Religion Final

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Langar

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-The communal meal prepared as a community service by members of the sangat that is served to everyone attending the gurdwara.
- It requires people of all castes and conditions to sit side by side in status free rows. It promoted egalitarianism, community service, unity, and belonging, while striking down the caste system.

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Kami

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The individual spirits associated with specific natural phenomena, powers, and places. Shrines were built to accomodate their pressence during rituals.

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Lotus-Sutra

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Replaces the Buddha or Kuan Yin. Treats many Buddhist teachings as provisional. A scripture that a Japaneses monk had his followers place their faith in and chant their homage to it.

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Chan/Zen/Son

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the sudden realization of the emptiness of samsara possible in this life.
Chan (China), Son (Korea), Zen (Japan)
Practices in include sitting meditation, walking meditation, koan practice, aesthetic practice

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Pure Land

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Buddhist heavens. Replaces/defers final goal of Nirvana with more immediate goal of rebirth in Pure Land. It was introduced by a monk named Honen who wanted to provide a simpler way to salvation for those unable to undertake the demands of the sutra.

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Vajrayana

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It is the third vehicle of Buddhism. It is refered to as esoteric Buddhism due to its matras. It is also refered to as tantric Buddhism which is the concept of sexual union.
Visualization
Internal and external

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Sanjiao

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The three philosophies or religions of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. Described as the elite tradition. Idea that they are all part of a single structure.

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yin/yang

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The philosophical comentaries seek to explain how human affairs are reflected in and related to cosmic events through the cycles of yin and yang.
-The binary of yin and yang is fundemental to the understanding of both the natural and supernatural world.
-central to Daoism - concept of opposites
-yin-female; dark
-yang-male, light
There is a balance between the forces. Yin is the negative force in nature and Yang is the positive.

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Koan

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A paradoxal anecdote that is specifically designed to defy rational understanding and force the student out of normal "heady" mode into a more intuisive, body centered state of mind. A typical koan retells an incedent which sparks enlightenment in a studetn.

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Confucius and Confucious thought

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-Taught how to live a meaningful & moral life
-Harmony with Heaven through harmony with self and other people. People should carry out already existing rituals and behaviors in ways that:
cultivate harmony and virtue on multiple levels: individual, familial, social, political

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Daoist Immortal

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Supra-human Buddhist beings join pantheon of Daoist immortals who are able to help people.

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Divination

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Predicting the future. Asking a question of the Bible, The Homer Oracle, The reading of entrails and Asking an oracle

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Obon

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-A Japanese festival honouring ancestors.
- Belief that the souls of the dead return to the earth once a year to share a ritual meal with the living.

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Shaman

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-A type of priest who communicates with the spirit world on behalf of the people.
- Perform diffferent types of rituals.
-Aquire a spirit who serves as a guide and a protector throughout the Shaman's life.

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Inward Training

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Focuses on spiritual cultivation. It bridges the streams of philosophical and religious Daoism. Through inward training, the Buddhist concept of emptiness is achieved by using the body to discipline the heart and the mind.

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Prajnaparamita Heart Sutra

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The essence of the Buddhist teaching that is chanted daily in monastatic and lay communities. Because we are empty we have impermanence. Through continuation we can change through our previous lives to reach Nirvana.

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Emptiness

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Emptiness is freeing if we realize it fully. It makes us happy and stop being afraid. Buddhas are equaly empty. When we realize all these things we become free. It is also impermenece. Everything is empty.

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Mahapajapati Gotami

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Requests to become one with the renunciantsand become part of the Buddhist renunciant community. Buddha tells her not to set her heart on it. She asks a second time and Buddha changes his mind. She becomes the first nun.

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Anatman

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Means the self, soul, or innermost being. An aim at self-realization. Atman and Brahman mean the same thing and are one. Also means no permanent self. States the human person is impermanent and there is a changing combination of components.

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4 Truths

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The Buddha's idea for how to be free of karma. Truth 1 is Dukkha is inescapable. So it states that suffering is inescabable. Truth 2 is how Dukkha arises. It states that Dukkha arises through craving, desire, causality, and because we are born. It is the chain of dependent origination. Truth 3 is the cessation of dukkha is possible. When desire, ignorance, and craving is conquered, Dukkha ceases and nirvana is reached. Truth 4 is the path. States taht following the 8-fold path is the way to achieve nirvanic realization. Perfection of morality, concentration, and wisdom.

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Buddhist Dharma

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Teachings of the Buddha about social and moral obligation. Teaching of truth concerning the ultimate nature of things. "eternal truths". Following the 8-Fold Path is the way to achieve nirvanic realization. Right Understanding, Right thought, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right effort, Right Midfulness, and Right meditation.

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Dharma

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Dharma consists of: Moral duty, Right of conduct, Righteousness, Adherence to moral law, Knowing your proper place in society, Doing the right thing, The balance of the universe, and The teachings of Krishna. Social dharma states that the unerverse wants you to help others, Different stages in life have different duties, Different personality types and skill sets mean different life missions, and Your social dharma is based on your birth. An example is Arjuna's dilemma in the Mahabharata. Arjuna knows what he is suppose to do, but can't fight his family and teachers. Krishna tells him that as a warrier it is his duty or dharma to fight.

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Vishnu

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Known by many names. Rama is an incarnation of Vishnu in the Ramayana. Decends into the world when balance is threatened. Paired with Lakshmi, A.K.A Sita. Vishnu is part of the Holy Trinity. Represents love, harmony, and stability.

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Devi

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The mother goddess and source of all life. Appears under numerous names and changes herself in many ways. Her Shakti is power, enery, and force. Can be independent or partnered with a god. Can be water, earth, and growth.

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Avatara

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Avatara means an incarnation. Rama was an avatara of Vishnu. Vishnu had many avatars of himself.

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Puja

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A kind of ritual offering to a diety. what's offered comes back as a prasad. It can take place in many different settings. It is also the act of showing reverence to a god through prayers, songs, and rituals. Ask for assistance while offering gifts that are tangible and intangible.

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Bhakti

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Means devotion as a form of yoga. Realted to one of the Bhagavad Gita's 3 yogas. Bhakti-yoga: the yoga of devotion by fixing one's heart, mind, and body fully on the divine.

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3 Yogas of the Bhagavad Gita

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Karma-Yoga; The yoga of actions. Dharmic action with full heart and concentration without thought of reward. Jnana- Yoga: The yoga of knowledge. The Upanishadic quest for knowledge of how reality works through renunciation, asceticism, and mind-body focus. Bhakti-Yoga:The yoga of devotion. Fixing one's heart, mind, and body fully on the divine.

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Shiva

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Shiva is a non-Arayan god. Was worshipped by Ravana. Part of the Holy Trinity. Associated with creation, preservation, and destruction. He is the supreme god and known by many names.

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Brahman

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Means "Supreme Being", Brahman is the universal soul. Brahman and Atman mean the same thing and are one. The single truth underlying all existence.

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Moksha

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An experience and freedom of being released into something higher.Being released from Samsara through power, knowledge, and the help of the gods.

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Yoga

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A school of Indian philosophy which aims to help the practitioner to come closer to the divine.The single pointed focusing of the mind to become free. There are three different forms of yoga in the Bhagavad Gita.

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Renunciant

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A type of person who has given up everything for self purification. The act of stepping back is like renouncing your identity. They give up everything to know the truth of how everything works.

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Way

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-The moral/right way to live your life
-The way of heaven

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Tripitaka

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-Means the 3 baskets
-Sutra Pitaka- The basket of sermons. The instructions the Buddha leaves when he is getting ready for his "final Nirvana". the life of the Buddha.
-Vinaya Pitaka- The basket of conduct. The rules for nuns produced in the story of Mahapajapati Gotami. They are behavioral models.
-Abhidharma- Basket of further dharma. It is interpretations about what the Buddha was, said, and did. The first two baskets are what Buddha said. The third is philosophical understandings about the Buddha.