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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Protestantjk
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"protested" action of diet of empire in 1529, became anti-Roman reformersq
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justification by faithjk
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gaining God's "good side" more through faith than through actions set forth by the churchq
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indulgencesjk
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items sold by church to relieve people of sins and save them from purgatory to raise money. ML opposed thisq
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Ninety-Five Thesesjk
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ML writes in opposition to indulgences. He nails them to doors of church castle, supposedly starting protestant reformation. forgiveness is by god, not by paying for indulgences. pope/council cannot define Christian belief. Only bible canq
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Leipzig Debatejk
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ML debates with Johann Eck at Univ. of Leipzig and attacks doctrine of indulgences, attacks papal power. ML deemed a Hussq
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Johann Eckjk
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Catholic theologian with whom ML debated at Leipzig in 1519q
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An Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nationjk
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ML 1520. patriotic pamphlet appeals to Germans to reject pope. significance given to lay leaders, equal with clergy. stresses need for reformq
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The Babylonian Captivityjk
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ML 1520. Attacked seven sacraments, claimed baptism and communion were only two legitimate sacraments mentioned in scriptureq
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The Liberty of the Christian Manjk
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ML 1520. though not rejecting good works, only faith can bring a believer salvation from God. Indulgences will notq
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transubstantiationjk
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circa 1200 doctrine, priests could change bread/wine into Christ's flesh/blood. ML opposed this, said God was still present in bread/wineq
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Peasants' Revoltjk
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1524 peasant revolt. social/economical goals, aimed at manorial overlords. ML sided with princes, peasants felt betrayed, ML encouraged princes to deal harshly with peasants, 75,000 killed. Lutheranism becomes conservative/submissive to stateq
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anabaptistsjk
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peas. revolt leaders acquired religious followings. among beliefs, infant baptism = wrong. extreme at first, but more moderate followers formed amish/mennonites.q
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Augsburg Confessionjk
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codification of ML doctrine in 1530. priesthood of all believers, two sacraments, authority of the bible, justification by faith alone, end to monasticism and celibacy, consubstantiationq
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Philip Melancthonjk
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helped code ML doctrine. advocated education, as literacy is needed to interpret the bibleq
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Schmalkaldic Warjk
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1531 following diet of augsburg, after ML presents his doctrine to Ch. V. not accepted. German Lutheran Princes form Schmalkaldic to oppose Hapsburgs. 1546-1555. civil/relig. warq
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Peace of Augsburgjk
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1555 end of Schmalk. war. German princes given right to determine religion in his own domainq
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cuius regio eius religiojk
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latin - whose the region, his the religion. gives princes right to choose religionq
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Ecclesiastical Reservationjk
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peace of augsburg - any catholic ruler who goes lutheran has to move away without land/peasantsq
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Ulrich Zwinglijk
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founded reform ch in switzerland. different communion than luth. purely symbolic act, though luth believed presence of god in the food/wineq
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Marburg Colloquyjk
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1529, Phillip of Hesse tries to get Luther and Zwingli togetherq
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Institutes of the Christian Religionjk
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John Calvin, 1536. single most important religious work in 16th century. presented idea of predestination.q
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John Calvinjk
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French humanist, law background. establishes calvinist church, which branches into puritan, swiss reform, dutch reform, etc. spreads prot. further than luth.q
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Michael Servetusjk
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executed by Calvin. shows that calvinism is as strict as RC in punishmentq
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predestinationjk
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proposed by calvin in Institutes of Christian Religion universe already planned out. damned and elect already chosenq
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Henry VIIIjk
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english, defender of RC in beginning, but dispute with popes over wives/divorce made him change his religious leaders and stopped obeying papal supremecyq
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Act of Supremacyjk
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1534 england. king head of church rather than pope. rc still followed, protestants still rejectedq
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Anglican Churchjk
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greatly influenced by rc in structure and organization, similar to protestantism in religious practice.q
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Thirty-Nine Articlesjk
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defines creed of anglic. church. elizabeth 1 does this. by her death england is protestantq
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"episcopal" movementjk
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poorly attended council of trent, made decisions but never had much powerq
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justification by works and faithjk
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rc confirmed importance of faith but kept works. scripture and tradition on equal footingq
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Paul IIIjk
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roman, aristocrat, humanist pope. first of reforming popes. allowed education for girlsq
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St. Vincent de Pauljk
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RC missionary among poor in France. shows cath. missionary drive. attempts to reconvert protestantsq
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St. Ignatius Loyolajk
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soldier of the RC, established jesuits. Spiritual Exercies outline training for members of jesuits. international military force gained converts and reconvertsq
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ultramontanismjk
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devotion to pope/church by jesuitsq
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Index of Prohibited Booksjk
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list of books prohibited to catholicsq
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Vulgatejk
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latin translation of bible was deemed only version authorized to teach fromq
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pluralismjk
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one man held multiple church officesq
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Society of Jesus, military group that supported the RCjk
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Jesuitsq
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Spiritual Exercisesjk
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handbook for jesuitsq
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Spanish Inquisitionjk
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used to root out religions other than rc in spain. brutal methods, often those who converted were still prosecuted. torture, burning at the stake occurredq
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Roman Inquisitionjk
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used in italy to fight protestantism/heresy. employed torture, unfair trials, burning at the stakeq
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Black Death
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rat spread Bubonic plague. hit europe in 1347/8. killed half of population. facilitated spread by close quarters contact in urban areas. one of several disasters leading to renn
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jacqueries
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1358, France. groups of peasants revolting against prices/wages imposed by government due to black plague.
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Wat Tyler's rebellion
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england peasant rebellion 1381. harshly repressed by govt/upperclass. plague caused population decreases, better wages for workers due to labor shortage.
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Hundred Years' War
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war 1337-1453 between english and france. caused by english claims to french land. longbows helped english, patriotism helped both, joan of arc helped france win. war of roses afterwards between eng. nobles
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Boniface VIII
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pope, 1290's, prohibited taxing of clergy by england/france to fund war
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Unam Sanctam
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issued by boniface iii, stated no salvation outside RC. assertion of papal power. clashes with phillip fair of france.
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Philip the Fair
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early 1300's french ruler. arrests boniface for not allowing taxing of clergy
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John Wyclif(fe)
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oxford prof. late 1300's early cry for reform. critical of church wealth, clergy needed for comm. with god, claimed only bible brings salvation. charged with heresy, killed
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John Huss
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teacher/prof. from bohemia late 1300s. opposed church, aroused anti-church, anti-german feeling. led to rebellion. tricked/killed by church, caused hussite wars. early reformer, little impact w/out rennaisance/printing press
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Babylonian captivity
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pope moves to avignon
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Great Schism of the West
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1378 college of cardin. elected a second pope that stayed in rome. pope in rome and avignon. third pope then elected.
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annates
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process. pope in france takes revenue of first year of religious people/offices. banking set up. resentment of rc continues
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Council of Constance
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1414-1418. council that removed all three popes and put a new one in. council wanted to have power, but pope dissolved council and needed reform did not occur
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Martin V
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pope chosen by C of C. moved papacy back to Rome, rejected the council and decrees of schism. ignored needed reform. became political, increased abuses
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Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
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1438 movement that affirmed council control over pope in french church
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Quattrocento
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italian for 15th century. time period when rennaisance gathered momentum
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Medici Family
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dominated florence 15th century. wealthy, interest in industry/trade/banking. many politicians of florence came from this family.
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virtu
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quality of being a man. considered desirable and found in aggressive male adults. successful demonstration of human powers
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condottieri
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mercenaries fighting for many city-states. changed sides for higher wages. Mach warned against
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Petrarch
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1304-1374 in florence, father of humanism. fascinated with classics, translated manuscripts. anticipated developed humanism, illustrated rennaisance spirit
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Dante
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1265-1321, of Florence. wrote Divine Comedy. journey through inferno, purgatory, paradise with virgil and beatrice
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Tuscan Triumvirate
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Dante, Petrarch, & Boccaccio. wrote in vernacular, made tuscan standard italian dialect
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Boccaccio
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lived in same time as petrarch and lived in florence. known for decameron, collection of witty/bawdy stories told by ten young people over ten days
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Giotto
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1266-1337 First artist of RenTrained in Byzantine style but strayed from this. changed from religious to more human in realistic settings - landscapes. played with light/shade to provide depth
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Masaccio
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1401-1428 Florentine artist. used light/shade to achieve perspective. developed linear perspective. impacted other artists
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Leonardo da Vinci
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1452-1519 Florentine, worked also in rome, milan, france. first italian to use oils. subjects religious, approached humanized secular fashion. science/engineering interests
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Last Supper
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1495-98 Frescoe painted by da Vinci. jesus tells followers one will betray him. use of one point perspective
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Raphael
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1483-1520 painter known for madonnas, humanized painting of mary and baby jesus. famous works - school of athens, triumph of religion. artist interest in religion, classical antiquity
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Michelangelo
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1475-1564 painter/sculptor worked in florence and rome. Sistine chapel, last judgement. competed with da vince
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Titian
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most famous venetian rennaisance painter. rich colors, many religious paintings, many portraits of kings/popes
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Lorenzo Valla
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1405-1457 Important Ren. scholar. discovered "4th century" document giving pope power was 8th century forgery
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Pico della Mirandola
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Humanist man of letters in Florence, late 1400s. seeked truth besides christian scriptures. wrote 900 theses, on the dignity of man
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Savonarola
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1452-1498 Franciscan friar in Florence. objected views of rennaisance. gained power in florence 1494, used strict puritanical rule. overthrown, burned at stake in 1498
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Castiglione
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1478-1529, Baldassare - Humanist and Papal diplomat. Wrote The Book of the Courtier
with rules of gentlemanly behavior. advocated humanist education, study of classics/literature |
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Book of the Courtier
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by Baldassare Castiglione, see above.
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Machiavelli
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1469-1527. Adopted SECULAR and AMORAL view of POLITICS. State existed for its own sake. most important writer on POLITICS in the Renaissance
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Margaret of Navarre/Angouleme
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1492-1549, sister of Francis I of France. One of few women authors of the Renaissance. wrote heptameron
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Caterina Sforza
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1462-1509, Duchess of ForliCourageous, tyrannical, proud and ruthless. Illegit.
offspring of future Duke of Milan |
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Sofonisba Anguissola
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1532-1625 First great woman artist of Renaissance. well educated. court painter for Phillip II of Spain.
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Jacob Burkhardt
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Swiss historian, published Civilization of the Rennaisance in Italy, 1860. describes renn as prototype of modern world. first to emphasize importance of renn, bring term into common knowledge.
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Christian humanism
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outside italy, more religious form of rennaisance. emphasized education, need for church reform. faded due to reformation
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Regiomontanus/Johann Muller
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set foundations for mathematical conception of the universe
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Meister Eckhart
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mystic in germany, believed individual could commune with god perfectly fine on his own, without congregation
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Thomas a Kempis
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german mystic, wrote Imitation of Christ. offered deeper religious experience than RC
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Erasmus
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66-1536. devoted life to study classics. Praise of Folly & Handbook of the Christian Knight were famous works. studied bible, published a version that showed mistakes in interpretation by RC church. not protestant, despised luther
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Sir Thomas More
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english lawyer, statesman, writer. wrote utopia about a perfect world. condemned poverty, corruption of his times. did not honor Henry VIII as head of anglican church, was killed
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Nicholas of Cusa
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rhineslander, churchman. mystical philosophy led to math/science development
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Copernicus
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First propounded heliocentric theory. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres told of his ideas. northern scholar focused on science
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Paracelsus
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revolutionized medicine at University of Basel
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Dr. Faustus
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german scholar, rumored to sold soul for knowledge/power.
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Gerard Groote
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Lay preacher in Netherlands in late 1300s. Emphasis on spiritual regeneration. Founded Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life. Lived communally, but not as monks and nuns. active in poverty relief and teaching
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Hans Holbein
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born in bavaria, 1497. Friend of Erasmus. Becomes court painter of Henry VIII of England. Known for exquisitely fine art
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Albrecht Durer
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German painter, printmaker, draughtsman and art theorist, generally regarded as the greatest German Renaissance artist.
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Jan Van Eyck
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Flemish painter who perfected the newly developed technique of oil painting. His naturalistic panel paintings, mostly portraits and religious subjects, made extensive use of disguised religious symbols. worked for John of Bavaria.
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Pieter Bruegel
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generally considered the greatest Flemish painter of the 16th century. developed an original style holding narrative meaning. religious to mythical subjects, but great inspiration from nature.
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Henry VII
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First Tudor king of England after gaining throne by force. ended war of roses, restored order/strong monarchy.
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Wars of the Roses
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1455-1485 in England btween House of Lancaster(Red) and House of York(White). turmoil after hundred years war w/france
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Tudors
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family line established by Henry VII ( House of Lancaster) in 1485 - lasted until 1603. In general one of more successful lines - furthered sense of national unity
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Livery and Maintenance
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english practice; lords maintained private army. henry vii ended as to reduce noble power
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Star Chamber
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Reign of HVII 1485-1509 used this royal council as a new court to deal with property disputes and infractions of the public peace. no jury
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Louis XI
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1461-1483, Valois king of France. Rounded out French borders, built up royal army , suppressed nobles. Centralized bureaucracy, used middle class advisers. preferred diplomacy to force. Wove intricate web of political and diplomatic intrigue. unsuccessful in wars with hapsburgs in italy
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Ferdinand & Isabella
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king and queen of spain, Married in 1469. RC used as unifying theme. Increased royal power at expense of nobility and towns. expelled jews, moors; persecuted moriscos/maranos. used spanish inquisition as instrument of royal authority
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Conquest of Granada
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Final stage of Reconquista, conquering granada from muslims. 1492. followed muslims into africa to persecute them
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Moriscos
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spanish muslims who converted to Christianity. conversion questioned often, usually persecuted by inquisition
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Marranos
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Spanish Jews who converted to Christianity rather than be expelled(1492). Their conversion was often questioned and they were tested-forced to eat pork, etc
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Maxmilian I
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1493-1519, ruled in burgundy, married son to daughter of Ferd/Isa's daughter. largest mass of land owned by anyone at time, joint between four grandparents (him/wife, ferd/isa)
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Charles V/I
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Ruler of Austria, Netherlands, Spain & its possessions. Most powerful ruler of his day. Then acquired Hungary and Bohemia - afraid of Turks who were pushing westwards. many feared he would become universal monarch, an all powerful ruler
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Treaty of Lodi
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1454-55, political alliance which brought Milan, Naples and Florence together vs. Venice and Papal States. If invaded from outside they would present a united front. Worked until Milanese despot brought outsiders in against other allies
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Julius II
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Pope, 1503-1513. Known as "warrior Pope" - secured papacy militarily. drove the French from Italy with help of allies. behavior hardly fit figure of leader of church
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civic humanism
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during Ren in Italy - translated humanism into active humanist leadership of political and cultural life. ex - rhetoric used to rally citizens
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Reuchlin Affair
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1455-1522. Europe's Christian authority on on Hebrew and Jewish learning. Wrote first Hebrew grammar
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Marsilius of Padua
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one of several brilliant theorists who assisted monarchs in 14th C Europe. Argued for sovereign rights of monarchs. others like machiavelli
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Jimenez de Cisneros
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1437-1517 Great Spanish spiritual reformer/educator, exiled non-converting moors from granada. along with inquisition, helped keep spain a rc state
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Ciompi Revolt
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1378 in Italy - revolt of poor. due to anarchy after black death, collapse of banking families, feuding between wealthy. feudalism on decline.
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Guelphs
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during the Italian Ren these were the pro-pope faction in endemic warfare amongst city states
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Ghibelline
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during the Italian Ren these were pro-imperial (Holy Roman Emperor) faction in endemic warfare betw. city states
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Christine de Pisan
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1363-1434, Italian-born daughter of physician/astrologer. received excellent education. became expert in italian and french literature. Wrote The City of Ladies to support women and increase their role in society. The Book of Three Virtues told how to handle husbands. "women's survival guide"
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Florentine Platonic Academy
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Under patronage of Cosimio de Medici in Florence - a revival of studies of works of Plato. informal gathering of humanists - appeal of Platonism lay in its flattering view of human nature. Distinguished betw. eternal sphere of being and perishable world in which man lived. this view found in Oration on the Dignity of Man. Marsilio Ficino - believed a person should strive for personal perfection and contemplate the beautiful .
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