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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Koine Greek
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Greek language for the common person (not the language of Jesus). The New Testament is written in Koine Greek. Not written in highly scholastically language because they want the common people to understand it.
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Bible
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Christian bible = Hebrew bible (old testament) + New Testament (distinct Christian material). The New Testament is comprised of the Gospels (acts of the Apostles, which narrate the deeds and teachings of Jesus’ immediate followers), the letters of the Epistles (written by important people in the early church) and the Book of Revelation/Apocalypse (symbolic discription of the end of the World and a new creation)
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Septuagint (LXX - Seventy)
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Legend has it (not historic) that there were 70 different scribes of the Old Testament that were sent to 70 different rooms, and they were all instructed to translate the bible into Koine Greek, from Aramaic/Hebrew. They all came out with identical translations of the bible therefore the hand of God must have been behind it, this gave the translation justification. The Jews who lived in Rome after being exiled (Babylonian exile) assimilated and therefore translated their bible. This would be the translation that Christian Apostles read; they did not read the original text.
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Vulgate
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Jerome (scholar) translated the Christian bible (Old and New Testament) from Koine Greek to Latin. Christianity is a missionary religion so in order to bring your message to the people you need to translate it into their language. The word of God should be accessible to everyone.
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Jesus
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Born and lived in Nazareth in 4 BCE, which is north of Israel. Christians believe that he was the Messiah. When Romans found this out, they crucified him (207 CE) because past “messiahs” all lead political rebellion against the Romans. Three days later he rose from the grave to demonstrate his power over death, proving that he was the messiah. Messiah being one that god has sent to conquer death, sin and all suffering in this world).
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Christ/Messiah
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“anointed one”, set apart to rule. Christ was seen as anointed, as a kingly figure (set apart to rule like a Jewish king was).
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Kingdom of God (Mt: Kingdom of Heaven)
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Jews believed in the coming of the Messiah. When the Apostles look back on Christ’s life they realize that he was the Messiah and brought the Kingdom of Heaven. In his lifetime Christ talks to the people and says God’s rule is re-established. Christ says that the kingdom of heaven is involved in the restoration of human life (ill being curing, the hungry fed, daily bodily needs being sustained).
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Sadducees
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Jewish leaders decided it would be beneficial to cooperate with their Greek rulers, to the point of adopting Greek ways of life (Habits, Greek games in Jerusalem, etc.).
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Pharisees
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Orthodox Jews, unwilling to change their Jewish laws. Believed that to be a good Jew you must follow the laws as closely as possible.
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Essenes
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Small community who retreated from Jewish society. They practiced denial of bodily needs and desires (no sex, beating their bodies, fasting), in waiting for the Messiah. Known for Dead Sea Scrolls.
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Zealots
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Similar to Pharisees in that they want to reestablish Jewish law but they aren’t willing to work with the Romans the way the Pharisees were. This they formed small military bands to attack Roman authorities.
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Four distinctive Jewish Groups
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1. Sadducees
2. Pharisees 3. Essenes 4. Zealots |
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Gospel
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“good news”, this is the good news that the Messiah has come. There are four gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Each gospel wrote a different book about the life of Christ. Basic message of each book, Christ is the Messiah.
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Messianic secret
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“Christ is the spiritual Messiah”, other claimed to be Messiahs but they had political agendas (expel the Romans), whereas Christ did not. Christ’s teachings are involved in bettering human interactions. The secret is amplified in his death because the Jews didn’t believe that a Messiah could die, so for all the other claimed messiahs, their death proved that they weren’t the Messiah. For this to work for Jesus the definition of Messiah must change.
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Sin
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“to miss the mark” and be disconnected from God, you are created for a purpose by God. Christians: a new creation has been begun in the person of Jesus Christ
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Synoptic Gospels
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“on sight, on seeing”. First three gospels, Matthew, Mark, and Luke. Narratives (synoptic) of what Christ did/Christ’s life
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Gospel of John
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4th Gospel, different than the synoptic because instead of telling the life of Jesus it is trying to understand who God/Jesus/Messiah are in relation to each other. Gospel of John is an explicit theoretical reflection.
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The Incarnation
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God is a human being (not a manifestation). He is still God the Creator but also a physical human being. Christians don’t explain it, they just affirm it. Major difference with Judaism.
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The Atonement
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One of the foundational doctrines of Christianity. Christ dies for our sins, he has the ability to take on all of our sins because he is God. No one short of God himself can bear the punishment of God. We all miss the mark. Christ dies on the cross willingly and for a purpose.
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Resurrection
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After 3 days in the tomb, Christ rose – he conquered death. This is important for Christians because it shows that his atonement was successful, he died for our sins bearing a burden that none of us could, and we are free. Each of Gospels ends with an empty tomb. He ascends into heaven after 40 days (after teaching the Apostles)
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Book of Acts
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5th book of the New Testament. “The acts of the Apostles”, initial journeys of Apostles especially Peter the primary Apostle, Jesus rises from the grave and spends 40 days walking with the Apostles, teaching them, and then he ascends to heaven. Paul (another Apostle) is a great missionary responsible for planting churches.
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Ascension
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after 3 days he arose from the grave, and after 40 he ascended
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Pentecost
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Inauguration of the Church (date of establishment), after Christ rises from the grave, the holy spirit descends onto the apostles (who have gathered in Jerusalem), the holy spirit gives them the ability to speak in a language they don’t know, conversion of about 5,000 on the spot
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Holy spirit
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God the holy spirit is what Christians confess as being present within the church (God the father, god the son, god the holy spirit), holy spirit descends on you when you enter mass, holy spirit descended on the apostles at the Pentecost
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Saul/Paul
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a Pharisee who had a supernatural encounter with Jesus and therefore converted to Christianity, changed his name from Saul to Paul, goes on missionary journeys, he broke Christianity out of its Jewish roots (he is the reason why Christianity isn’t seen as a Jewish sect), he accepts Jews as converts
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Pauline epistles or letters
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11 letters written to churches
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Imago Dei
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we are created in the image of God, distinguishes humans from animals
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Peter
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means “rock”, Christ famously said “Peter, upon this rock I will build my church (Christianity)”, Peter takes over the church (leads the Apostles), goes on missionary journeys and takes a role in Christianity’s church, he is crucified, Pope sits on Peter’s throne
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The trinity
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Doctrine of the trinity. God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit (Ghost) – even though he is these three persons he is still one God
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Fish (Ichtus)
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Ichtus = Image of fish, symbol of Christianity, used to signify where Christians were located, symbolized safe haven for traveling Christians who feared persecution
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Liturgy
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“work of the people”, pattern of church service, you go to do work of worship
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Ecclesia
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“assembly” related to a Church
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Constantine
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Roman Emperor, who converts to Christianity (even though before him Christians were persecuted – killed and fed to lions), he was at war and had a dream and saw a cross and heard a voice that said “he is where you will conquer” so he next day he has men paint crosses on their shields they won the battle and he converted, this is a turning point – Christians are no longer oppressed
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Edict of Milan
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Edict of toleration, toleration of Christianity in Rome, it was granted by Constantine
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Ecumenical Councils
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formulated the basics of the Christian faith, bishops got together and figured out a uniform teaching, there are 7 Ecumenical councils that talk about the fundamentals of Christianity
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Council of Nicaea
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325 CE - The first ecumenical council called by Constantine, came up with the explicit doctrine of the trinity, because one of the teachers was saying that Jesus Christ might not have been God
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Athanasius of Alexandria
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369 CE - Athanasius started list of what books the bible is comprised of (Christian books vs. non-Christian books), not the final list but initiates the process
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Council of Constantinople
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381 CE - Nicaea code revised, the father, the son and the holy spirit were not three ways of looking at God but were really three substantially different persons in one God
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Council of Ephesus
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431 CE - Confirms Mary as the mother of God, important because it implies that Mary is the Mother of both Jesus Christ as man and God because if Mary is the mother of Jesus and Jesus is God then Mary
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Council of Chalcedon
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451 CE - confirms that Jesus has two natures – a divine and a human nature. The divine nature does not lose any of its divinity because it is united to human nature. Expands on the incarnation that God is a human being.
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Mary
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Mother of Jesus, immaculate conception, the holy spirit (God) conceives Christ Mary, Gospels are careful to maintain that although Joseph is her husband he didn’t have sex with her until after they are married (after Jesus is born)
Theotokos (mother of God) |
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Theotokos (mother of God
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Defined at the council of Ephesus, Theo-god, tokos-mother of, the first 7 councils (Ecumenical Councils) question his divinity and it is established at the Ephesus (Mary is the mother of God)
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Priesthood (Presbyterate)
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Based on the last supper when Jesus distributed the wine and the bread as Christ’s blood and body, but when Jesus is gone who has the authority distribute the wine and the bread
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Episcopate
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Pope → bishop → priest, episcopates are the bishops, they are the highest order of the church government, they appoint the priests
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Priestly Celibacy
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Bishops must be celibate because they are higher up, only true for Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics (but not Protestants), the further you move from worldly things the more pure are
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Augustine of Hippo
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profound influential Christian theologian, first person to systematize sin (gave Doctrine of Original Sin), Judaism and early Christianity had a notion of missing the mark so Augustine said that this is our nature.
Original sin |
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Original Sin
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humans are by nature sinful, Judaism and Christianity recognized it but Augustine out right declared it
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The Great Schism
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political/opinionated conflict between Eastern Orthodox church and Catholic church. They had many differences (practice, theology, etc.) In 1054 there was a rupture (communication between the two churches breaks down) with long term effects – they are no longer unified. (East vs West)
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Roman Catholicism
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Largest Christian Church. All spiritual authority rests in the Pope (Bishop of Rome), he is infallible (he is the mouth piece of God – never wrong)
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Eastern Orthodoxy
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Arch Bishop – spiritual authority for their location (unlike Roman Catholic pope that has spiritual authority for every where/everyone)
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Sacrifice of the Mass
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mass – wine and bread tradition, every time mass occurs the priest crucifies Jesus again (Roman Catholics), Protestants reject this and instead say that mass is to remember his crucification
Transubstantiation |
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Transubstantiation
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Tomas Aquinas’ explanation of how every time mass is performed that Jesus is present in the wine and bread. When mass occurs the essence of Jesus comes into the wine and bread.
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Purgatory
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intermediate state for people who haven’t committed enough bad to go to hell but haven’t confessed all of their sins (therefore god hasn’t forgiven them), they will come here for a time to “pay off their debt” before entering heaven. Exists between death and the end of time (Apocalypse), hell was terrifying so purgatory was offered to Christians as reconciliation
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Indulgences
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monetary payment from the living for their dead relatives, the church says they will intercede with God to hurry their relatives time in purgatory
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Martin Luther
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Catholic monk, sees problems with purgatory because he sees corruption in the church and see “celibate” priests with concubines, he believes that you can’t buy God’s favor, he rejects the idea of purgatory, brings the protestant idea of mass/communion (eat bread/wine in memory of Jesus), by rejecting Catholic Mass he rejects the Papal authority (because anyone can give communion if its not crucifying Jesus everytime), believed that we can never do good, we are always sinning even when we try to do good, Lutheranism (Norway, Sweden)
1. 95 Theses 2. Total Depravity 3. Justification by Faith |
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95 Theses
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Comes up with his ideas (95 propositions), formulates his negative ideas of indulgences, and rules out purgatory. Comes up with total depravity and justification by faith. He puts them up on Wittenberg church door and he challenges anyone to debate him. He was condemned by the pope for these theses, he would have been killed but political forces who were opposed to Rome saved him
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Total Depravity
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Whatever human beings do is utterly debased in God’s eyes, we can never do good in God’s eyes, doctrine that humanity is incapable of cooperating with the grace of God, Martin Luther starts to move away from confession because if you confess it opposes justification by faith
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Justification by Faith
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you aren’t saved by your good work, but by faith, confession opposes it because it shows that you haven’t completely put your faith in God (you show you are scared of hell/want heaven), salvation is only available if you have 100% faith in God (not confessions)
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John Calvin
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2nd generation reformer (after Luther)
1. Predestination 2. Tulip |
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Predestination
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because of total depravity, we can’t change God’s view us therefore our future (heaven/hell status) is pre-determined, Calvin believes the before the world was created the we would be saved or damned, hallmark of Calvinism (Swizterland, Holland and England)
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TULIP
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5 parts of predestination
T: total depravity of human kind U: unconditional election (we are elected to salvation or damnation – all God’s choice) L: limited atonement, Christ’s salvation work only applies to a small portion of humanity I: irresistible grace, person elected for savior will not be able to resist God despite their best efforts – derivation of justification by faith P: perseverance of the saints, those elected by God will not let go of their faith – derivation of justification by faith |
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Anglicanism
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Started due to political reasons, Roman Catholic style of worship + John Calvin theology, head of the church is the leader of the English monarch (currently Elizabeth)
1. Henry VIII 2. Thomas Cramner |
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Henry VIII
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Pope refused his divorce so he made a new church, made himself the head of the church and kicked out nuns and monks to make money. He wanted the divorce to make a son with a new wife. King = popeish
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Thomas Cramner
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bishop of England, established the church of England (he was in charge of getting Henry’s divorce but when he failed he helped Henry form the Anglican church), he composes the book of common prayer for the Anglican church. What Luther – Lutheranism, calvin – calvisnism, Cramner is to Anglicanism.
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