Renal

Front 1

RBC casts

Back 1

glomerulonephritis, ischemia, malignant hypertension

Hint 1

RBCs w/o casts = bladder cancer, kidney stones

Front 2

WBC casts

Back 2

acute pyelonephritis, tubulointerstitial inflammation, transplant rejection

Hint 2

WBC w/o casts = acute cystitis

Front 3

Granula, muddy brown casts

Back 3

Acute tubular necrosis

Front 4

Waxy casts

Back 4

Advanced renal disease, CRF

Front 5

Hyaline casts

Back 5

nonspecific

Front 6

RTA Type 1

Back 6

Defect in collecting tubules intercalated cells secreting H+

Hint 6

Associated w/ hypokalemia, and risk of calcium-stones

Front 7

RTA Type 2

Back 7

Defect in proximal tubule reabsorption of HCO3-

Hint 7

Associated w/ hypokalemia and hypophosphatemic rickets

Front 8

RTA type 4

Back 8

defect in collecting tubule sensitivity to aldosterone or hypoaldosteronism

Hint 8

Associated w/ hyperkalemia, decreased ammonium excretion into tubules, which leads to a low urine pH

Front 9

Acute poststreptococcal glomeruloneprhitis

Back 9

LM: enlarged, hypercellular glomeruli w/ neutrophils and a "lumpy-bumpy" appearance. EM: subepithelial IC humps. IF: granular. Labs: decrease in C3, ASO titer

Hint 9

Most frequently seen in children who present w/ peripheral and periorbital edema, coca-cola urine, and a previous strep infection

Front 10

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN, or crescentic)

Back 10

LM and IF: crescent-moon shape consisting of fibrin, plasma proteins, glomerular parietal cells, monocytes, and macrophages

Hint 10

Includes goodpasture's (type II anti-GBM, linear IF), Wegeners (c-ANCA), microscopic polyarteritis (p-ANCA)

Front 11

Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis

Back 11

EM: subendothelial DNA-anti-DNA ICs lead to wire-looping of capillaries. IF: granular

Hint 11

Most common cause of death in SLE

Front 12

Berger's disease (IgA)

Back 12

LM and IF: ICs deposit in mesangium. Labs: normal C3

Hint 12

Often presents within 1-2 days of a URI or acute gastroenteritis. Most common cause of nephritic syndrome worldwide. Associated w/ henoch, celiac, dermatitis herpetiformis

Front 13

Alport's syndrome

Back 13

Split basement membrane (basketweave appearance)

Hint 13

X-linked recessive mutation in type IV collagen. Also associated w/ nerve disorders, ocular disorders, and deafness

Front 14

Chronic glomerulonephritis

Back 14

kidneys are shrunken and diffusely granular w/ scarring, fibrosis, atrophy, and lymphatic infiltrate. MCC RPGN or focal segmental GN

Front 15

Membranous glomerulonephritis (diffuse membranous glomerulopathy)

Back 15

LM: diffuse capillary and GBM thickening. EM: "spike and dome" appearance w/ subepithelial deposits. IF: granular. Labs: anti-phospholopase A2 antibody

Hint 15

Caused by drugs, infections, SLE, solid tumors. May cause renal vein thrombosis.

Front 16

Minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis)

Back 16

LM: normal. EM: foot process effacement. Lipid laden PCT cells due to lipoprotein resportion

Hint 16

Selective loss of albumin due to GBM polyanion loss. May be triggered by a recent infection or an immune stimulus. Most common in children

Front 17

Amyloidosis

Back 17

LM: congo red stain, apple-green birefringence, subendothelial deposits

Hint 17

Assoicated w/ multiple myeloma, chronic inflammatory conditions, TB, rheumatoid arthritis

Front 18

Diabetic glomerulonephropathy

Back 18

NEG of GBM, increased permeability and thickening. Mesangial expansion. LM: mesangial expansion, GBM thickening, nodules

Hint 18

More common in DMI, late stage will lead to decreased GFR

Front 19

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Back 19

LM: segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis.

Hint 19

Associated w/ IV drugs, HIV, blacks. Most common nephrotic disease in adults.

Front 20

Membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis

Back 20

Type I: Tram-track appearance due to GBM splitting w/ subendothelial deposits, decreased C3, C1, C4. Type II: tram-track appearance due to GBM splitting, dense deposits (not IC), decrease in C3

Hint 20

Type 1: HBV > HCV. Type II: associated w/ C3 nephritic factor

Front 21

Mannitol

Back 21

Osmotic diuretic used in shock, drug overdose, and to decrease intracranial/intraocular pressure

Hint 21

S/E: pulmonary edema, dehydration. Contraindicated in anuria, CHF

Front 22

Acetazolamide

Back 22

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used in glaucoma, urinary alkalinization, altitude sickness, and metabolic alkalosis

Hint 22

S/E: hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, neuropathy, NH3 toxicity, sulfa allergy, hypokalemia

Front 23

Furosemide

Back 23

Loop diuretic used in edematous states, hypertension, hypercalcemia

Hint 23

S/E: ototoxicity, hypokalemia, dehydration, sulfa allergy, nephritis, Gout

Front 24

Ethacrynic acid

Back 24

Phenoxyacetic acid derivative (not sulfonamide) that is pretty much the same as furosemide

Hint 24

S/E: similar to furosemide, but can be used in patients w/ gout

Front 25

Hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone

Back 25

Diuretic used to treat HTN, CHF, idiopathic hypercalciuria, nephrogenic DI

Hint 25

S/E: hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia sulfa allergy

Front 26

ACEi

Back 26

inhibit ACE, reducing levels of ATII and preventing inactivation of bradykinin

Hint 26

S/E: cough, angioedema, proteinuria, taste changes, hypotension, pregnancy problems (fetal renal damage), rash, increased renin, lower angiotensin II (All that spells out captopril). Also hyperkalemia