Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Renaissance means
|
“rebirth.” a rebirth of interest in art and learning |
|
During the Renaissance, Europeans believed
|
that people could change the world and make it better.
|
|
secular,
|
more interested in the world than in religion
|
|
The Renaissance began in
|
Italy
|
|
Italy had been the center of the
|
Roman Empire
|
|
Italy had also become very wealthy so it could afford to
|
pay artists to create art. art would increase the fame of their cities. |
|
Name the important Italian city-states during the Renaissance.
|
Florence and Venice
|
|
Where did most people live in Italy during the Renaissance. City states or the country?
|
City States
|
|
Why did one ruler not unite Italy?
|
Catholic Church wanted to prevent a strong ruler. And small city-states were equally powerful and wealthy |
|
Italy was in a perfect location for
|
trade.
|
|
The Mongols helped promote trade in Italy by
|
protecting the Silk Road.
|
|
Name the merchant from Venice, had published a book about his travels to the East.
|
Marco Polo
|
|
Name the first city-state to grow wealthy and is the most famous city of the Renaissance.
|
Florence
|
|
Florence’s richest family, the Medici, were
|
Bankers
|
|
Which Italian city-state was the wealthiest
|
Venice
|
|
How did the people of Venetia get around their city
|
Boats because the city was built on a swampy island.
|
|
Noble families moved into the city states and mixed with the
|
Wealthy merchants. They then made up the upper class |
|
At first, the city-states were
|
republics.
|
|
Gradually the city-states gave power to
|
one man to run the government.
|
|
In Venice, who had power.
|
In Venice, the doge had power.
|
|
Who did the doge loss power too.
|
Small group of nobles
|
|
In Florence, who gained power and ruled for many years.
|
the Medici family
|
|
Who thought rulers should not try to be good, but should do whatever is necessary to keep power and protect a city.
|
Machiavelli
|
|
Humanism was a way of understanding the world that was based on the values of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
|
on the values of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
|
|
Humanists sought a balance between
|
religion and reason.
|
|
Western Europeans began studying
|
Greek and Roman works in the 1300s.
|
|
During the Crusades, Western Europeans were exposed to.
|
Greek and Roman culture that had been preserved by Arab scholars
|
|
Who was a famous scholar of ancient works that encouraged Europeans to search for Latin manuscripts in monasteries.
|
Petrarch
|
|
Writers during the Renaissance began writing in ________, the everyday language of a people.
|
the vernacular
|
|
Dante Alighieri wrote
|
The Divine Comedy
|
|
In England, the poet Chaucer wrote
|
The Canterbury Tales in English.
|
|
Johannes Gutenberg developed a
|
printing press that used movable type.
|
|
the first European book printed on the press.
|
Bible
|
|
Leonardo da Vinci was a
|
great scientist, artist, inventor, and engineer.
|
|
Leonardo da Vinci imagined what machines
|
Airplane and helicopter
|
|
Renaissance artists used new techniques to add realism and express drama and emotion. Name the techniques |
perspective and chiaroscuro,
|
|
The peak of the Renaissance occurred between
|
1490 and 1520
|
|
Leonardo da Vinci, a great scientist, was also a trained artist. One of his most famous works was
|
The Last Supper.
|
|
Raphael was one of Italy’s most famous painters who painted frescoes in the Vatican. His best-known painting is
|
School of Athens.
|
|
Michelangelo Buonarroti was a painter and sculptor. He is best known for his sculpture
|
David
|
|
The Northern Renaissance refers to art from places we know today as
|
Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, and the Netherlands.
|
|
Artists in Flanders, a region in what is today northern Belgium, developed
|
oil painting.
|
|
Who was a great oil painter
|
Jan van Eyck
|
|
Who was an artist best known for his engravings.
|
Albrecht Dürer
|
|
What is made of wood, metal, or stone, and covered in ink. The image is then printed on paper.
|
Engravings
|
|
Who was the greatest English writer of the Renaissance.
|
William Shakespeare
|
|
Who was a monk who challenged the Roman Catholic Church.
|
Martin Luther
|
|
At first Luther wanted only to reform the Catholic Church, leading to the period being called the
|
Reformation.
|
|
The movement to create Christian churches other than the Catholic Church became known as
|
Protestantism.
|
|
Who was a leader in Christian humanism. He felt humans could use reason to be better Christians. |
Desiderius Erasmus
|
|
People became upset with the Church’s focus on money. They were also upset over the sale of indulgences, or pardons for sin. This practice motivated Martin Luther to write a list of 95 arguments against selling indulgences. This list became known as the
|
Ninety-Five Theses.
|
|
Who wrote the Ninety-Five Theses.
|
Martin Luther
|
|
What was the first Protestant denomination.
|
Lutheranism
|
|
Kings realized they could increase their power if they supported
|
Lutheranism.
|
|
The Catholic Church could not earn income from the
|
Lutheran kingdoms
|
|
Why did kings become Lutheran?
|
So they would not have to pay the catholic church
|
|
Charles V warred with the local kings but could not defeat them. The fighting ended with the
|
Peace of Augsburg.
|
|
What is the study of questions about God,
|
theology,
|
|
John Calvin studied theology, the study of questions about God, in
|
Paris
|
|
Calvin found safety in _______because of his discussions of Lutheranism
|
Geneva, Switzerland.
|
|
Calvin taught that God’s will is absolute and knows everything in the world in advance, including who will go to heaven and who will not. This belief is called
|
predestination.
|
|
Calvinism encouraged people to work hard at their .
|
business and to behave themselves
|
|
Calvinism became the basis of many Protestant churches, such as the .
|
Puritans and Presbyterians
|
|
Pope Paul III called a church council at Trent, near Rome,
|
to reform the Church
|
|
Who were the the pope’s agents in Europe.
|
Jesuits
|
|
Ignatius of Loyola founded
|
the Jesuits.
|
|
heresy
|
religious beliefs that contradict what the Church says is true.
|
|
French Protestants were known as
|
Huguenots.
|
|
Who were the second most powerful family in France and were protestant
|
The Bourbons
|
|
Active war broke out in France between the Catholics and the Protestants that lasted more than 30 years. Why did it end?
|
Henry of Navarre, the leader of the Huguenot forces and head of the Bourbon family, became King Henry IV. Henry agreed to become Catholic.
|
|
Who issued the Edict of Nantes.
|
Henry IV
|
|
What was the Edict of Nantes.
|
It recognized Catholicism as France’s official religion but gave the Huguenots the right to worship freely
|
|
The Thirty Years’ War was fought between
|
the Catholics and the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire from 1618 to 1648.
|
|
During the Middle Ages, Spain was ruled by
|
Muslims.
|
|
Non-Muslims and Jews had some limitations placed on in Spain, but _____ were treated better than in most other European countries at the time.
|
Jews Jewish scholars flourished during this period. |
|
When Catholics took control of Spain, who were no longer welcome.
|
Jews and Muslims
|
|
Ferdinand and Isabella established the what to ensure religious unity.
|
Spanish Inquisition
|
|
During the 1400s, English nobles had fought each other to control the kingdom. What family won?
|
Tudors
|
|
Why did Henry VII declare that the king, not the pope, was the head of the Church in England.
|
So he could divorce his wife to have a child
|
|
Who is the highest religious official in England,
|
the archbishop of Canterbury
|
|
Mary I was the daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon. When she became queen in 1533, she tried to reinstate
|
Catholicism as the religion of England.
|
|
Who followed Mary I as queen
|
Elizabeth
|
|
What religion was Elizabeth
|
Protestant.
|
|
Elizabeth restored what church as the official religion of England.
|
the Anglican Church
|
|
The puritans wanted the Anglican church to give up some of its
|
Catholic ways
|
|
Jesuit missionaries were active where in the 1500s and 1600s
|
America and Asia
|
|
People who travelled across the world to spread their faith
|
missionaries
|