Rels 268

Front 1

Epistemology

Back 1

Study of Knowledge

Front 2

Empiricism

Back 2

Knowledge from Experiences

Front 3

Rationalism

Back 3

Knowledge derived from understanding

Front 4

Intuitive

Back 4

Self-Referential

Front 5

Hermeneutics

Back 5

Science of Interpretation

Front 6

Critical Hermeneutics

Back 6

Constantly question the assumptions of the author

Front 7

Nietzsche's Maxim

Back 7

Courageis not the courage of our convictions, but rather the courage to question ourconvictions

Front 8

Functionalist

Back 8

Approaches religion in terms of how it functions

Front 9

Substantive

Back 9

Examines the substance or ineffable essence of religion. Associated with the words supernatural or spiritual

Front 10

Theoretical

Back 10

What is thought, said, stories, doctrines, myths

Front 11

Practical

Back 11

What is done, rituals, techniques of worship

Front 12

Sociological

Back 12

Types of groups, interpersonal relationships, and group psycology of religion

Front 13

Joachim Wach

Back 13

Study religion by exploring the varieties of its expression

Front 14

Jonathan Z Smith - Religion, Religions, Religious

Back 14

Religion as a social/historical construct

Defined many different ways

Term created by scholars for their intellectual purpose

Scholars must recognize this idea when they are doing research

Front 15

Origins of the Word Religion

Back 15

Religare - To tie or bind in Latin, relations of obligation and origin

Front 16

Religion and "Sacred"

Back 16

Religionis about what people hold sacred.

To say that something is sacred is to say that it matters more than anythingelse

And what typically matters most to people is how to answer the questionof mortality, morality, and meaning.

Front 17

Myth

Back 17

A symbolic story about the origins and destiny of human beings and their world

Relates them to whatever powers they believe ultimately govern their destiny and explains to them what these powers expect of them.

Front 18

Ritual

Back 18

Thesymbolic re-enactment of myth which secures the sacred meanings throughhistory.

Front 19

Sacred Order of Society

Back 19

Determines the meaning of life, death, and human destiny

Shaped and maintained by adhering to the ethical and moral claims of a society

Morality is a matter of custom

Must remain unquestioned

Religion affirms and revitalizes the sacred order of society

Front 20

Indigenous Traditions

Back 20

Patterning social and political activities after the ways of animals and movements of nature Participation: The quality of life of both humans and non-humans are intertwined

Unity of Life: All creation is connected by an underlining spiritual force (the Creator), which an be accessed at sacred places.

Seven Teachings: wisdom, love, respect, bravery, honesty, humility, truth.

Ethical system sustained through reverence for ways of ancestors and participation in sacred ways of nature.

Front 21

Daoism

Back 21

Based on teachings of Laozi

Live in harmony with the Dao and Nature to cultivate spirituality

Dao = the way

Yin/ Yang, Qi

Non-Action, path or least resistance

Front 22

Confucianism

Back 22

Based on teachings of Confucius

Moral character and relationships

Harmony of Tian (heaven/divine), earth, and humanity

Goodness and rital

Rites must be performed with the proper attitude/ intention

Front 23

Hinduism

Back 23

Diverse set of beliefs from India

Brahman is God

Dharma - duty that supports cosmic order

Karma - cosmic law of justice

Moksha - liberation from cycle of rebirth

Compassion for all beings because of moksha and karma

Front 24

Buddhism

Back 24

Born a prince in India

Suffering, impermanence, no-soul

Four Noble Truths

Meditation

No separate "self"

Front 25

Four Noble Truths

Back 25

1. The truth of suffering;

2. The truth of origin/cause of suffering is thirst (craving/desire);

3. The truth of overcoming of suffering by the cessation of thirst;

4. The true path leading to cessation of suffering is Noble Eightfold Path.

Front 26

Judaism

Back 26

Monotheistic Tradition

Torah

Descendants of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob

Covenant

Ten Commandments

Front 27

Christianity

Back 27

Defined by a belief in Jesus as the son of God and saviour of humanity

Creation and Original Sin

All-embracing love, selflessness

Love god and your neighbour

Humility and obedience

Front 28

Islam

Back 28

Means "submission"

Quran - revealed by God to Muhammad

Muhammad is a prophet to calls humanity to submit to God (Allah)

Sharia - Gods Law, based on Quran, Hadith, and Ulama

Five Pillars

Front 29

Hadith

Back 29

Stories of Muhammad

Front 30

Ulama

Back 30

Religious leaders and scholars in Islam

Front 31

Five Pillars of Islam

Back 31

1.Shahada (confession:) To declare, or bearwitness, that there is no God except God, and that Muhammad is the Messenger ofGod;

2. To establish regular worship; (fivetimes a day);

3. To paythe zakat alms;

4. To observethe fast of Ramadan;

5.Toperform the hajj pilgrimage.

Front 32

Morality

Back 32

A formal system meant to generate co-operative behaviour and regulate interpersonal social relations through practical action guidance and conflict resolution.

Front 33

Ethics

Back 33

The systematic study of morality; the study of concepts and theoretical justification involved in practical reasoning or reasoning meant to be applied to govern individual behavior.

Front 34

Bioethics

Back 34

The study of (1) the theoretical foundation of rights and obligations in heath care relationships between various types of health care professionals (HCPs) and the patient or research participant, and (2) the practical moral issues arising within these relationships.

Front 35

Five Dimensions of Ethics

Back 35

1. The Descriptive dimension: “what is going on?”

2. The Normative dimension: “What norms and values ought to guide human life?”

3. The Practical dimension: “what ought I or we to do?”

4. The Fundamental dimension: “what does it mean to be a moral agent within the wider compass of reality?” This is a question of agency = a being with reason and will who can act intentionally, bring about changes in reality, others, and the agent’s self, and have accountability for actions imputed and/or ascribed to him or her.

5. The Metaethical dimension: “how do you determine the validity of a moral outlook?”

Front 36

Purpose of Morality

Back 36

1) generating co-operative behaviour;

2) regulating interpersonal relations in such a way as to achieve that purpose.

Foundation for laws and human rights

Front 37

Subjectivism

Back 37

The belief that an individual justifies actions according to her conscience because all individuals are equally right or wrong

The majority decides what is morally correct, and thus there is no objectively true moral rule or system of rules that applies to all.

Raises the problem of moral unpredictability and conflict resolution.

Front 38

Objectivism

Back 38

The belief that moral truths exist independently of human knowledge.

Raises the problem of justifying the authority of objective moralism. Rationalism? Logic?

Front 39

Normative Ethics

Back 39

Develop theories that systemize moral expectations and explain how a living moral tradition can be understood as a consistent system of moral requirements.

Front 40

Deontological Theory

Back 40

Presents normative ethics as a system of rules/duties. Gives less attention to consequences and focus more on choices and actions when deciding the right thing to do.

Front 41

Teleological Theory

Back 41

Focuses the decision about whether an act is right or wrong on the result which it is intended to achieve. How ethics contribute to a goal, rather than conform to a rule or commandment

Front 42

Immanuel Kant

Back 42

Enlightenment thinker

Universal moral law which he calls the Categorical Imperative

Only free decisions can be evaluated as moral

Treat humanity as an ends and never a means

Dont do to others what you wouldnt want done to you

Front 43

Kant on Ethics and Religion

Back 43

Theconcept of God becomes meaningful to us only through morality, that is, throughthe lived (practical) experience of the moral life.

Thus, to be religious is not to assent tocertain truths but to direct one’s life in a moral way. Moralfaith is the essence of religion and god is experienced as a dimension of moralaction.

Front 44

Aristotle

Back 44

Teachings emphasize observational method

Practical ethics, what is it to be a good person?

Goal is Eudaimonia (flourishing or well-being)

Must be sought for owns sake

Rationality to access the Good

Front 45

Utilitarianism

Back 45

Consequence-basedtheory inwhich moral justification is determined by the outcome of theactions

Front 46

Jeremy Bentham

Back 46

Utilitarian, people seek pleasure and avoid pain

Front 47

John Stuart Mill

Back 47

Refines theory to emphasize quality of pleasures over quantity of pleasures. Motive/ intention has nothing to do with morality of action

Front 48

Carol Gilligan

Back 48

Ethics of Care

Theory used to guide actions and resolve conflict

Minimize/ avoid harm

Maintain, protect, create positive relations

More dependent a person is the more consideration the must be given in moral dilemma

This idea of vulnerability make her theory appropriate in healthcare situations

Front 49

History of Religion/ Bioethics and Scholars

Back 49

Began in religion but has faded

Early 1970s as a discipline

Richard McCormick - Natural Law as a bridge, situational

Front 50

And Let Us Make a Name

Back 50

‘‘Religion and health’’ implies a connection between religious identity and practice and the physical and mental health status of people and populations.

‘‘Spirituality and healing’’ implies a connection between the extent of one’s piety or adherence to a normative path of religious growth and the curing of or recovery from disease.

‘‘Theology and medicine’’ implies a connection between our understandings of the nature of God and the human spirit, on the one hand, and the institution of medicine, the healing arts, and human well-being, on the other.

The future field of religion and health would benefit from a more multidisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary approach.

Front 51

Four Principles of Biomedical Ethics

Back 51

1. Respect for autonomy: respecting the decision-making capacities of autonomous persons; enabling individuals to make reasoned informed choices.

2. Beneficence: this considers the balancing of benefits of treatment against the risks and costs; the healthcare professional should act in a way that benefits the patient.

3. Non maleficence: avoiding the causation of harm; the healthcare professional should not harm the patient. All treatment involves some harm, even if minimal, but the harm should not be disproportionate to the benefits of treatment. 4. Justice: distributing benefits, risks and costs fairly; the notion that patients in similar positions should be treated in a similar manner.

Front 52

Criteria for Consent

Back 52

1. Disclosure of relevant information;

2. Comprehension;

3. Voluntariness;

4.Competence;

5. Consent (actively accept or refuse treatment).

Front 53

Criteria for Autonomy

Back 53

1.Rationalcompetence;

2.capable of reasonable choice;

3.Access to adequateinformation;

4. freefrom coercion.

Front 54

Feminist Autonomy

Back 54

Calls for wider notion of autonomy (self-governance) that can distinguish autonomous behavior from acts of rational agency (the making of a choice). Thus, this approach directs our attention to the conditions that shape an agent’s choice and it makes those conditions the basis of critical analysis.

Feminist theory suggests cultivating a relational interpretation of autonomy that contests the enlightenment notion that we are independent, self-interested, self-sufficient, isolated social units.

Front 55

Multicultural Autonomy

Back 55

To judge foreign beliefs and practices as irrational or immoral and dismiss them in order to implement western standards can be considered an act of ethical imperialism.

HCPs must be reflexive about how their own cultural assumptions shape the way they treat patients in light of our shared vulnerabilities (ethics of care), while at the same time ensuring the health/well-being of the patient remains the ultimate priority.

Front 56

Relational Autonomy

Back 56

Relationality claims that allpersons are socially constructed and embedded in anetwork of social and political relationships of mutual dependence.

Relationalautonomy is not just about being offered a choice, but ensuring that everyperson has theopportunity todevelop the skills necessary formaking the type of choice in question.

Front 57

Secular Reasons for Limiting Religion & Medicine

Back 57

1. Violence: important to avoid violence of religiously inspired conflict. How is link of religion and violence different from link between violence and socioeconomic conditions?2.Authoritarianism: religious truth based on unquestioned sacred texts and are thus exclusionary = unable to be flexible about hard ethical questions. Is it not possible to balance core religious beliefs of the transcendent with the transient concerns of public health issues? 3.Accessibility: religious beliefs and morals are not accessible to nonbelievers and thus prevents public discussion and political consensus. Any ideological conviction pushed to the extreme will prove exclusionary.

4.Religion is not shared: this position assumes that secularity is neutral, but it is not.

5. Religion is divisive: restricting religious participation will not end the reality that people bring their ideological convictions to the political sphere.

Front 58

Women's Abortion Moral Status

Back 58

She is entitled to privacy, self-determination and non-maleficence

Front 59

3 Abortion Positions

Back 59

Conservative (priority to conserve life)

Moderate (permit abortion when women’s life is in jeopardy)

Liberal (women’s choice).

Front 60

Judaism and Abortion

Back 60

If pregnant women’s health is in jeopardy then abortion is mandated and framed as act of defense.

Fetus is part of body of woman and thus does not have equal moral claim as woman, not ensouled until birth

Moderate

Front 61

Catholicism and Abortion

Back 61

The purpose of sex is procreation through the sacramentof marriage and carnal pleasure is generally considered sinful

Abortion sin against life

Originally soul from 40days-5th month,19th C. from contraception

Conservative

Front 62

Protestantism and Abortion

Back 62

Family as basic unit of society

1970s support woman's decision because each person is responsible to God

Respect for female agency

Liberal

Front 63

Islam and Abortion

Back 63

Classical Islam - Abortion up until 120 days

Male-centered norms marginalize women's agency to choose

Family planning as lack of trust in God

Modern Islam - Generally disapproves because undermines sanctity of life/ respect for the potential

Conservative

Front 64

Hinduism and Abortion

Back 64

Widely practiced in classical era of Hinduism

Marriage is to create family

Contraception is a divine act so some aversion

Fetus distinct from woman

Permitted if life in Jeopardy

Moderate

Front 65

Buddhism and Abortion

Back 65

Marriage intended to deal with sexual cravings preventing enlightenment

Life begins at contraception and abortion is seen as murder

Person waiting to be born transfers energy to fetus waiting to be born again

Bad karma, less if with good intent

Conservative

Front 66

Chinese Traditions and Abortion

Back 66

Confucianism evasive about sex outside of marriage but Daoism celebrates it for fun, birth, health, immortality

Ancestor worship and son preference make line blurry

Unborn, not complete human

Abortion allowed if it profits the family

Moderate

Front 67

Indigenous Traditions and Abortion

Back 67

Feminine virginity highly valued

Abortion has always been practiced and women made calls about family planning, abortion, contraception

Domain of woman to make the call

Liberal

Front 68

History of Abortion

Back 68

Illegal during 19th C. with threat of death penalty

1969, decriminalized

1988, supreme court ruled it legal

Front 69

Contemporary Views of Abortion

Back 69

6/10 say human life should recieve legal protection some time prior to birth

7/10 think it should be legal in the first trimester

Ontario has both religious protections for patients and doctors

Front 70

Future like ours theory

Back 70

underscores the sanctity of life and frames killing as immoral because it deprives of future potential, innocent being must be protected