Azo Titer |
|
Findings for acute Glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Signs and symptoms of acute Glomerulonephritis |
decreased urination, foamy urine from protein, smokey, cola colored urine, SOB, dysnea, orthopnea, crackles, HTN, fatigue, peripheral edema |
|
Complication for POST - TURP patients:
|
urethral trauma, urinary retention, bleeding, and infection
|
|
Monitor the post TURP patient for:
|
monitor bleeding, urine output, VS, urgency, flank pain, drainage stops flowing |
|
How do you prevent UTI ? |
cotton panties |
|
what are risk factors for UTIs?
|
having a catheter for to long, caused by Klebsiella, proteus, Serratia, pseudomonas, e coli, being a female, frequent use of feminine products, pregnancy, sex, hto tubs, DM, increased age |
|
What foods are recommended with nephrotic syndrome?
|
low sodium and low potassium frequent small meals, not to restrict fluids, just limit it |
|
what is nephrotic syndrome? |
glomerular capillaries are damaged from immune complex deposits, nephrotoxic antibodies |
|
Other S/S with nephrotic syndrome |
edema, hematuria, urine output scanty, elevated BP, ABD distended, discomfort, liver increased production of lipoproteins |
|
Name foods high in potassium
|
|
|
Class and generic |
urinary analgesic to relieve the pain, burning and discomfort caused by the infection irritation of the urinary tract Doesn't treat sx of UTI |
|
What color does urine turn with taking Pyridium?
|
orange red |
|
Lab values for BUN and Creatinine |
Creatinine: female: 0.5 - 1.1 male: 0.6 - 1.2 |
|
what structure that kidneys are behind |
protected in front by the contents of the ABD and behind the muscles attached to the backbone |
|
Foods high in uric acid |
beer, organ meats (liver, heart, gizzard), poultry, red meat, seafood, sweet bread, asparagus, cauliflower, green peas, mushrooms, spinach |
|
Why does Spironolactone cause Gynecomastia? |
sx of an underlying imbalance in hormonal physiology, increase in estrogen action relative to androgen action at the breast tissue level *testosterone decrease estrogen increase |
|
Post Op patient following Intravenous Pyelogram
|
monitor BUN/Creat, SOB, rash, NPO after midnight, pink tinged urine and dysuria |
|
Another name for kidney stones
|
Nephrolithiasis
|
|
Signs and sx of nephrolithiasis
|
severe pain, spreads to lower abd and groin, pain on urination, pink red or brown urine, N&V, urge to urinate, fever/chills, frequent small urines |
|
patient teaching for urolithiasis |
tell patient on pertinent findings elicited during comprehensive nursing assessment, follow up on support dietary, encourage, reduced animal protein intake, encourage increases in daily fluid intake and weight loss, void diary, show pt how to collect specimen and strain urine |
|
medical management goal for pt with kidney stones |
diet- primary control mechanism for stone formulation, stones associated with excess in the patient's diet, namely of salt and protein |
|
S/S of Interstitial Cystitis |
onset usually associated with either UTI or instrumentation of the bladder, urgency, frequent/bladder pain, void not painful, urine free of bacteria, men=penile - tip pain and perineal pain |
|
What food, drinks, etc to avoid when having interstitial cystitis |
smoking, alcohol, spices, chocolate, caffeinated and citrus drinks, tyramine foods, artificial sweetener |
|
risk factors for unlikely candidate for kidney transplant
|
untreatable cardiac disease, active CA, severe psychosocial problem (schzo), chronic infection or systemic disease (SLE, HIV, Hep C) doing drugs/ alcohol |
|
What labs should be monitored in renal patients |
Bun/ creat, Potassium, Sodium, Proteinuria |
|
S/S of CRF |
lethargy, seizures, coma, tremors, ataxia, HTN, peripheral edema, uremic halitosis, tachypnea, sob, crackles, pallor, fatigue, abnormal bleeding, n&v, diarrhea |
|
Foods/drinks with phosphorous and CRF patients to avoid |
beer, chocolate drinks, canned ice tea, cheese, milk, cottage cheese, ice cream, custard, cream soups, yogurt, sardines, chicken liver, crayfish, oysters, baked beans |
|
Amphojel is used for what in CRF patients |
to reduce phosphate levels in the patient with kidney conditions |
|
Aging bladder in elderly women |
frequent UTI, reduction in bladder capacity, unhibited contractions, decreased flow rate, diminished urethral pressure profile |
|
Proscar for, class and generic |
for men, prevents the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in the body Class type II 5 alpha reductase inhibitor |
|
S/S for disequilibrium
|
muscle cramps, HA, N&V, dizziness during procedure |
|
complication of having peritoneal dialysis |
allows micro-organisms into the peritoneum and cause peritonitis, monitor infection, infection at the access site may be r/t leakage of dialysate, age RF, C&S and gram strain if purulent drainage is present at access site |
|
S/S for peritonitis
|
inflammation in the peritoneal cavity of the abd, distention of the abd, fluid built up |
|
why does potassium decrease after having hemodialysis
|
potassium and sodium typically move out of the plasma into the dialysate |
|
nephron's purpose |
functional units of the kidney, the cells that form urine |
|
glomeruluse's job |
capillary network inside a cup shaped structure inside each kidney blood is channels thru the afferent arterioles into filters glomerulus is located in the kidney cortex |
|
normal content of urine |
*yellow 95% water 5% dissolved solids and gases urea 2%, uric acid 0.03%, creatinine 0.1%, electrolytes, pigment |
|
main source of renin |
the juxtaglomerular cells from storage granules within the metanephric kidney |
|
most common cause of pyelonephritis |
Escherichia Coli |
|
s/s of pyelonephritis
|
chills, fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, colicky-type abd pain, flank pain, costovertebral edema or erythema, N&V, malaise, fatigue, HTN |
|
what is pyelonephritis |
in lower urinary tract impairs filtration, reabsorption and secretion |
|
class and use |
generic: sulfamethoxazole decrease the ability of some bacteria to utilize folic acid growing and disrupts the production of tetrahydrofolic acid |
|
Steps in making urine |
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption. tubular secretion, reabsorption |
|
Describe the goal for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
|
Rids the body of excess fluid, urea, and electrolytes. Acheives acid base balance (pts that in acidosis with decreased PH). Eliminates waste products. Restores internal homeostatsis by osmosis, diffusion and ultrafiltration. Can sustain life for pts with ARF/CRF. Doesn't replace hormonal functions of the kidney |
|
Describe post op priority care in renal angiogram patients
|
apply firm pressure with a sandbag or tight pressure bandage to the site. Lie lateral on site to apply more pressure, leg straight. Do not lift head in post op recovery. Catheter inserted. |
|
Define oliguria
|
diminished urine production |
|
What does an anuria mean?
|
failure of kidneys to produce urine |
|
What class is Ditropan and what is it used for? |
Generic: Oxybutynin suppresses involuntary contractions of the bladder's smooth muscle spasms by blocking the release of acetylcholine |
|
Describe Side effects for Ditropan |
Dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention, confusion, increased heart rate, palpations |
|
What is the class for Demerol and what is it used for?
|
Generic: Meperidine to relieve moderate to severe pain |
|
What side effects may to obtain when given Demerol?
|
blurred vision, chest pain, discomfort, confusion, convulsion, cough |
|
What are other name for a bladder infection?
|
Urinary Tract Infection |
|
Signs and Symptoms of a bladder infection
|
dysuria, pyuria, urgency & frequency, cramps or spasms of the bladder, hematuria, suprapubic discomfort, nocturia, uretral discharge |
|
Amino acids produce what waste products |
Amine group, hydrogen ion, ammonia |
|
Post Op care for a cystoscopy patient and what s/s may happen?
|
pink tinged urine and dysuria is normal, push fluids to flush out bladder, monitor for retention after the procedure, monitor for back pain, cystoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder. Pt returned to post-anesthesia care unit |
|
Prior and Post Renal Arteriogram
|
drink plenty of fluids the day before the procedure NPO after midnight Post - keep site straight drink fluids VS regulation narcotic for pain avoid hot baths/showers |
|
What is the scope of an UAP?
|
bathing oral hygiene/hair hygiene diaper change repositioning *anything else I may have missed lol |