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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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filtration of plasma per unit of time
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glomerular filteration rate
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directly related to the perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
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GFR
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When systemic arterial pressure decreases
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this stimulates renal arteriolar vasoconstriction and decreases both RBF and GFR
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decreases the GFR and diminishes excretion of sodium and water, promoting an increase in blood volume and thus an increase in systemic pressure.
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The decreased RBF
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Exercise, body position, and hypoxia also influence
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RBF.
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turned on with a loss; plasma decreases; detected by JGA, this releases renin.
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The renin-angiotensin system
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A major hormonal regulator of RBF
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renin-angiotensin system,
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can increase systemic arterial pressure and change RBF.
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renin-angiotensin system
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decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles, which reduces stretch of the juxtaglomerular cells; decreased sodium chloride concentration in the distal convoluted tubule; and sympathetic nerve stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors on the juxtaglomerular cells.
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mechanisms that stimulate the release of renin
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the movement of fluids and solutes from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary plasma.
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Tubular reabsorption
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the transfer of substances from the plasma of the peritubular capillary to the tubular lumen.
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Tubular secretion
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amount filtered per day.
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Filtration rate
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The norm is 180 L.
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Filtration rate
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looks at amount cleared in 24 hours. Follow long-term.
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Creatinine clearance test/24 hour urine
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Normal creatinine
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0.7-1.2
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reflects a long-term decline on GFR over weeks or months.
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Plasma creatinine concentration
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reflects glomerular filtration and urine concentrating capacity.
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BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
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Normal BUN
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10-20.
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Normal urine pH
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5-6.5
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Normal specific gravity
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1.016-1.022
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dilation of the ureter
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Hydroureter
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dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces
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Hydronephrosis
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Unilateral obstruction reduces RBF and GFR and is reflected by
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an increased plasma creatinine level
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Alkaline (basic) urine =
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calcium stone,
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acidic urine =
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uremic stone
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High purine diet assoc. with
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uric acid stones
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Calcium stones are treated with
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diuretics and allopurinol
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a procedure for eliminating a calculus in the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder. A high frequency sound wave used to break up stone.
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Lithotripsy
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a functional urinary tract obstruction caused by an interruption of the nerve supply to the bladder caused by motor neuron lesion
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Neurogenic bladder
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Essentially bladder paralysis correlated with area of injury.
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Neurogenic bladder
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burning sensation, fever, chills, shivering. The CMs are the result of the infection due to urine retention or catheter.
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Neurogenic bladder
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the most common renal neoplasm. 60% survival.
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Renal cell carcinoma
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Associated with tobacco use, obesity, and prolonged analgesic (pain meds) use
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Renal cell carcinoma
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hematuria, flank pain.
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Renal cell carcinoma
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surgical removal of affected kidney, chemo, radiation.
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Renal cell carcinoma
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surgical removal of kidney
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radical nephrectomy
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Risk greatest in men who smoke or work in the chemical, rubber, or textile industries.
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Bladder tumors
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Recurring cancer of every three to five years.
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Bladder tumors
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Assoc. with mutations in the tumor-suppressor gene p53
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Bladder tumors
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Evaluation: cytoscopy (light)
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Bladder tumors
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an inflammation of the bladder causing urinary frequency, dysuria, urgency, and/or lower abdominal, lower back, or suprapubic pain.
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Cystitis
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The most common pathogens found in UTI
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E. coli, staphylococcus arueus, pseudomonas.
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Diagnosis – 10,000 bacteria/ml of freshly voided urine
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Cystitis
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no or little bacteria present.
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"Nonbacterial” cystitis
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Can develop urethral syndrome
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"Nonbacterial” cystitis
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usually occurs in young sexually active women. Inflammation of microscopic glands within urinary structure itself.
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urethral syndrome
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Can develop interstitial cystitis
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"Nonbacterial” cystitis
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persistent and chronic form of nonbacterial cystitis. Constant inflammation of bladder wall.
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interstitial cystitis
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defined as an acute infection involving the renal pelvis and interstitium. Usually see antibody coated bacteria.
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Acute pyelonephritis
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Causative organism is usually E. coli
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Acute pyelonephritis
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Causes UTO or reflux. Frequency, urgency, N/V, fever. Urine culture done to determine what causative organism is. Antibiotics and follow up urine culture.
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Acute pyelonephritis
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an infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (ureters, renal pelvis, and renal parenchyma)
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Pyelonephritis
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a persistent or recurrent infection of the kidney with inflammation and scarring. One or both kidneys may be involved. Kidney appears smaller than normal. Relieve obstruction of possible.
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Chronic pyelonephritis
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Usually results in renal failure.
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Chronic pyelonephritis
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decrease GFR, edema is common hypertension, elevated BUN
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Glomerular Disorders
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massive proteinuria, lipiduria, and microscopic or no hematuria.
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Nephrotic sediment
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hematuria with red blood cell casts, white blood cell casts, and varying degrees of mild proteinuria, which is usually not severe.
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Nephritic sediment
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Reduced GFR is evidenced by
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increased creatinine levels.
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Cause: alteration of IgG binding.
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Glomerulonephritis
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Autoimmune disorder. Deposition of antigen-antibody complexes. Formation of antibodies specifically against glomerulus basement membrane.
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Glomerulonephritis
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CM: brown urine, fluid retention, hematuria, and proteinuria, HTN.
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Glomerulonephritis
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