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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Secularization thesis
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In modern world, religion is losing its authority.
Max Weber: rational, bureaucratic, legal authority trumps Freud: Religion is primative psychology and we're moving past it John Dewey: Modern world is politics of experiment, compromise, pragmatism Components of secularization: desacralization, differentiation, privatization |
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John Dewey on secularization
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Modern world is politics of experiment, compromise, pragmatism
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Freud on secularization
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Religion is primative psychology and we're moving past it
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Max Weber on secularization
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Rational, bureaucratic, legal authority trumps
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Desacralization
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We explain world through science. Makes behavior, natural events, etc., less sacred, more profane/ordinary. Economics, sociology, etc. explain things rather than supernatural
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Differentiation
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Religion is a specialized institution separated from other things. Religious knowledge different than law, medicine, etc. Only qualified for religious things. Back in the day, religion was connected to all things!
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Privatization
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You keep religion to yourself. Carter and Rorty disagree as to whether this is good or bad.
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Components of secularization
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Desacrilization, differentiation, privatization
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Alternatives to secularization
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1) Religious market model
2) Religious culture model |
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Religious market model
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NOT going to be the essay >:-(
Religion thrives where it has to compete with other beliefs Declined in Europe because governments allowed religion to hold monopolies. No spiritual monopoly in America! Religious leaders have to compete and be entrepreneurs. Evangelicals important political group! Doesn't address meaning of religion. |
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Religious Culture Model
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People are buying values and communities they don't get elsewhere.
"Bowling Alone" by Putnam, ways for people to for community! Civil society, people getting together in groups to talk about things! Essential for politics to function. Important part of politics, even if not directly part of government. Counterweight to government, shape people for morality. RORTY disagrees. |
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Carter
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POlitical sphere is trying to reject religion.
Knows that it is private, but feels that it shouldn't be ignored. Religion is a form of civil society. Gives peopl ea moral base, and creates plurality within society. Provides counterbalance for government. Defines "cult" as not being part of the mainstream, and starts to look like a cult when religion rules one's life. Necessary interaction of religion and politics! |
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Rorty
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Keeping religion private is a small price to pay for freedom of religion.
Can't have an argument based in different premises. His alternative is not referring to the source of your beliefs. Seek out shared premises! Emphasis on Enlightenment of RELIGION! |
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Bellah
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Agrees with Carter in that religion is permeating our culture.
Mention of God gives sense of higher purpose. President or king above the whims of common people, answers to God. Kennedy sees mentioning God as way to legitimize idea. Civic religion - divine right and manifest destiny. |
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Intersections of religion and politics (bellah)
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1) Revolution (Israel-like deal?)
2) Civil War (Lincoln is Christlike) 3) Process of taking our culture right around the world |
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Purpose (the Colonial religious experience)
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Puritan New England!
Puritans against corruption of Anglican church because Henry the 8th ran it. Thus, they were legally harassed! Came to America with a sacred plan and a divine purpose! Not a theocracy. Ministers barred from legal posts! John Winthrop, Modell of Christian Charity. "City on a hill, eyes of all people upon us" |
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John Winthrop
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Puritan governor of Mass Bay Colony
Modell of Christian Charity. "City on a hill, eyes of all people upon us" |
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Difficulties with the Puritan vision
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-Diversity/pluralist
-Not democratic! -Puritans were utterly intolerant. -"Freedom" was "freedom to practice TRUE religion" |
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Pluralism (the Colonial religious experience)
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Acceptance of diversity! Co-existence without killing each other.
Middle colonies! 1) Toleration by design 2) Toleration by Default |
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Toleration by Design
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PA: William Penn.
Was a quaker! Radical criticism of religious authority. No clergy, v. simple dress, etc. Egalitarian! Was sent to PA by people who wanted to get rid of him. Wants to make $, but also believe in toleration. Must believe in God, but precuser to modern religious freedom! |
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Toleration by Default
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In NY
Had religious establishment! New Amsterdam had Church of Holland. In 1654, Jewish refugees sailed from Brazil. Director of colony, Peter Stuyvesant, minister in Dutch church. Worried about diversity mentioned with Church. BUT, Dutch West India Company wanted $ more than religion. Said that Jews could stay as long as they didn't cause trouble! |
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Racial Issues (Colonial religious experience)
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Religious diversity NOT tolerated.
In the South - African spiritual holocaust. Destruction of African relgious beliefs! Only in South, slave societies developed, really depended on slaves. Virginia, had official religious establishment, Anglican church. Some African religious practices are banned. Some discreetly continue. Early resistance to converting slaves. Dangerous and uncomfortable! Masters did not want to see slaves in heaven! Race trumps religion. "Christians" divide themselves by race. |
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The American Revolution
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mostly a secular event.
Declaration of Independence: grievances mostly secular. Reason-based, Enlightenment! Many ministers silent, may support, may be against. Turn revolution into a SENSE OF COMMON PURPOSE. MINOR religious issue: attempt to appoint a bishop to the colonies from England. Raised religious questions: Novus orden seculum. What does this mean for religious character of US? |
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After the Revolution, most states favor some sort of religious establishment, BUT...
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...there is some religious toleration!
In MA, taxes could support any number of churches. You have a choice! |
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John Leland
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Leader of a baptist church.
Grew up in Revolution. Heard voice of heaven, pursue "work you have to do". Suspicious of authority and ministers. Was a travellig minister. Scornful of people whose religious commitment was less than his! Said Anglican church and ministers are elitist, snobby, use big words. CLASS CONFLICT. Representative of religious minorities. Wanted to PROTECT religion. Religion tied to Gov't = corruption, more about $ than religion! |
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Patrick Henry
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Wanted state money to fund religious teachers. Used enlightenment, religious reasoning in his bill to justify that it was obvious that we should have religious teachers to be state funded!
Way to UNIFY people religiously, making religion more powerful! Small minority groups create dischord, and were not as strong. |
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James Madison
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Said that Henry was full of crap, for a number of reasons.
1) Religion doesn't NEED state to survive. 2) State-sponsored religion tends to be more about money than does to be about faith (Leland!) 3) Originally came to escape religious establishment! 4) Plays on Protestant distrust of religious authority. Protestants connect religious authority with Catholicism! 5) It's in the CONSTITUTION, duh. |
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Thomas Jefferson
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Wrote his own bill barring state sponsorship of religion.
Appealed to God-fearing legislators. Wrote bill in way that made it seem really religious. Invoked blessing of Almighty. But ALSO draws on the Enlightenment! Limiting of ideas will destroy. People have consensus in belief in God in general! |
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Second Great Awakening
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First great awakening was in 18th century.
By 1833, all religion disestablished. Expansion of democracy for all white men. Criticized religious heirarchy! Religious Greenhouse Evangelicals took hold! Methodists! |
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Religious Greenhouse (2nd great awakening)
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New religious movements everywhere!
Sense of 'everything is possible' Oneida community - sexual freedom! Collected farming. Woman preachers traveling the country! |
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Evangelicals
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1) Emphasis on conversion experience. Commonly relationship with Jesus. Different than Catholic or Jewish community, that you're born into.
2) Emphasis on the Bible (focus on text, written word. Distrust of heirarchy!) 3) Active faith. DO something. Service, social reform. Conversion of others! |
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Methodists
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Starts with Jon Westley in England
1 million people by 1844! Large % of population. Led by Francis Ashbury. Rules with iron dist!! Reasons for rapid growth: -Itinerant ministers -Religious meetings -Inroads toward converting Black americans |
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Itinerant ministers
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A reason why Methodism had so much success!
They travel from church to church. V. dedicated young men! Not like established, corrupt clergy. |
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Religious meetings!
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Another reason for rapid growth.
People camped out for days, attended religious meetings, sang hymns, etc. More democratic type of thing. Appeals to COMMON men! Bags of gold make no difference to God |
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Converting Black Americans (Methodists in 2nd Great Awakening)
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Richard Allen. Born in Delaware. Master converted to Methodism, allowed Allen to buy his freedom.
Founded African Methodist Episcopal church. Was a religious entrepreneur! Faced lots of challenges, and surpassed them! |
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What gave Evangelical protestantism unity?
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Voluntary religious groups and MORAL REFORM!
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Sabbatarian movement
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The evangelical movement during the 2nd Great Awakening to keep the day of Sunday holy.
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Temperance
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A moral reform movement, make alcohol illegal, limit alcohol that people can drink, etc.
American Temperance Society, Lyman Beecher! |
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How much did people drink in 19th century antebellum America?
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In 1825, people drank almost a gallon a week! There were practical reasons for drinking so much. The water wasn't that good, and medicine wasn't very good and alcohol was seen as medicinal.
By 1850, consume only 10 ounces instead of 40. Economic reasons for this: employers limiting drinking because it cuts into the work day! |
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American Temperance Society
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A special interest group. Very popular. Had a million members by 1835, and there were only 15 million people in the country!
Attracted evangelicals of all types, and attracted lots of women! |
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Lyman Beecher
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Presbyterian minister from Connecticut.
At first hated religious disestablished, but changed his mind because it brought about new revivalism for religion. Crusaded against dueling. But MOSTLY against alcohol! -People who drink turn their backs on God |
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Things that Lyman Beecher's temperance sermon shows.
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1) Duality. Sense of world black and white. NO middle ground. Abstinence or intemperance! Goes along with the conversion experience.
2) Speaks about the NATION and about AMERICA. Success of US depends on the CONDUCT of its citizens! "National sin" 3) Way of saying, "Who is doing the drinking?" Class-bias of temperance! The problem of the LABOURING classes. Way to keep lower classes in line. Partly about immigrants, too. Mostly Catholic ones. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. 4) Analogies temperance with abolitionism. Compares drinking with the Middle Passage! |
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Abolitionism
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Context: American slavery: durrrh!
Religious question: Worldwide belief that slavery is WRONG. human rights, moral question. BUT, evangelicals gaining converts of ALL colors and regions! SLAVES converting in 19th century! Why does one Methodist get to whip another? not even as if slaves practiced native religions. They're CHRISTIANS! Garrison, Douglass, Beecher Stowe |
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Abolitionist, temperist, pacifist
Starts The Liberator Advocates for IMMEDIATE abolition. Won't retreat a single inch! There's that duality again. Even advocated northern secession. Goes to most radical extreme, but keeps idea of ACTIVE RELIGION and DUALISM. |
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Frederick Douglass
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In Garrison's circle.
Was a slave in MD, escaped in 1838 Joins independent black church (AMEZ) Has authority on the subject because he WAS a slave. How can we justify slavery if Douglass is so moral? Becomes an opponent of established religion. Worst thing he could imagine is a religious slaveholder. Speaking to free blacks. Tells jokes, uses sarcasm! |
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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Lyman's daughter!
Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin. Shows slavery as a religious problem! He is exemplary Christian, juxtaposed with evil slaveholder! Look at gender: -outrage to Christian families -women are Christian leaders in home -we have power, but it is tied to home -slaves are sold, destroys families! -slaveholders rape slave women. |
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How does de Tocqueville understand religion and politics?
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Faith and trust in God reflects faith in democracy. Hope carries one.
Comes from background of Catholicism, states tied to religious authority! Priest to people relationship is really good! In Catholic religion, you have general equality of people, except for the Popoe. |
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How does Catholicism come into de Tocqueville'd argument?
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Distinguishes between direct influence of religion on government and indirect influence.
Regulating family life helps you regulate the state. *Related to Carter! "National religion that binds everyone" Religion provides general gramework. |
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de Tocqeville's indirect relationship of religion to government
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Marriage stronger, so stability of the home affects affairs of the state. So, by making religion disestablished, religion relegated to home.
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Is democratization using religion to provide structure to society? How different from Europe? (de Tocqueville)
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-Europe already stable! Been around for a long time!
-No structured kings or heirarchy, so people structured by religion. -In Europe, lots of disorder, French revolution -Swing away from religion in Europe, so v. chaotic time. In US, Enlightenment didn't affect the common person, so they still "clung to their guns and religion" -Society allows sects to develop, but groups not entirely democratic. |
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Broken churches
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Churches broke up because of the slavery questions. Presbyterian, Methodist, and Baptist churches all split.
Ministers preached sermons explaining both sides of slavery and war in religious terms. END of the optimism of the second great awakening, and SECTIONAL IDENTITY AND RACE TRUMP RELIGIOUS IDENTITY. Failure of ideal of Jeffersonian reasoned discussion. How can you DEBATE slavery if it's an issue of sin? |
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John Brown
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-Radical abolitionist
-Could bring about second coming of Christ if we purge ourselves of slavery -Terrorist! -1856, went to Bleeding Kansas, attacked pro-slavery men and killed them with their swords -1859, seized Harper's Ferry in VA,. Captured and executed. Became a martyr! |
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Revived debate over Constitution!
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Confederacy drafts Constitution that mentions God.
Northern Christians criticize Northern government for not talking about God. After all, clearly isn't working very well! Horace Bushnell. National Association for the Amendment of the Constitution. Compromise: Put "in God we trust" on the money! |
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Horace Bushnell
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Preached that Jefferson was responsible for the Civil War
Supposed that men could have authority over men! Without higher power, what stops the South from seceding? Suggested that we amend the Constitution to recognize God! |
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National Association for the Amendment of the Constitution
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Formed in 1863.
BUT, failed! Compromise was to put God on the money. |
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Julia Ward Howe
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1862, wrote Battle Hymn of the Republic.
Originally a camp meeting song, then an ode to John Brown. Then Julia revised the lyrics. Sacrifice of Christ compared to sacrifice of soldiers. Later verses talk about fires and judgement and stuff. ACTUAL violence of the war IS God's judgement. Guns and cannons of soldiers ARE the gospel! |
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Emancipation Proclamation
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Strategic political document only freed Southern slaves. Symbolic significance: anything goes!
Generals carry out war with little regard of human life. Saw war as less of a political conflict and more of a divine judgement. |
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Jubilee
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Slaves viewed as Day of Jubilee (Emanc. Proclamation?), where freedom, debts repaid
Lincoln compared to Moses Black churches began to form in the South after the war. Didn't have to sit in the back with their own churches! |
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Religion of the Lost Cause
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Different American history. Major defeat to lose the war. They'd acknowledged God, so what went wrong? Said it was more of a judgement for personal sins rather than for the sin of slavery, which they still practiced de-facto!
They had their own civil religion as well! |
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Civil War (points to remember)
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-Changing the Constitution
-Emancipation Proclamation -Jubilee -Lost Cause -Battle Hymn of the Republic -Lincoln's Second Innaugural |
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Lincoln's 2nd Innaugural
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Was never part of the 2nd Great Awakening.
Puts forth religious interpretation of the war that casts doubt on evangelical certainty. Spent like one sentence on how the war was going. Almighty has his own purposes. Not quite the same as humans. War judgement on North AND South! Wealth gained through slavery requires payment. War was SO gruesome that you could ONLY explain through religion. Possible rebirth at the end! Wants both sides together again, eventually. We all believe in the same God! Two tones: Moral crusade, questioning (both read the same Bible!) Our side is right, but they think they're right too. If slavery is wrong, God is using war to get rid of it. Warning against people who THINK they KNOW God's will! |
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George Armstrong
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People have purpose on earth. Slaves' purpose is slavery. Jefferson was a necessary evil in 18th century, but we're past that!
Better than Jewish slavery, because we're doing it better. Our slavery is rooted in Christianity! |
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Elements of modernization
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-Urbanization
-Immigration -Industrializaton -Rise of science -Desacralization -Privatization -Compartmentalization |
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Capitalism is compatible with Christianity!
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Men shouldn't love money, but capitalism breeds honesty, frugality, etc.
Individual responsibility for own self-propellment! Thought labor movements should be suppressed. Limited laissez-fiare. Henry Ward Beecher John Rockefeller |
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Henry Ward Beecher
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Lyman's son!
Preached compatibility entre Protestantism and capitalism. Softened harsh aspects of dad's religion. Congregation was a bunch of entrepreneurs! Did not challenge new capitalist regime. Was a "modern" preecher. Pear's soap! Christians who got rich should give to CHARITY. |
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Rockefeller
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Agreed with Ward Beecher about giving to charity. Donated a million dollars to lots of organizations.
Churches have access to INCREDIBLE resources. Very liberal idea. |
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The Social Gospel
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Social idea that capitalism breeds poverty inherantly. (duurh)
Emerged within protestant establishment! People accepted modernity, but progress required some changes. Belief that salvation could be achieved socially, as opposed to individual conversion of Evangelicalism! Making THIS life good becomes a priority! Richard Ely Walter Rouchenbusch Gave people excuse to devote time to social issues because they're religious! |
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Richard Ely
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Economist.
Wanted to disprove laissez-faire Markets have been restricted in the past! Founded American Economics Association Need more limitations onbusiness! Advocated limited socialism. Ethical dimension of economics, forerunner of New Deal |
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Walter Rauschenbusch
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German-American baptist minister
Influenced by Hell's Kitchen in N Saw problems caused by new modern society. Writes how religion can solve the social crisis. "Christianity and the Social Crisis", 1907. Older style of religion. Only what benefiteed the Church! This view is too narrow. Said that US did not conform to Christian standards. Kingdom of God! |
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Kingdom of God
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Walter Rauschenbush
Social aspect! Religion says you should do ethical things to bring about more just society. What brings this about? Not 100% clear exactly on relationship to government. Focused on cooperation, not competition. More a way of framing problems than a specific plan. |
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Two social facts about gender and religion in 1870s to 1920s
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1) Women outnumbered men in religious services. Consistent throughout types of churches and regions.
2) Men have official positions of power. Women banned officially and unofficially from being clergy. Gender is organizing principle in religious caste system. Women do the every-day work, men hold the power. |
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How do women gain power if they're not allowed to gain power in normal ways?
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1) Active in foreign missions
2) Voluntary religious reform movements |
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Women active in foreign missions
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Evangelicals have to go converting, active religion!
College students had missionary conventions. Some were wives for male missionaries (all the work with no credit, basically.) Rules looser in China and India, so women could go gain positions of leadership. SIngle women, missions offered opportunity to remain in Christian world and escape religious gender norms! Extension of woman's domestic sphere. "White woman's burden" Both re-inforced and subverted religious roles! |
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Women active in voluntary religious reform movements
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Women could be religious leaders without being ministers.
Outside of the church, same rules don't apply! Apply domestic values! Make world more "homely", extension of family responsibilities |
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Women and Temperance
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Men lost morals in war. Gave prohibition movement more vigor!
Francis Friggin Willard. Alliance between Christians and rationalists who said that alcohol is bad for health! Reached across to secular people. |
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Francis Willard
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President of WCTU.
Wicked famous in her time. Never married. Social reform rather than have a family! Tried to make temperance an international movement Never would have been able to preach in the churches that she guest-spoke in! People uncomfortable with her, said that woman gone crazy. Prayed and sang hymns outside saloons to embarrass men. Precursor to Civil Rights movement? Out in public space,where women shouldn't be. Motto of WCTU was "home protection". Intemperance caused me to squander family money on drink instead of food. Caused men to engage in domestic violence. Women's leadership roles justified by domestic norms! |
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Women and Suffrage
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WCTU pushed for suffrage when a lot of people weren't talking about it.
Susan B and Carrie Chapman Catt spoke in terms of Christian, domestic language Suffrage movement was the Christian thing to do. Conservative way of arguing for radical policy! |
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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One of the leaders of the Senaca Falls convention in 1848
Grew up Protestant, but became a "free thinker". Rejected traditional religious organization. Woman's Bible, 1898! |
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The Woman's Bible
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1898, ECS.
Assembled group of religious scholars to provide commentary on passages. Argues against mysogenistic interpretation. Sacred text, but can be interpreted. Influenced by "The Higher Criticism", looking at Bible in historical and social context (JEDP <3) Knows that Bible and religion is IMPORTANT. Not just in Church,but EVERYWHERE. |
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Three stages of secularization of the university
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1) 19th Century Classical Education
2) Dominant protestantism begins to fade 3) The secular uni TRIUMPHS, but religious stuff still happens. |
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Classical 19th century Education
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-Pass on knowledge that us unchanging
-based around humanities -no social science or experimental science. -lots of greek and latin. -religion important! (durh) -THEOLOGY important. "Moral philosophy" course, how to apply Christian principles to life. -Administration religious! Run by minister. -Students required to attend church and daily prayer/chapel services. -Network of Catholic schools too! |
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Secularization of the Uni, from 1870s to 1950s
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1) Revolution in science and technology. Now all types of study! Distinct from religion.
2) Morrill Land Grant Act, 1862, establishes lots of universities that become centers of research, not just study! 3) Differentiation of different subjects. 4) Fewer schools run by ministers. Model of business, modernity and productivity, more suitable for uni 5) Campus life, starting to abolish mandatory chapel and daily prayer readings. Foster North! |
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Foster North!
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U of Illinois, had compulsory church services.
Agnostic student, did not want to go to chapel, hated it! Refused to sign petition to get him out of chapel, because he had no religious beliefs! Suspended. Petitioned to re-apply, that school violtaed state constitution. AG said that attendance was voluntary, so no violation. President of Uni (Selim Peabody) drew on old Protestant ideals - can't entertain thought of no religion! Abolished anyway in 1894. SO, unis still asserted Christian character, but more general. Not explicit Bible reading. |
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The Secular Uni Triumphs!
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1950s to present
GI Bill, sent LOTS of people to college. Lots more people that don't share CHristian culture! Upheavels of the 1960s eroded any Protestant Unis BUT, religion still present! 1) Idea of humanities 2) Voluntary religious organizations |
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Idea of humanities in the secular university
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Why do we have humanities?
Aura of moral philosophy? history, art, English elevate us, but not immediately profitable. Have place that used to be held by religion! Norton makes humanities into almost a religious thing. Uses almost religious language to teach about poetry. Idea of a high culture Dechristianization, not secularization? Personally, I think that's kind of a stretch. |
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Voluntary religious organizations
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Outside of churches
Market place model of religion - couldn't rely on religious authority...compete iwth secular and religious things! Yale said voluntary religion BETTER than compulsory. Can't proceed by coersion. NOt really populat, people didn't really go to church things on their own accord. BUT, Independent organizations were really popular. |
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Independent religious organizations in universities
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YMCA and YWCA, university-branches flourishing
A student group competing for students to join! Student group to support foreign missionaries. Promoting adventure, networking, social groups. 1951, Bill Bright and Campus Crusaders for Christ. Groups have to petition for resources! Religion doesn't go away, but becomes one choice among many. Disestablishment instead of secularization? |
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Catholics
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-Three waves of migration
-The Parish -Conflicts with protestants -Church and State -John Ireland |
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Three waves of Catholic migration
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Wave one: 1850sish, Irish, some Germans
Wave two: late-19th/early 20th: Polish, Italians, Lithuania. Wave three: mid-20th/21st Century, Latin America, some Southeast Asia |
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The Catholic Parish
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Separated Catholics from Protestants
National parishes instead of territorial (parish for Italians instead of parish for people in Boston area) Public live very much with religion! Reinforces national language. Preservation of language is KEY to many Catholics. |
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Catholic conflict with Protestants in 1870s to 1920s
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Public schools! (Great achievement of 19th century. Daily bible readings, recitation of Lord's prayer. Not teaching religion, but read KJV instead of Catholic Bible, and didn't think that every person should be able to interpret the Bible on their own.)
Temperance (Target Catholics in saloons!) KKK (Religious organization, establish Protestant supremacy) Immigration Reform (Johnson-Reed Act, cut off lots of immigration, 1924) Republican party (Democrats had lots of Catholic votes) |
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Jews
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VERY different experience.
Most Jewish immigration was to flee persecution in home countries. Many cities had laws restricting life for Jews. In US, not the same. People weren't reminded of being Jewish as much, so many of them didn't stay as religious! Chose not to practice as much or minimum observance. -Reform Judaism -Orthodox Judaism |
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John Ireland
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America = special place with special mission
Was an Americanist Catholics should integrate themselves into American life Supporter of temperance Phase out Catholic schools. Go to public schools like everyone else! We should EMBRACE separation of churh and state! Still remain true to Catholicism. Only change outside, superficial stuff. |
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Reform Judaism
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Tried to modernize Jewish religion, like Ireland
Isaac Wise Pittsburgh Platform |
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Isaac Wise
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German Jew
People can be Jewish AND American. Creates an American prayer book, Mintag Amerika |
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The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
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1905
People thought of Jews as a separate race and thought they were conspiring to take over the world. |
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Pittsburgh Platform
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1885
Laid out ways to modernize the Jewish religion. Take out the traditional requirements that don't have to do with core morality, but old tradition. Dietary traditions, instrumental music in servicecs, separating men and women in synagogue, writings in ENGLISH. |
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Orthodox Judaism
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The other side of Reform Judaism
Kept traditional requirements. If God didn't want us to do these things why would they be in His sacred book? Men and women were separated, no instrumental music, books in Hebrew, and dietary requirements upheld. |
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Mormon commonalities with Evangelicalism
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Active religion! Wanted to restore the TRUE Christianity.
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Polygamy
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En route to Utah, Brigham Young said that they were going to have polygamy. Polygamy was only in the upper eschelons of mormon hierarchy.
Utah applied for statehood, was denied. People got rip-roarin' mad about polygamy. Lots of pressure. Woodruff Manifesto. Pressure: Edmunds Act, Edmunds-Tucker Act. Reed Smoot. WCTU got involved to ban polygamy. "Home Protection" |
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Woodruff Manifesto
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In 1890, Wilford Woodruff declared polgamy is no longer part of the Mormon deal.
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Reed Smoot
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Teddy Roosevelt wanted people in West to vote more democratic. Supported Reed going to the senate. People not close to president hated Smoot more. He was a Mormon apostle!
Was allowed to serve in the Senate after all. Shows that many Americans were NOT totally acceptin of religious freedom. Mormons were a CLOSED community who ALLOWED RELIGION TO RULE DECISIONS IN THEIR LIVES (a cult, according to Carter!) |
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Edmunds Act
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1882, made it easier for people to prosecute polygamists
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Edmunds-Tucker Act
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1887, broke up church's economic systems and power, chuch's business subsidies
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Things distinguishing Native American religions
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1) Not a separate category from N.A. culture.
2) No distinction between natural and supernatural world 3) Not exclusive! Can be Christian AND have native religion too! 4) Visual and experiential. |
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1) Religion not a separate category from N.A. culture.
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Differentiation - religion separate from economics, politics, etc. We do this in teh West. N.A. doesn't have this compartmentalization. Healers, medicine men,e tc.!
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2) Native American religions, no distinction between natural and supernatural world
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Spirit world like our own world
Made sacred aspects of natural world (mountains, etc.) NOT a portable religion. Uprooting of Indians DEVASTATING. |
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4) Native American religion is visual and experiential
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West: Bible, importance of text.
NA: Experience through dreams, ceremonies, traditions passed orally. NO written language for a while! |
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Dawes Act
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1887, divided up common land, made Indian individual property owners. Conform Indian culture to American model.
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Taking on native religion practices in the 1880s
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Legal codes outlaw certain religious practices (dancing, healing, etc.)
Legit reliious prosecution. Dances broken up by soldiers! Missionaries and government thought Freedom of Religion was Freedom of Christianity, maybe Judaism. |
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Ghost Dance
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1870s, led by Wovoka (jack wilson)
Practice that requires space and open land. Spread RAPIDLY. Whites alarmed by possible violent implications. Dance would create power over whites. Ghost shirts would protect from bullets! Tried to ban the ghost dance. Dance spoke of a time when the ground would open up and the buffalo would come back and the white people would fall through and go away. If only! |
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Wovoka
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aka Jack Wilson, a Paiute. Was a Christian too, and many of his followers saw him as a Christ-like figure.
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Sitting Bull
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Tried to arrest Sitting Bull, was accidentally killed in 1890 from a gun fight. More groops sent to Dakota.
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Wounded Knee
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Few weeks after the death of Sitting Bull (1890), 200 people killed at Wounded Knee, including women and children. Some people saw this as religious judgement. You didn't convert right, so this is God's judgement!
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