Religion Islam

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Abbasids

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classical Muslim dynasty, ruling at Baghdad, eighth to thirteenth centuries C.E

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Abu Bakr

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companion of the prophet Muhammad and the first caliph.

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Al-Ghazali

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great thinker who synthesized orthodox Islamic thought and Sufism.

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'Ali

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nephew and son in law of the prophet Muhammad and the 4th Caliph. considered by shi'tes to be the first imam or successor to Muhammad.

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Allah

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"The God"; Quranic designation for the one God.

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caliph

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"deputy", "successor", to the prophet Muhammad as leader of Islam

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Dar al-Islam

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"abode of Islam", territories of the ummah under muslim control, whereas ther est of the world is the Dar al-Harb (abode of warfare)

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Da'wah

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missionary activities directed toward spreading Islam

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Dhikr

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"remembrance"; spiritual exercises in sufism focusing the consciousness on God

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Five Pillars

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Required Muslim rituals of serving god. Shadh, Salat, Zakat, Sawn, Hajj

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Shahadah

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Confession

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Salat

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Prayer

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Zakat

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alms giving/ wealth sharing

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Sawm

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fasting

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Hajj

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Annual Pilgrimage to Mecca

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Hadith

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a saying or tradition of the prophet Muhammad transmitted through a trustworthy chain of reporters; the collection of hadiths

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Hagar

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wife of Abraham, mother of Ishmael, and ancestress of the Muslims

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Haram

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"forbidden", such as certain actions or foods.

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Hidden Imam

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in Shi'ism, the Last Imam, who disappeared into a state of occultation and will return in the future.

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Hijra

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Emigration of the prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina

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Husayn

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son of 'Ali. Killed at Karbalah; considered by Shi'ites as an Imam. and great martyr

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'id

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"feast". the two major festivals are the 'id al-adha and 'id al-fitr.
(Feasts of sacrifice and for the end of fasting)

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ihram

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state of ritual purity and consecration appropriate for entering the sacred precincts of Mecca on the Hajj

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Ijma

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"consensus". for formulating muslim law, consensus among legal scholars is necessary

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ijtihad

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independent legal reasonin in Islam; one who does this is a mujtahid

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Imam

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Islamic scholar and leader, especially in ritual prayer; for Shi'ites the proper successors to the prophet are called imams

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Iman

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"faith", complete certitude about the truth of Islam

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Ishmael

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Son of Abraham and Hagar, ancestor of the Muslims

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Isnad

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the chain of transmitters for a particular Hadith in islam

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Jihad

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"striving" for religious perfection and for God's cause including bearing arms in defense of Islam if necessary

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Judgment Day

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the day on which God will Judge all according to their deeds

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Ka'bah

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the cube-shaped stone shrine in the great Mosque at Mecca, focal point of prayer and pilgrimage for Muslims

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kafir

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an unbeliever

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Khadija

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the first wife of the prophet Muhammad

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Kharijites

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"seceders"; strict moralistic sect of early muslims

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mihrab

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niche in the mosque wall indicating the direction to mecca

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minbar

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pulpit from which the sermon is given during the Friday prayer in the islamic mosque

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Mosque (masjid

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place of communal worship in islam

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Muezzin (muadhdhin)

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person who calls the people to ritual prayer, chanting out the call from atop a minaret or mosque roof

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Mughal

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Muslim dynasty established by Mongols in India.

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Mulla

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persian word for learned Muslim teacher and expounder of the law

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Khadija

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the first wife of the prophet Muhammad

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Mulla

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persian word for learned Muslim teacher and expounder of the law

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Muslim

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one who has surrendered to God in accepting the authority of the Quran

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Mutazilites

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school in the classical period of Islam that accepted reason as a primary criterion for establishing beliefs

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Ottoman

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caliphate ruling much of the Muslim world from Istanbul

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prophets

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messengers through whom god has given revelation to all peoples, culminating with Muhammad

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qiyas

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"analogy" in legal argumentation and decision making in Islam

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Quran

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"recitation", primarily the revelation sent down by God upon the Prophet Muhammad, Holy Book

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Ramadan

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Sacred Monthin which muslims perform the fast

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Safavid

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Muslim Dynasty in Iran beginning in the 16th century

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Salat

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required Muslim ritual prayer 5 times daily

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Sawn

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required muslim fasting during ramadan

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Shahadah

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the muslim formula bearing witness to the Unity of God

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Shari'ah

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Islamic Law, based on the Quran and on the Sunnah of the Prophet

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Shi'ites

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the "faction" of Ali. that believes Ali and his descendants, are the proper successors of the Prophet Muhammad; about 1/6 of muslims

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shirk

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"association", Muslim term for the great sin of idolatry or associating something else with God.

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Sufi

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one who follows the mystical path of Islam

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Sunnah

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"custom" or "way of acting", primarily of the prophet muhammad; The prophets Sunnah is known through the hadiths

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Sunnites

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term for the Muslim Majority,those who acknowledge the first 4 caliphs and the interpretation interpretation of the Quran and the Sunnah by religious Scholars

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Tawhid

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Muslim term for maintaining the unity of God

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Twelvers

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The largest group within the Shi'ites, those who hold there have been 12 Imams

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Ulama

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the class of learned Muslim legal scholars who study and apply the religious sciences

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Umar

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second caliph of Islam

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Umayyad

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Dynasty ruling islam from Demascus

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Uthman

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the third caliph in islamic history

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Wahhabi

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strict reform movement founded in Arabia in the 18th century

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ayah

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"sign", a verse in the Quran

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Bismillah

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the opening formula for the Surah's in the Quran

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challenge verses

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short passages of the quran in which the prophet calls on his opponents to produce anything like his revelation

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Fatihah

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1st chapter of the quran

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Hadith

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traditions, traditional report recording a saying or an action of muhammad

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isnad

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the authority on which a section of hadith stands, usually given as a list of names in a chain of tradition

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jinn

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spirits both good and evil, distinguishable from angelic beings

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matn

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the main text of a hadith

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qiblah

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the direction muslims face during prayer

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surah

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chapter of quran

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tafsir

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the branch of islamic scholarship that deals with commentary on the Quran

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tilawa

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ritual recitation of the Quran