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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abba
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aramaic name of God meaning "Father" - cultural significance of Mexican-Americans seeing themselves as the children of a loving God rather than a marginalized and rejected people group
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Acculturation
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exchange of culture when two separate cultural identities come into close proximity and contact with one another.
*cultural features are shared and exchanged, but each group retains their own distinct identity as well |
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Assimilation
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merging of cultural traits from two previously distinct groups - loss of distinct identities
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Balkanization
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the division of groups into contending and generally ineffectual factions
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Being Hispanic in Christ
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according to Orlando Crespo, this involves utilizing biculturalism to build bridges of understanding and communication between two separate ethnic identities - entering into dialogue to foster peace, forgiveness, and racial reconciliation
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Biculturalism
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"the ability to have two worlds in ones head and live in both of these worlds with some degree of proficiency." - Orlando Crespo
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Biological Mestizaje
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"the process" - the physical intermixing of cultures, generally by force
also, "the process that gives birth to a new race of people by physical intermixing of two ethnicities" *has occurred twice in history of Latinos: 1. 1517 Catholic/Spanish conquest of indigenous peoples of mexico 2. Protestant/Nordic conquest of mexico in the 19th century |
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Cultural Mestizaje
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the intermixing of cultural customs and practices in two formerly distinct people groups due to living in close proximity and the effects of assimilation and acculturation
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Biological Mestizo
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"the people" - the physical offspring of two parent groups of differing ethnicities (often rejected in some form by both parent groups)
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Cultural Mestizo
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the bi-product of the intermixing of cultures stemming from two people groups - can often cause conflict in ethnic loyalties, allegiance, and cultural identity
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Boricua
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a person born or raised in Puerto Rico
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Bracero Program
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program in which more than 4 million Mexican farm laborers came to work the fields in North America
brief history - post mexican revolution, the mexican government failed to provide necessary resources to improve the lives of the citizens. simultaneously, the u.s. involvement in wwII demanded an increase in manual labor. on august 4, 1942, this led to the institution of the bracero program |
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Calvary Chapel Montebello
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many ex-gangsters, drug dealers, etc..., but also a place where members from the dominant group would feel comfortable. appropriate for 2nd and 3rd generation hispanics. focus on life-change and testimony, symbol of "dove of peace" and message on Christ as the "suffering servant"
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Christians as "resident aliens"
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all Christians, regardless of ethnic background, are called to be "strangers in a foreign land" on this earth, as we are first and foremost of the kingdom of God. this mindset should inform our outlook on issues like that of illegal immigration
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Christology
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a field of theological study that reflects the various ways that different people groups view the character traits and nature of Christ
*often discovered by the question, "who is Jesus to you?" |
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Church of the Redeemer
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christologies (as according to their website):
- Jesus Christ is Lord (and we are not!) - everyone is welcome here (you, too!) - love changes lives (not brow-beating, guilt, or coercion) - everyone has something to offer (each person has dignity and worth) - the world needs what we have to offer |
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Class suicide
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the refusal of members of certain classes to remain confined by the social boundaries of their own group, choosing rather to reach out and make connections with people of other social groups and ethnicities
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Contextualization
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derived from the practice of hermeneutics - the process of assigning meaning based on the influences of environment
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Crab syndrome
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if one person attempts to better himself, other people will try to drag him back down to share their fate (especially seen in minority groups in regards to upward mobility)
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Cultural-spiritual poverty
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lack of spiritual and cultural identity due to long-suffered marginalization and the effects of assimilation
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Dia de los muertos
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"day of the dead" - traces it's history back to indigenous peoples, celebrated in connection with Catholic "all saints day" on november 1
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Border v. Frontier
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a border is seen as a permanent boundary, while a frontier is something that is capable of being moved or shifted backwards
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Delores Mission
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located in boyle heights, majority lower income hispanics are members of the congregation.
target audiences: 1. adolescents 2. refugees and undocumented immigrants 3. low-income households symbol: "la virgen" - "who would the virgin mary deport?" *appropriate site of worship for foreign born hispanics and immigrants |
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Ethnocentric
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inability to see from other cultural perspectives, largely due to the belief that one's own culture or ethnicity is superior
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Evangelical
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Christian theological viewpoint emphasizing personal faith - "born again" believers
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Exiles and aliens as a hermeneutic lens
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Christians are all jointly called to be "strangers in a foreign land", and there are many passages in the Bible that aliens and immigrants can relate to. (ex: journey to the promised land, rule of joseph, ruth in lineage of Christ)
*these passages show that Jesus intentionally chooses and has mercy on the poor and dispossessed |
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First Mestizaje
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the Spanish/Catholic conquest of Mexico that took place beginning in 1517
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Second Mestizaje
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the Nordic/Protestant conquest of Mexico that took place in the 19th century
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Galilean Journey
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book written by Virgilio Elizondo, emphasizes that Jesus was an immigrant, a marginalized and doubly rejected man during his tenure on earth
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Galilee Principle
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God chooses or elects what the world despises and rejects to accomplish his purposes on earth
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Harmless Jesus
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seen through representation of "Jesus as the Lamb of God"
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Hellenistic Jews
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the Hellenistic civilization represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East and Southwest Asia. characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization.
*representative of a “mestizaje” of Bible times, in which Jews would have been intermixing with a variety of cultures from around the world. Mexican-Americans of today can look to this time period in biblical context for support and understanding. |
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Helpless Jesus
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Images of Jesus on the cross, suffering at the end of his life on earth - humanizes Christ and his sufferings
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Hermeneutic lens
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the "spectacles" through which you view the world around you - closely associated with contextualization based on environment
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Hispanic eyes
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the Hispanic viewpoint generally looks at texts from the perspective of the margin/relates to the image of Jesus as the “Suffering Servant”.
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Mestizaje as a hermeneutic lens
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example of Saul/Paul as a cultural mestizo in biblical times - can cause one to feel marginalized, rejected, or even accidental. those who view the world through this lens most likely look to the Bible for examples of suffering, mercy, and love/care for the poor and dispossessed
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Progressive mestizaje of the Church
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what should be the goal of every church and part of the Christian mission - to fully immerse in multi-culturalism to create a "third race" of Christians who, regardless of race or ethnic background, worship the Lord together as one body
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Samaritans
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marginal people that Jesus humanizes in Luke 10: 30-37
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Solidarity as a hermeneutic lens
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solidarity pointing toward "family" or "community" - shows Latinos and other marginalized groups that though they may feel exiled or alienated, God provides them with a home and family in Christ
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Santa Biblia: The Bible through Hispanic Eyes
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book written by Justo Gonzalez - portrays 'Hispanic Eyes' as the perspective of those who claim their Hispanic identity as part of their hermeneutical baggage, and who read the Scriptures within the context of a commitment to the Latino struggle to become all that God wants them to be in light and in spite of their history of marginalization—in other words, "the struggle for salvation/liberation"
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Mestizaje
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the "process" that gives birth to a new people from two pre-existing people groups
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Mestizo
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the "offspring" of two different groups, who are often rejected by both parent groups
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The mestizo par excellence
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the church, because as a united body it strives to bring about a synthesis of the earthly and the heavenly
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Mexican-American/Chicano
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used interchangeably to refer to Latinos of Mexican ancestry residing in the U.S.
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Symbol of multiple rejection
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Galilee is the symbol of God choosing to use and work through those that the rest of the world rejects
*though Galileans were rejected by "pure-minded" Jews, God still chose to place Jesus within this context during his tenure on earth |
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Symbol of the end of all particularisms
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represented by the sundered temple veil - when the "curtain of Jesus' life" closed, the temple curtain separating the holy of holies opened, allowing God's truth and personal relationship to be accessible to all people
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Symbol of universal acceptance and love
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represented by the Kingdom of the Father, which allows everyone to establish intimacy with Christ and receive the grace of God despite rejection stemming from social structures
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Mi Familia
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film about three generations of a family named Sanchez, spanning from 1920 to 1980.
spans the following generations: 1. creation generation (el californie) 2. immigrant generation (mr. and mrs. sanchez) 3. mexican-american generation (francisco and irene) 4. chicano generation (chucho, toni, memo, jimmy) 5. new immigrant generation (isabel) 6. new hispanic generation (carlitos) |
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Miscegenation
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racial intermixing (mestizaje)
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Mulatto
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the offspring of white and black parents
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Perceptual incongruence
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the dominant group does not see other ethnicities in the same way they view themselves
(example: God gives us grace for our mistakes, but does he not forgive the "sin of illegal immigration"?) |
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Racism
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hard blows of prejudice, the alienation and rejection of others, making others feel that they do not belong
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Nativism
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anti-foreign feelings directed at people of dark complexions or whites with different customs
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Mysterious Jesus of the Mass
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in Catholic tradition, the belief that the Eucharist is literally transformed into the body and blood of Christ (element of the personal that was previously missing in indigenous culture)
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Foreign-born Hispanics
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first-generation (i.e. "immigrants")
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Native-born Hispanics
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second-generation (i.e. "U.S. born")
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Popular/folk Catholicism
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the existential Catholicism of most Latinos - mediated by women, communicated orally, shuns the cognitive and appeals to the senses with an emphasis on symbol and rite.
characterized by: 1) concern for an immediate experience w/ God 2) a strong orientation toward the transcendent 3) an implicit belief in the power of prayer 4) belief in miracles 5) practical orientation toward healing 6) tendency to personalize one’s relationship w/ God. *these qualities are notably absent in American Catholicism and mainline Protestantism (example: foreboding symbolism of owl and the river in "Mi Familia") |
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Re-patriation programs
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refers to forced migration of Mexicans back to Mexico between 1929 and 1939 because of the Great Depression and economic strain - prejudice becomes more pronounced at this time because of economic competition
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Spanish Black Legend
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depiction of cruel Spanish takeover of indigenous natives; tyrannical. lead to anti-Spanish sentiment from Protestants.
*later impacted Anglo-American and Mexican relations because when the U.S. acquired southwest territory, the Mexican-Americans inherited the reputation of their Spanish Catholic forefathers. |
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Mission Ebenezer Family Church
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geared towards young people/adolescents, keeping them on the right path so that they stay out of trouble: youth service, "The Rock", contains indoor mini skate park, boxing rings, gym and youth group area.
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New Harvest Christian Fellowship
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- primarily made up of 3rd/4th generation Latinos
- Many church members, including pastors, are ex-gang members who have lived on the streets - Over 1000 members and 30 satellite churches - High-risk youth are a priority target group images: "i am a friend of God", universality through flags hanging from every country |
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Our Lady of the Rosary
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- Roman Catholic
- Virgin of Guadalupe - Cristo Immigrante traditional, Catholic/Latino worship service |
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Praise Chapel Christian Fellowship
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primary prayer/basis of church: "God, send us people nobody else wants"
- Huntington Park (almost fully Hispanic) - Donna and Mike Neville, founders - multi-cultural profile due to refusal to participate in "white-flight" when Huntington Park became predominately Hispanic |
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Hispanic/Latino
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refers to all individuals of Latin American ancestry who reside, either legally or illegally, within the borders of the United States of America
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Holistic dimensions of salvation
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a primary focus of a non-western theologian. tend to focus on "holistic", or "group" implications of faith rather than on the personal dimension of salvation
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Illegal alien v. Undocumented immigrant
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illegal alien = pejorative connotation, suggests guilt
undocumented immigrant = more descriptive of present reality (they are here, we must recognize them as humans and love them through the lens of Christianity despite their illegal status) |
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The Incarnation
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the incarnation makes clear God's approach to the revelation of himself and his purposes - rather than shouting his message from the heavens, God becomes present as a man among men.
*climax of this representation is Emmanuel (a 1st century Jews). the incarnation demonstrates God's intention to make himself known from within the human situation. |
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Jerusalem Principle
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the church must confront the structures and people that oppress the poor and dispossessed in the name of God through the way of unlimited love - goal of social, cultural, and political liberation
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Jonah Syndrome
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based on the idea that while Jonah knew the mercy of God and rejoiced in it, when the mercy was for others he resented and resisted it. representative of the mindset of many churches of the dominant group that want their church to expand in numbers but not change in composition.
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Juan Diego
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believed to be the messenger of La Morenita on the mountain of Tepeyac (a former site of pagan worship)
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Koinonia
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New Testament word used by the Christian Church that means "to participate in the communion of an idealized state of fellowship and community"
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La Morenita
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"the Brown Lady", or "La Virgen de Guadalupe" - the fact that she appeared in indigenous form as an impregnated Aztec princess symbolized that Mexicans were indeed pure, and not the children of a violated woman
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La Virgen de Guadalupe
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the Virgin Mary, the "mother of the true God through whom one lives."
*in her, the new mestizo finds its meaning, uniqueness, and unity |
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Latino racism
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Latino prejudice against other Latinos – often, skin color differentiates between Hispanics and is a cause of judgment amongst Latinos. also refers to Latino resentment of other people groups, including the dominate white culture
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Majestic Jesus
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image of Jesus as a champion, powerful ruler, mighty to save. “Clothed in robes of majesty.” probably not as relevant to minority groups because it presents Christ as a ruler, which is often seen as a symbol of oppression amongst lower-income groups.
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Majority-culture Christians
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refers to white, anglo-saxon Christians living in the U.S.
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Manifest Destiny
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the motivation and rationale for conquest and domination - served as justification for westward expansion in 19th century America
*exemplifies the differences between a border and a frontier |
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Marginality as a hermeneutic lens
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refers to reading and interpreting the Bible from the perspective of Hispanics living in the margin
(example: Hispanics may view America as "Egypt" rather than "The Promised Land" through this lens) |
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Temple Calvario
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- Assembly of God church
- Dr. Billy Graham delivered keynote address - English and Spanish outreach, bilingual services |
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Mount Tepeyac
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the mountain (formerly a site of pagan worship) where Juan Diego was confronted by the Virgin of Guadalupe, establishing reverence of La Morenita and confirmation to the Mexican people that they are the children of the Virgin, and thereby related to Christ.
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Beginning of the new mestizo creation
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the church is the beginning of the new mestizo creation - it should incorporate multicultural outreach wherever it is planted, fostering racial reconciliation and a "third race" of unified Christian believers
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The Third Race
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early Christians who could not be classified as pagan or Jews
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The Throne of the Liberator
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the Cross of Christ is considered to be the throne - the liberation refers to the effect of the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ on all mankind, i.e freedom from sin and death
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Theologians
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theologians use various forms of analysis to help understand, test, explain, critique, defend, or promote any myriad of religious topics
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Theology
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attempt on the part of the church to explain and interpret the meaning of the gospel for its own life, and to answer questions raised by environmentally induced circumstances authentic to the time and place
*theologies are thereby specific to a region or people group |
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Treat of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
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peace treaty, largely dictated by the U.S. to the interim government of a militarily occupied Mexico that ended the Mexican-American war (1848)
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Trinity Church of San Fernando
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emphasizes a modern approach to Christianity.
christology: Jesus saves, heals, and fills with power of Holy Spirit. - appeals primarily to 2nd and 3rd generation Hispanics. |
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Unconscious contextualization
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according to Gonzalez, the schisms n the church are in part the result of our inability to acknowledge that our own understandings and expression of the Gospel are contextual, that is, that they "express the gospel as seen from a particular perspective" only.
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Under the Same Moon
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movie - parallel story of Carlitos and his mother Rosario, who works illegally in America, and Carlitos who goes to find her. they are faced with challenges on the way back to each other, but never lose sight of their mutual love for one another and the desire to be together again.
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Victory Outreach
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started in 1967 by Sonny Arguinzoni.
demographics/target audience: Latino and primarily Mexican-American, lower income bracket, gang members, prostitutes, and outcasts. *Jimmy Sanchez would probably feel the most comfortable attending this church. |
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The year 1531
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The year that the Lady of Guadalupe appeared in Tepeyac in front of Juan Diego. Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe celebrated on December 12th.
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The year 1848
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The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed and the Mexican-American War ended
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