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87 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Renaissance means

“rebirth.”


a rebirth of interest in art and learning

During the Renaissance, Europeans believed
that people could change the world and make it better.
secular,
more interested in the world than in religion
The Renaissance began in
Italy
Italy had been the center of the
Roman Empire
Italy had also become very wealthy so it could afford to

pay artists to create art.


art would increase the fame of their cities.

Name the important Italian city-states during the Renaissance.
Florence and Venice
Where did most people live in Italy during the Renaissance. City states or the country?
City States
Why did one ruler not unite Italy?

Catholic Church wanted to prevent a strong ruler.




And small city-states were equally powerful and wealthy

Italy was in a perfect location for
trade.
The Mongols helped promote trade in Italy by
protecting the Silk Road.
Name the merchant from Venice, had published a book about his travels to the East.
Marco Polo
Name the first city-state to grow wealthy and is the most famous city of the Renaissance.
Florence
Florence’s richest family, the Medici, were
Bankers
Which Italian city-state was the wealthiest
Venice
How did the people of Venetia get around their city
Boats because the city was built on a swampy island.
Noble families moved into the city states and mixed with the

Wealthy merchants.


They then made up the upper class

At first, the city-states were
republics.
Gradually the city-states gave power to
one man to run the government.
In Venice, who had power.
In Venice, the doge had power.
Who did the doge loss power too.
Small group of nobles
In Florence, who gained power and ruled for many years.
the Medici family
Who thought rulers should not try to be good, but should do whatever is necessary to keep power and protect a city.
Machiavelli
Humanism was a way of understanding the world that was based on the values of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
on the values of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
Humanists sought a balance between
religion and reason.
Western Europeans began studying
Greek and Roman works in the 1300s.
During the Crusades, Western Europeans were exposed to.
Greek and Roman culture that had been preserved by Arab scholars
Who was a famous scholar of ancient works that encouraged Europeans to search for Latin manuscripts in monasteries.
Petrarch
Writers during the Renaissance began writing in ________, the everyday language of a people.
the vernacular
Dante Alighieri wrote
The Divine Comedy
In England, the poet Chaucer wrote
The Canterbury Tales in English.
Johannes Gutenberg developed a
printing press that used movable type.
the first European book printed on the press.
Bible
Leonardo da Vinci was a
great scientist, artist, inventor, and engineer.
Leonardo da Vinci imagined what machines
Airplane and helicopter

Renaissance artists used new techniques to add realism and express drama and emotion.


Name the techniques

perspective and chiaroscuro,
The peak of the Renaissance occurred between
1490 and 1520
Leonardo da Vinci, a great scientist, was also a trained artist. One of his most famous works was
The Last Supper.
Raphael was one of Italy’s most famous painters who painted frescoes in the Vatican. His best-known painting is
School of Athens.
Michelangelo Buonarroti was a painter and sculptor. He is best known for his sculpture
David
The Northern Renaissance refers to art from places we know today as
Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, and the Netherlands.
Artists in Flanders, a region in what is today northern Belgium, developed
oil painting.
Who was a great oil painter
Jan van Eyck
Who was an artist best known for his engravings.
Albrecht Dürer
What is made of wood, metal, or stone, and covered in ink. The image is then printed on paper.
Engravings
Who was the greatest English writer of the Renaissance.
William Shakespeare
Who was a monk who challenged the Roman Catholic Church.
Martin Luther
At first Luther wanted only to reform the Catholic Church, leading to the period being called the
Reformation.
The movement to create Christian churches other than the Catholic Church became known as
Protestantism.

Who was a leader in Christian humanism. He felt humans could use reason to be better


Christians.

Desiderius Erasmus
People became upset with the Church’s focus on money. They were also upset over the sale of indulgences, or pardons for sin. This practice motivated Martin Luther to write a list of 95 arguments against selling indulgences. This list became known as the
Ninety-Five Theses.
Who wrote the Ninety-Five Theses.
Martin Luther
What was the first Protestant denomination.
Lutheranism
Kings realized they could increase their power if they supported
Lutheranism.
The Catholic Church could not earn income from the
Lutheran kingdoms
Why did kings become Lutheran?
So they would not have to pay the catholic church
Charles V warred with the local kings but could not defeat them. The fighting ended with the
Peace of Augsburg.
What is the study of questions about God,
theology,
John Calvin studied theology, the study of questions about God, in
Paris
Calvin found safety in _______because of his discussions of Lutheranism
Geneva, Switzerland.
Calvin taught that God’s will is absolute and knows everything in the world in advance, including who will go to heaven and who will not. This belief is called
predestination.
Calvinism encouraged people to work hard at their .
business and to behave themselves
Calvinism became the basis of many Protestant churches, such as the .
Puritans and Presbyterians
Pope Paul III called a church council at Trent, near Rome,
to reform the Church
Who were the the pope’s agents in Europe.
Jesuits
Ignatius of Loyola founded
the Jesuits.
heresy
religious beliefs that contradict what the Church says is true.
French Protestants were known as
Huguenots.
Who were the second most powerful family in France and were protestant
The Bourbons
Active war broke out in France between the Catholics and the Protestants that lasted more than 30 years. Why did it end?
Henry of Navarre, the leader of the Huguenot forces and head of the Bourbon family, became King Henry IV. Henry agreed to become Catholic.
Who issued the Edict of Nantes.
Henry IV
What was the Edict of Nantes.
It recognized Catholicism as France’s official religion but gave the Huguenots the right to worship freely
The Thirty Years’ War was fought between
the Catholics and the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire from 1618 to 1648.
During the Middle Ages, Spain was ruled by
Muslims.
Non-Muslims and Jews had some limitations placed on in Spain, but _____ were treated better than in most other European countries at the time.

Jews


Jewish scholars flourished during this period.

When Catholics took control of Spain, who were no longer welcome.
Jews and Muslims
Ferdinand and Isabella established the what to ensure religious unity.
Spanish Inquisition
During the 1400s, English nobles had fought each other to control the kingdom. What family won?
Tudors
Why did Henry VII declare that the king, not the pope, was the head of the Church in England.
So he could divorce his wife to have a child
Who is the highest religious official in England,
the archbishop of Canterbury
Mary I was the daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon. When she became queen in 1533, she tried to reinstate
Catholicism as the religion of England.
Who followed Mary I as queen
Elizabeth
What religion was Elizabeth
Protestant.
Elizabeth restored what church as the official religion of England.
the Anglican Church
The puritans wanted the Anglican church to give up some of its
Catholic ways
Jesuit missionaries were active where in the 1500s and 1600s
America and Asia
People who travelled across the world to spread their faith
missionaries