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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of energy?
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Ability to do work
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How is energy calculated by?
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1 joule = 1 newton-metre
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What are the energy units? (3 points)
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kwh, btu, calorie
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What is the definition of power?
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Measure of how fast energy can be delivered.
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How is power calculated by?
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1 watt = 1 joule / 1 second
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What are the units of power? (3 points)
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btus per hour, horsepower
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What is another word for defining first law of thermodynamics? (HINT: initial is C L)
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conservation law
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What exactly does first law of thermodynamic say about? (5 points)
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-energy & matter can be neither created nor destroyed
-energy input must equal energy output for any transformation process -matter input must equal matter output for every process |
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What exactly does second law of thermodynamics say about? (5 points)
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-with energy, increased entropy = decreased quality of energy, which means decreased energy exergy
-with materials, increased entropy = decreased concentration of chemical element, i.e. decreased material energy |
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We consume energy (1st law)
(T / F) |
False. We consume energy exergy (2nd law)
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We don't consume material (1st law)
(T / F) |
True.
We don't consume material (1st law), but rather material exergy (2nd law) |
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First law energy efficiency imply that the minimum amount of energy to perform a task to the energy input of device or process (T / F)
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False.
It implies that the ratio of useful energy output to the total energy input of a device or process (cannot exceed 100%) Useful energy input / energy input of device |
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What does second law energy efficiency imply about? (4 points)
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It implies that the ratio of the theoretical minimum amount of energy to perform a task to the energy input of a device or process.
Minimum amount of useful energy needed / energy input of device |
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What are the two main sources of energy? (2 points)
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Nuclear reaction & Gravitational force
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Primary energy is energy at its point of production (T / F)
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True.
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What is another word(s) for secondary energy? (HINT: initial E C or E V). (2 points)
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Energy Carriers
Energy Vectors |
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Define what secondary energy is. (2 points)
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Energy that has been processed to be used by end-use device to meet human needs.
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What is another word(s) for tertiary energy? (HINT: E U energy, E S, U E)
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End-Use energy, Energy Service, Useful Energy
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List primary, secondary and tertiary energies (2 each).
(6 points in total) |
Primary: nuclear, fossil fuels
Secondary: hydrocarbon, hydrogen Tertiary: lighting, heat |
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Which has the highest carbon and sink?
a) fossil fuels b) forest c) wetlands d) wood products |
fossil fuels
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Define what resource is (1 points)
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Total stock that is valuable to humans
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Define what reserve is (1 points)
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Partial amount of resource that is technologically feasible and economically profitable for humans to exploit
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Innovations or changing markets doesn't affect the estimated reserve size (T / F)
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False.
It does affect it. |
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Conventional sources are resources that cannot be easily exploited by humans (T / F)
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False.
Conventional resources are "easily" exploited by humans |
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Unconventional resources are those that are difficult to exploit (T / F)
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True.
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Define what fossil fuel is (3 points)
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Organic compound (dead animal + plant) compressed for millions of years transformed to sediment & geological process
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Define what natural gas is (3 points)
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Gaseous hydrocarbon formed from dead animals and plants by sedimentary and geological process
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Value of coal depends on carbon purity (T / F)
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True
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Highest value of coal is used for burning and generating electricity to heat (T / F)
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False. The highest value is used for making steel (metallurgical coal)
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Define what coal is (5 points)
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Carbonaceous sedimentary rock formed by compaction of partially decomposed plant material in swamps and transformed to coal of various qualities under pressure in sedimentary strata
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Which place has highest coal production?
a) Europe b) N. America c) Europe d) Asia |
d) Asia
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What are unconventional oil sources? (3 points)
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heavy oil, tar sands (oil sands), shale oil
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Define what oil is (3 points)
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Liquid hydrocarbon formed from dead animals and plants by sedimentary and geological processes for numerous years
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Which country has the highest oil reserve?
a) Canada b) Saudi Arabia c) UAE d) Iran |
b) Saudi Arabia
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Russia is the biggest oil exporter (T / F)
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False. Saudi Arabia is the biggest.
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What are the unconventional gas sources? (5 points)
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Deep pressurized gas
Coal-bed methane Tight gas Shale gas Gas hydrates |
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Natural gas reservoirs are mostly carbon (T / F)
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False. They're mostly methane (CH4)
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Define what natural gas is (2 points)
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Mostly gaseous hydrocarbon (at surface temp. and pressure) formed from dead animals and plants by sedimentary and geological processes
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United States has the highest natural gas production (T / F)
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False. Russia has the highest natural gas production.
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Nuclear fission is combining the nuclei of two atoms into nucleus of heavier atom (T / F)
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False.
Nuclear fission is the splitting of unstable, heavy atom nucleus into two lighter nuclei; can be produced as controlled chain reaction. |
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Nuclear fusion as combining of nuclei of two light atoms into nucleus of heavier atom (such as helium)
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True.
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Australia has the most amount of uranium (T / F)
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True.
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Which country has the most amount of geothermal electricity production?
a) Philippines b) Mexico c) United States d) Italy |
c) United States
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Energy demand from the countries will be stable over the years (T / F)
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False. It will dramatically rise over the years.
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Describe the two threats to sustainability:
1) Resource input endurance 2) Non-toxicity of waste output |
1) Resource input endurance:
energy input need to be sustained to provide humans 2) Non-toxicity of waste output: too much waste may harm the environment |
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Peak oil is located at the end of a bell-shaped curve (T / F)
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False. Peak oil reaches is located in the middle.
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The theory in regards to the peak oil says that as we pass global peak in production of oil, energy prices will rise and stay high (T / F)
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True.
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What are the consequences after peak oil occurs? (5 points)
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-rapid decline of suburbia
-rapid decline of long-distance trade -rapid decline of long-distance travel -reduction or complete halt to GDP -conflicts over scarce resources |
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Definition of oil does not change. (T / F)
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False. Definition of oil keeps changing
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Nuclear power does not involve fission of uranium. (T / F)
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False. All nuclear power involves fission of uranium.
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Which country has the highest uranium production?
a) USA b) North Korea c) Canada d) Australia |
c) Canada
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Which continent has the highest nuclear power?
a) Asia b) Europe c) N. America d) Arctic Polar Bear |
b) Europe
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Which global renewable electricity generator do we use most frequently? and by what percent does this outnumber?
a) hydro (87%) b) wind (53%) c) ocean (87%) d) solar (87%) |
a) hydro (87%)
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Which country has the highest percentage of using hydro power as total electrical generator for their country?
a) US b) Brazil c) Paraguay d) China |
c) Paraguay
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Which country has the lowest percentage of using hydro power as total electrical generator for their country?
a) Brazil b) US c) Paraguay d) Norway |
b) US
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India and China has the most rapid growth of wind power capacity (T/F)
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True
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Refined petroleum products is...
a) hydrocarbon products made from conventional oil b) hydrocarbon products made from unconventional oil c) hydrocarbon products made from conventional and unconventional oil d) none of the above |
c) Refined petroleum product is hydrocarbon products made from conventional and unconventional oil
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Carbon is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe (T/ F)
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False. Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe.
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Which country consumes the most primary energy?
a) Japan b) US c) Europe d) China |
b) US
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Which country has highest energy use per capita and per GDP?
a) Qatar b) UAE c) Iceland d) Finland |
a) Qatar
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Which country has the lowest global distribution of energy use when comparing to the country's population? (country where there are lots of people, but not enough distribution of energy)
a) N. America b) Middle East c) Sub-Saharan Africa d) Pacific Asia |
c) Sub-Saharan Africa
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What does CCGT stand for?
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Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
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CCGT involves liquifying a fuel like coal (T/F)
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False. CCGT involves gasifying fuel like coal
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What does CTL and GTL stand for?
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CTL: Coal-to-liquids
GTL: Gas-to-liquids |
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What does CCS stand for?
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Carbon Capture and Storage
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How does CCS work? Please draw in diagram.
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natural gas coal, oil -> combustion, reforming, gasification -> electricity or hydrogen
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What are the risks of geological storage locally & globally?
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Local
1. CO2 in atmosphere or shallow subsurface 2. CO2 dissolved in subsurface fluids 3. displacement Global 1. release of CO2 to the atmosphere |
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How exactly does nuclear reactor work? Show in diagram.
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Water gets pressurized -> Convert to hot water -> Produce steam -> Generate turbine -> Electricity
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What happens when tritium and deritirum combine?
a) reflects back helium and neutron b) reflects back oxygen and neutron c) reflect backs atoms and other relevant particulates d) reflects back titanium and neutron |
a) reflects back helium and neutron
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What are two problems with hydropower plant?
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1) water flow is inconsistent
2) environmental impact |
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What does PV stand for?
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PhotoVoltaic
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abcdefg
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가나다라마바사
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The cost of PV (PhotoVoltaic) is steadily increasing as year goes by (T/F)
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False. The cost is steadily declining.
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Describe what happens inside the heat pipe tube
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1) Solar energy is being absorbed by solar tube
2) Heat is absorbed by heat pipe 3) At the last stage, heat transfers |
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How is biogas produced by:
a) chemically broken down by the reconfiguration of hydrogen and biogas b) biological breakdown of organic matter in absence of oxygen c) physically broken down by humans structuring the biogas technologically d) either a, b or c |
b) biological breakdown of organic matter in absence of oxygen
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팝퀴즈
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짜증나
나비 비둘기 기차 차인표 표범 범인 인간 간호사 사람 람보 보라색 색깔 깔창 창업 업어버려 팝퀴즈 |
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What is biogas primarily comprised of? (2 main)
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methane and carbon dioxide
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What are the naturally occurring source of biogas?
a) wetlands, sewage sludge & solid waste dump b) wetlands, forest, & sewage sludge c) forest, Africa & sewage sludge d) either a, b or c |
a) wetlands, sewage sludge & solid waste dump
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What are the common feedstock for biogas digesters?
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-livestock manure (cows, pig, poultry)
-food processing (by-products of meat processing, potato, dairy, fruit, vegetables, etc) -energy crops (wheat, barley, clover, alfalfa, turnips) |
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What are the two stage of biogas plant utilization process?
a) biogas upgrading or CHP b) digester or upbringing alfalfa conductor c) both a & b are correct d) none of the above |
a) biogas upgrading or CHP
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What are some non-fossil fuel energy storage? Name at least 4.
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Biofuels
Batteries Hydrogen Hydro reservoirs (perhaps pumping in off-peak) Compressed air Heat sinks |
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How does pumped hydro storage work?
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During the day, the water from upper reservoir flow DOWNSTREAM, passing through pump turbine and fills lower reservoir.
During the night, the water in lower reservoir passes through pump turbine, flowing upstream and fills the upper reservoir |
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How does compressed-air storage system work? Describe in diagram.
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Motor + compressor -> air (from here, air goes underground and pumps in and out) -> generator -> turbine -> recuperator -> heat exhaust
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What are the two elements that combines together in fuel cell ?
a) chlorine gas + oxygen b) nitrogen + oxygen c) hydrogen + oxygen d) methane + oxygen |
c) hydrogen + oxygen
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How does fuel cell work? Describe by using diagram
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hydrogen and oxygen in at the separate hole -> hydrogen passes to oxygen hole -> forms H2O
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How does Combined heat and power work? (cogeneration)
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2 ways:
water and fuel added to boiler -> steam turbine -> generator -> electricity -> building / grid water and fuel added to boiler -> steam turbine -> steam or hot water -> cooling/heat -> building / grid |
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How does heat pump work? Describe by using diagrams
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Renewable energy (air + ground + water) -> evaporate -> compress -> condensate -> heating cooling hot water -> decompress -> back to evaporation
*can be understood as cycle |
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What is in between Resources and Waste?
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Economy: energy material and transformation
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Define weak sustainability:
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replacing human capital for natural capital
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Define strong sustainability:
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implies that natural capital is not substitutable to human capital
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I = PAT
Define what each alphabet stand for: |
I = Impact
P = Population A = Affluence T = Technology |
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Top down model use past behaviour and predict what's going to happen. Doesn't have any data for the future. (T/F)
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True.
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Bottom up model does not look into future and predict what's going to happen. Does not look at future technology. (T/F)
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False.
Bottom up model does look into future and predict what's going to happen. Does look at future technology. |
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Rank the coal from highest to lowest quality (total of 5):
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1. anthracite
2. bituminous 3. sub-bituminous 4. lignite (brown coal) 5. peat (some classification systems refer to peat as form of coal) |
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What is the initial coal formation? (3 stage process)
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peat -> lignite -> coal
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What are the three elements that are needed in order to initialize coal?
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time
pressure heat |
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Explain how CCGT works in detail.
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Air -> Compressed -> Steamed -> Pass through generator -> Transfer to electricity
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Explain the process of CTL and GTL:
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natural gas coal -> syngas production -> Fischer - Tropsch -> either diesel or other fuels
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Explain the process of CCS:
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natural gas, coal, oil -> combustion, reforming, gasification -> (CO2, etc sinks to the ocean) -> electricity or hydrogen
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Photovoltaic system does not directly convert light into electricity (T/F)
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False. Photovoltaic system directly convert light into electricity.
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As years go by, the cost of electricity will be stable (T/F)
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False. The cost of electricity will decrease.
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What does CSP stand for?
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Concentrated Solar Power
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Describe about the process of Biogas Plant Utilization
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Direct feeding and conditioning of [agricultural crop, biowaste, manure] -> digester -> post-digester -> residue storage tank
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What does CHP stand for in biogas plant utilizing?
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Combined Heat and Power Generation
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In Biogas Plant Utilizing, describe in detail about the two stages, which is Biogas Upgrading and CHP
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Biogas Upgrading:
Biogas upgrading MT-Biomethan -> Feeding into the net of the operator CHP: only passes through electric current |
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What are the three types of economic rent?
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-differential
-scarcity -monopoly |
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Define what economic rent is:
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returning above the level necessary to invest
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Define differential rent (Ricardian rent):
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economic rent earned by the producer of resource b/c of lower production costs relative to the highest cost producer in the market
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Define scarcity rent (Hotelling rent):
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economic rent earned by the producer of non-renewable resource if the market price reflects anticipation of future high prices caused by scarcity
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Define monopoly rent:
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economic rent earned by an unregulated monopoly producer (usually only short-run phenomena)
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Why is current oil price so far up its curve at $90-100?
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bottlenecks, market power, speculation, expectations
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Would it be higher if local impacts were priced or prevented?
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Not much - increase costs by few percent
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Will the price of fossil fuel supply shift upward over time?
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Maybe - but just as likely downward with innovation
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Preventing tragedy of the commons is difficult because...(4 main)
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-human institutions are weak for tackling global challenges
-powerful vested interests are driving the carbon pollution path -we are good at delusion (each project a small % of huge problem) but reality is simple: -if we help or permit more carbon pollution, we cause the tragedy |
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What are the challenge of acting on the climate change risk?
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Global public good problem:
-everyone's contribution is small enough that individual initiatives are little value Delayed effects problem: -action must be taken far in advance to avoid impacts, but human decision making are myoptic Who pays problems: -perceptions of equity aligned with self-interest (polluter pays vs equal payment per capita or GDP) Uncertainty problem: -complex earth-atmosphere system means ongoing uncertainty, but also substantial risk of catastrophic outcome |
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What is natural capital?
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Ability of the environment to provide humans with resource inputs and waste assimilative capacity
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What is the definition of weak sustainability?:
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sum of natural capital and human produced capital does not decline (assumes that natural capital can decline if compensated by increase in human-produced capital)
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What is the definition of strong sustainability?:
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natural capital does not decline
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How is affluence measured by?
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GDP / Population
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How is technology measured by?
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Impact / GDP
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What are some options to sustainability?
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Control population
Stop growth of GDP Reduce M & E intensity of GDP - dematerialization (E&M efficiency) Reduce toxicity of M & E |
