Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Islam
|
means peace/surrender, “the peace that comes when one surrenders one’s life to God” (Allah)
|
|
|
Allah
|
“the God”
|
|
|
Qu'ran
|
“recitation” Mohammed receives the Qur’an from god, and he recites it (he is God’s mouthpiece). First command God gives Mohammed is to recite this in the name of God (the creator). Took 23 years to collect the revelations heard by Mohammed from God.
1. Surah 2. Aya 3. Al-fatiha |
|
|
Surah
|
“chapter”, 114 Surahs in the Qur’an
|
|
|
Aya
|
“verse”
|
|
|
Al-Fatiha
|
In the first Surah in the Qur’an, which is the shortest one, it starts with “in the name of God, the all merciful, the all compassionate”. Qur’an begins by addressing you in the name of God, telling you that God is merciful towards you therefore you should read the Qur’an. Important point: when Muslims recite daily prayed, it is the Al-Faitha that is recited. Recited 14 times/day.
|
|
|
Abraham
|
Patriarch common to Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Muslims believe that Abraham was the first Muslim (the first one who truly submits to God). Abraham’s sterile wife, Sarah, gave him permission to sleep with Hagar to give him offspring. Hagar’s son was Ishmael. Afterwards, god let Sarah give birth and her son was Isaac. Jews come from Isaac, and Muslims from Ishmael. Ishmael is older and when he comes of age tries to take the property that rightfully belongs to Isaac. So Ishmael is sent off to the desert, and Muslim tradition says Ishmael went to where Mecca now stands.
|
|
|
Ishmael
|
Abraham’s eldest son and first born, Muslims descent from Ishmael
|
|
|
Nabi
|
“prophet” or “one who speaks for god” a regular prophet
|
|
|
Rasul
|
special type of prophet (for EXAM), a messenger that doesn’t speak on behalf of God, instead he brings God’s word. Rasul’s that Muslims recognize include: (Other Jews were also Rasul)
1. Moses 2. Jesus 3. Muhammad |
|
|
Moses
|
1st Rasul, brings the Torah (first five books of Hebrew bible)
|
|
|
Jesus
|
2nd Rasul, his teachings are recorded in the Gospels
|
|
|
Muhammad
|
Final Rasul, “seal of the prophets”
• In bringing the Qur’an, claims to be the final prophet, because God’s revelation is completed in the revelation that he brings. • Born around 570 AD, his father dies before his birth, and his mother dies at age 6, so his grandfather and uncle raise him. Main point: Mohammed is HUMAN, the only thing that makes him unique is that he is the instrument through whom God has spoken (contrary to Christianity where Christ is the son of God and therefore can’t be human) • At 40 he received his first revelation (610) |
|
|
People of the book
|
people who posses an earlier version of God’s revelation, via Moses or Jesus (Christians and Jews). Contemporary Muslim theologians extend this category to include groups with divine scriptures. (Could include Buddhists and Hindus)
|
|
|
Mecca
|
City of Mohammed’s birth, the Kaaba is here. This is a religious place of pilgrimage.
1. Kaaba 2. Quraysh tribe |
|
|
Kaaba
|
Black cubical structure built by Abraham that had been standing in Mecca 200 years before Mohammed’s birth. Muslims come here to make the Hajj (pilgrimage), Muslims face it in prayer.
|
|
|
Quaraysh tribe
|
ruling power of in Mecca, created a violence-free zone for those who wanted to worship Allah, this encourages merchants to pray in Mecca (merchants crossing Arabian desert were protected)
|
|
|
Jahiliya
|
“time of ignorance”, ignorance of the one true God, most people on Arabian peninsula were polytheists (worshipped many gods)
1. Jinn 2. Hanifs 3. Kahims |
|
|
Jinn
|
“spirits” found outside the walls of the city, they can be called upon by people to help or serve as mediators (between God and people)
|
|
|
Hanifs
|
pure monotheists, want to worship ONE god without the rituals/practices found in Judaism or Christianity
|
|
|
Kahims
|
poets that wrote God’s message in a poem (mediator poet between man and God)
|
|
|
Khadija
|
Mohammed’s wife, she was a widow who ran a successful merchant business after her husband died, she employed Mohammed, he did very well (was a righteous business man) and she proposed to him (he was 25, she was 40). He shared all of his burdens and God’s teachings with her.
|
|
|
Mount Hira
|
outskirts of Mecca (Mecca is a valley, this is one of the mountains), Mohammed traveled here because he was troubled by the Meccan people, here is where he first received God’s revelations (first message through an angel Jibrael). Jibrael delivers word of God, “recite”, then “recite in the name of God, or the one who has created man”
1. Night of Power |
|
|
Night of Power
|
the name of the first night that Mohammed receives the revelation (significant event)
|
|
|
Yathrib/Medina
|
Mohammed’s uncle dies, then his situation in Mecca becomes unstable because the Quraysh don’t like his preachings, so he sends inquiries to different cities, one of which is yathrib, small Jewish/Pagan town, they hear of his good reputation and invite him to be a mediator and help solve their problems
1. Hijra |
|
|
Hijra
|
(622) “immigration”, Muslim community emigrates from Mecca to Yathrib, the town is later renamed to Medina (literally “the city”) in the face of persecution, the Muslim community is first established in Medina and not Mecca
|
|
|
Battle of Badr (624)
|
Muslims were unable to support a livelihood (afford food) in Medina, they start attacking caravans, Mohammed limits the attacks to caravans destined for Mecca, when Mecca realizes this they sent 1000 troops to Badr to set up a trap, Mohammed realizes that it’s a set up, and despite the 3:1 odds, Abu Badr says “god is on your side”, so Mohammed went forth with the attack and won, makes Mohammed a tribal chief (war chief)
|
|
|
Battle of Uhud (625)
|
Fought on Uhud mountain (Southwest of Medina), Meccans came with 3000 men and event though Mohammed (Muslims) had only 1000 men, since the war was fought on their back doorstep, so they thought they would win. They were protected on the right by a mountain, and on the left by their archers. Mohammed instructed the archers to not break their lines no matter what, but when the archers saw that they were winning they disobeyed his orders and looted the dead bodies. This caused the Muslims to lose, many are killed but Mohammed makes it back to Medina (although injured). As a result he receives a revelation that men can have as many as four wives if he can treat them equally.
|
|
|
Battle of the Trench (627)
|
Meccans gather 10,000 troops and go straight to Medina, Mohammed knows of their cavalry warfare and digs trenches to neutralize the fight. Meccans have to get off their horses and fight in the trenches with the Muslims. Battles ends at a standstill (2 weeks of siege) and everyone returns home.
|
|
|
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah (628)
|
Mohammed realizes warfare can’t continue so he leaves Medina to go to the Kaaba in Mecca, 1400 people follow him. Meccan’s don’t understand why their enemies come unarmed. Mohammed leads his men in a round-about way to avoid the Meccan cavalry, he comes within 30 km of Mecca (a peace zone), Meccans meet with Muslims and demand a treaty that lasts 10 years, Mohammed consents to the treat, Muslims retreat to Medina on the provision that they can make a pilgrimage in the following year (629)
|
|
|
Conquest of Mecca
|
A skirmish between Muslims and Meccans (prompted by Meccans) leads to Mohammed traveling to Mecca with 10,000 men since the Meccans violated the peace treaty. Since the Muslims were so respectful in the pilgrimage the year before (when they went to the Kaaba), the gates were thrown open for Mohammed and his men (was seen as a liberator), the Quraysh are expelled and Mohammed takes control of the city. Significant act of Mohammed in the conquest of Mecca is cleansing the Kaaba (a shrine to Allah and a host to minor gods who were idles). He smashed the idles in the Kaaba (smashing an idle is symbolic because it is depriving that god of its power), he did not touch the painting of Mary and Jesus, this represents a Muslim respect Christ and his mother.
|
|
|
Plain of Arafat
|
outside Mecca, where Mohammed gives his last sermon before dying, it is here where Allah will gather all the nations before him to be judged on the last day. Muslims are strongly suggested to make a pilgrimage to Mecca where they must stand on the Plain of Arafat
|
|
|
Caliph
|
“Succesor to the prophet”, encompasses both a spiritual/religious and political authority Mohammed is the last prophet, future leaders need a title which is caliph (because they won’t be prophets)
|
|
|
Four Rightly Guided Caliphs (Rashidun)
|
literally “rightly guided ones” immediately follow Mohammed’s death, they all participated in the Hijra (they fled with Mohammed from Mecca to Medina/Yathrib back in 622)
1. Abu Bakr (632-634 C.E.) 2. Umar (634-644) 3. Uthman (644-656) 4. Ali (656-661): |
|
|
Abu Bakr
|
First rashidun, known for rida wars. Since they are in a tribal society (that believe when a chieftain died that all ties are broken and they go their own way) when Mohammed dies they go their own way. Abu Bakr goes and brings the tribesmen back into the folds of the Muslim community. (Abu Bakr doesn’t let them go their own way because Mohammed’s intentions for society’s organization was different and he recognized this). Abu Bakr dies of fever but it is suspected that he was poisoned because other people wanted to be Caliph.
|
|
|
Umar
|
extending the Muslim conquest into (broadly) North Africa and the Middle East from its current place of Arabian peninsula. This occurs within a couple of decades of Mohammed’s death. Umar was assassinated by the Persian in 644 due to their resentment of being incorporated into the Muslim world.
|
|
|
Uthman
|
known for compiling the Qur’an, political practice not smile upon due to nepotism. Known for consolidating authority in the Muslim community. Assassinated by Muslims because of his nepotistic practices.
|
|
|
Ali
|
2nd convert to Islam, the nephew of Mohammed. Debate among the Muslim community about whether or not he should have been the first caliph (constant tension as new caliph’s are appointed until he becomes caliph). He was assassinated by a radically purist Muslim sect.
|
|
|
Five pillars (Arkaan)
|
1. Shahadah
2. Salat 3. Zakat 4. Ramadan 5. Hajj |
|
|
Shahadah
|
confession of faith,
a. There is no God but God: radical monotheism b. Mohammed is God’s prophet: if you want to know what God has to say, read the Qur’an (Mohammed possesses the revelation of God) |
|
|
Salat
|
obligatory prayer 5x per time, they can be stocked up, not the worst thing in this world if you forget
|
|
|
Zakat
|
giving/charity, compulsory 2.5% of your wealth to those in need
|
|
|
Ramadan
|
compulsory month of fasting, fast from dawn until dusk, also fast from guilty pleasures (sex, smoking), concludes in big feast with gift exchanging
|
|
|
Hajj
|
pilgrimage to the Kaaba in Mecca, every Muslim should make the Hajj to Mecca once in their life
|
|
|
Ummah
|
“community” or “nation”, the whole community of Muslims/believers, first established in Yathrib/Medina
|
|
|
Ilm/Alim/Ulama
|
Ilm – knowledge. Alim - person who posses the knowledge Ulama - people who posses knowledge (experts/professors). The knowledge of the Qur’an and muslim law.
|
|
|
Sharia
|
“the way to the watering hole”, God’s law for human life is matter of spiritual life and death (if you follow it you will live and prosper and if you don’t you will whither and die) – watering hole is vital for human life (when wondering in the desert) and so is God’s law
|
|
|
Jihad
|
“struggle” to understand what Allah wants from you (since not every situation will be explicitly stated in the Qur’an), usually associated with military conquest
1. Jihad-i-Akbar 2. Jihad-i-Asgar |
|
|
Jihad-i-Akbar
|
“higher”, inner-spiritual struggle, battle everyone fights against their selfish, sinful desires, ie. Accumulating wealth at the expense of your fellow men, Mohammed declared that this is vital for everyone to follow
|
|
|
Jihad-i-Asgar
|
“lower”, bodily-military struggle, struggle in defense of the Ummah itself (defense of community of faith), not vital that everyone participate in
|
|
|
Sunni
|
85-90% of Muslims, word derived from “deeds/actions”, Mohammed’s actions, Sunni’s profess to follow examples laid down by Mohammed, Sunni’s have several imams (lowercase because they are found in the community – not a line descending from Mohammed – and give spiritual guidance to the communities)
|
|
|
Shi'a
|
9-10% of all Muslims, “the party” or group of people (of Ali), they believed that Ali should have been the first Caliph (Sunni’s don’t), they also attach themselves to a line of Imam’s (preachers who are successors of Mohammed) who they look to for spiritual guidance, there are a set number of Imams
|
|
|
Sufism
|
suf means “wool”, dressed humbly in contrast with the Caliphs (whose wealth was increasing greatly after Mohammeds death) to illustrate that the simplicity of the faith was lost, they shunned society by walking around and not settling anywhere and they were seeking God through spiritual contemplation, this is a mystical interpretation of faith (denial of pleasures and mystical contemplation of God), Sufi’s practive Sufism. List of Sufi Teachers: (3 men, 1 woman – Persians, not Arabian, unlike Mohammed)
1. Al-Ghazali (11th c.) 2. Al-Hallaj (9th c.) 3. Rabi’a (8th c.) 4. Rumi (13th c.) |
|
|
Al-Ghazali
|
He is a philosopher, scholar (mainly concentrates in law), spiritual leader, poet. He was successful (ie. Held a chair in philosophy), but has existensial crisis because he realizes his teaching have been for worldly gain, he finds incongruity in that he is teaching Muslim law and all men are supposed to submit to God but he hasn’t. Leaves his chair and seeks out Sufis who instruct him in spiritual disciplines. Afterwards: publishes his most famous works, they are existensial/spiritual in character, bearing the mark of Sufism.
|
|
|
Al-Hallaj
|
spiritual teacher and poet, remembered for an episode that got him killed. In a trance he exclaims “I am the Creative Truth standing for God”. Islam has a radical distinction between this world and God so for any human to be claiming to be God is blasphemous therefore he was sentenced to death. Later many of his disciples explain his statement in a way that is in accordance with orthodoxy.
|
|
|
Rabi’a
|
female Sufi mystic, taught love, believed that we should worship/love Allah for his own sake because this is true worship, we shouldn’t worry about eternal damnation nor eternal reward, she recognized that this was the message of the Qur’an and Imam people
|
|
|
Rumi
|
poet and philosopher, recognized Allah as supremely transcendent above human conception, believed that all religions had some valuable insight into the divine truth. He encouraged the use of music, artwork, poetry for worship of God, whereas monotheism has more a tendency to be more textual in teaching.
|
|
|
Four main sources of Islamic Law
|
1. Qur’an
2. Hadith 3. Quiyas 4. Ijma |
|
|
Qu'ran (Islamic Law)
|
textual basis of Islamic law
|
|
|
Hadith
|
if it isn’t covered in the Qur’an you first go to the Hadith, these are recordings/collections of what the prophets said/did (Hadiths are universally accepted, even though the Sunni’s principles are to follow Mohammed, the Shi’a also will refer to the Hadiths)
|
|
|
Quiyas
|
if what you are looking for isn’t in the Qur’an or the Hadith, refer to the Quiyas, which is your analogical reasoning. Analogical reasoning is what makes alcohol consumption illegal. Although it isn’t explicitly stated in the Qur’an, the fact that bearing false witness in court is illegal, and alcohol consumption is related to lying, analogical reasoning would bind the two to say that alcohol consumption is forbidden.
|
|
|
Ijma
|
this is the last recourse you have, this is the universal consensus of the Ummah (Muslim community) (if its agreed to be praise worthy/condemnatory then it will receive that status in law), democratic spirit: this is a democratic way of explaining what to do in a situation
|
|
|
Five major schools of Law
|
these schools are variations on Sharia interpretations, they share the four main sources of Muslim law, Islam has emphasis on law, how it’s understood and how you apply it to human life (by contrast Christianity is more metaphysical – like the nature of the trinity or about the divine incarnation)
1. Jafari 2. Hanafi 3. Maliki 4. Shafi’i 5. Hanbali |
|
|
Jafari
|
Shi’a school, Iraq and Iran
|
|
|
Hanafi
|
Sunni school, India, emphasis on reasoning, one of the more liberal interpretations of the Sharia
|
|
|
Maliki
|
Sunni school, North Africa, to the four basic sources of the law this school adds insights from the four rightly guided Caliphs (Rashidun)
|
|
|
Shafi'i
|
prevalent in Indonesia, accepts opinions also of Mohammed’s companions (the members that fled from Mecca to Medina)
|
|
|
Hanabli
|
Sunni school, Saudi Arabia, most conservative of schools for Sharia interpretations
|
|
|
Five categories of activities
|
1. Halal
2. Mustahabb 3. Mubah 4. Mukruh 5. Haram |
|
|
Halal
|
obligatory actions (if you’re Muslim you must follow them), the five pillars fall under this category
|
|
|
Mustahabb
|
not obligatory human actions (eternal salvation doesn’t depend on them) nevertheless you should follow them (they are good). Mohammed has prescribed them, so since you are going to model Mohammed’s life, it’s recommended to carry this out.
|
|
|
Mubah
|
neutral, not for nor against the faith (driving a car)
|
|
|
Mukruh
|
reprehensible, permitted but not encouraged, permissible under certain circumstances but the community should still look down on them (they aren’t conducive to a righteous or upright life), example (divorce)
|
|
|
Haram
|
utterly prohibited action or making images of God (because God is transcendent to anything the human mid can conjure up) example: human pork
|
