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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mecca (3)
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-an ancient city in the Arabian Peninsula
-important religious center that housed the Ka'ba -at time of Muhammad's birth, it had become an important caravan city on the trade route from Yemen to Syria as well as a religious shrine |
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Jabal al-Nur (3)
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-literally "mountain of light"
-small mountain outside Mecca where Muhammad often stayed in a cave to worship and meditate -Muhammad related that he received the first revelation of the Qur'an from God while on this mountain |
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Yathrib (2)
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-the city in Arabia north of Mecca to which Muhammad and Muslims from Mecca migrated to escape religious persecution
-was renamed Madinat an-Nabi, or the "City of the Prophet" |
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Medina (2)
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-also Madinat al-Nabi, or "City of the Prophet" city north of Mecca, formerly known as Yathrib
-people of Medina welcomed the persecuted Muslim refugees from Mecca and accepted Muhammad as their leader |
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Hudaybiyyah (3)
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-place where Muhammad made a peace treaty with the Meccans
-Muhammad led his companions to Mecca to make the pilgrimage to the Ka'ba but the Meccans prevented them from entering the city so the treaty allowed Muslims to return the following year, and both agreed to peace for ten years -Meccans eventually broke the treaty, leading to the Muslims' peaceful takeover of Mecca |
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Ka'ba (4)
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-cube-shaped building in Mecca
-Qur'an states that the Ka'ba was the first house of worship dedicated to the One God -According to the Qur'an, Abraham and his son Ishmael built the Ka'ba -Muslims all over the world face in the direction of the Ka'ba during prayer, and it is the goal of the pilgrimage, or hajj |
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Quraysh (2)
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-the tribe into which Muhammad was born which ruled Mecca
-fought Muhammad until they were defeated in 630 CE, but as Muslims they continued to play important roles in Muslim history |
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Muhammad (3)
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-According to the Qur'an he was last prophet, or God's messenger to humankind
-prophets before Muhammad include Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus -Muhammad was born into the tribe of Quraysh at Mecca in about 570 CE |
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"Seal of the Prophets" (3)
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-Muhammad is called both a messenger and a prophet in the Qur'an
-because his message faithfully communicated Allah's will for humanity, there is no need for another to come after him -for this reason, he is referred to as the "seal of the prophets" |
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Khadijah (4)
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-first wife of Muhammad
-wealthy widow who was older than Muhammad -was the first person to accept Islam after the revelation -the wife who bore all Muhammad's children |
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Ali (4)
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-4th of the "Rightly Guided Caliphs"
-cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet -married to Fatimah, the prophet's daughter -his son is Husayn, who was assassinated in 680 CE |
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Fatimah (2)
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-the daughter of the prophet
-married to Ali |
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Arbitrator (2)
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-a person who settles a dispute between two or more persons or groups
-EX. Muhammad was invited to Yathrib as an arbitrator to bring peace to the warring tribes in Yathrib |
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Ansar (2)
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-literally, "the Helpers"
-they were Muslims of Yathrib who welcomed and aided the Muslim refugees from Mecca, who fled religous persecution |
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Muhajirun (2)
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-literally, "the Immigrants"
-Muslims who migrated to Yathrib to escape religious persecution by the Quraysh at Mecca |
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Sahabah (6)
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-literally, "the Companions"
-a title given to Muslims who saw, heard, and knew Muhammad -because they shared in the development of the Muslim community, the Sahaba were models of piety, knowledge and love for the Prophet -recorded his words and deeds (the hadith) -transmitted the Qur'an to later generations after Muhammad's death -sources of knowledge for history and understanding the Qur'an and hadith |
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Ahl al-Kitab (2)
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-"People of the Book"
-term used in the Qur'an to describe those who believe in One God and in the revealed scriptures from God, such as the Torah and the Bible |
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Tribe (2)
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-a group of people who share common ancestors, language and traditional claims to victory
-at the time of Muhammad's birth, Meccan society was organized according to relationships among clans and tribes |
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Clan (2)
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-a family group that is a sub-group of a tribe, claiming descent from a single common ancestor
-at the time of Muhammad's birth, Meccan society was organized according to relationships among clans and tribes |
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Ummah (2)
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-the worldwide community of Muslims
-total number of Muslims in the world today is over 1.2 billion |
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Imam (3)
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-"leader" as in the salat-prayer service
-Shi'ites revere their Imams as exalted leaders ("Imami" refers to the main Shi'ite sect, which recognizes only 12 Imams, the last of which is living in a mysterious state of occultation, called the "hidden imam" also known as the "T'welver" sect of Shi'ism) |
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Shi'a (8)
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-"party" meaning the followers of Ali who became the main minority community of Islam
-the shi'ites believe that the leadership of the Muslims should come from the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad through the line of Ali and Fatima -Shi'ites claimed that Muhammad had selected Ali to be the Prophet's successor upon his death (other companions, Abu Bakr and Umar, did not believe this claim) -first three Caliphs were elected by consensus of the Prophet's Companions but after the death of the third Caliph, Uthman, Ali was elevated to the office of Caliph -civil war ensued within 2 years -after Ali's assassination, Shi'a Muslims continued to believe that the caliphate should remain in the family keeping authority in Islam within Muhammad's family line -The Ummayad Dynasty resisted this claim and took control -Essentially, this established Sunni Muslims as the majority branch in Islam |
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Sunni (2)
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-refers to the main body of Islam
-literally refers to followers of the teachings of the Qur'an and the Prophet, from the Arabic term sunna, which means "path" or "way" or "custom" |
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Sufi (2)
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-a Muslim who practices Sufism
-Sufism is a mystical form of Islam that seeks a personal experience of Allah in which the division between the believer and Allah disappears through a distinction of the self called fana, which can only be achieved through dhikr, or true rememberence of Allah |
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Ulama (1)
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-the "learned" in religion and law
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The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs (2)
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-refers to the Companions of the Prophet, who had learned directly from the Prophet's Sunna, and ruled after Muhammad's death as the first Caliphs from Medina in Arabia
-Shi'ites believe that the Prophet named Ali, his son-in-law, as the appointed successor |
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1st Caliph (2)
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-Abu Bakr
-ruled 632-634 |
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2nd Caliph (4)
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-Umar ibn al-Khattab
-ruled 634-644 -Islam became a world phenomenon -spread through brilliant military successes, Islamic rule extends to Egypt, Syria and Iraq |
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3rd Caliph (3)
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-Uthman ibn 'Affan
-ruled 644-656 -from the Ummaya clan, which would later rule Islamic Empire from Damascus for nearly a century after death of Ali |
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4th Caliph (4)
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-Ali ibn Talib
-ruled 656-661 -his followers are called Shi'ites -after his assassination, Shi'ites refuse to recognize the successor Caliphs as legitimate |
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Umayyads (1)
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-the first Muslim dynasty, ruling from Damascus from 661-750
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Abbasids (2)
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-Islamic dynasty founded in Baghdad in the mid-seventh century
-Abbasid caliphs played a major role in the preservation of Hellenistic culture within Islam |
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Four Schools of Islamic Jurisprudence (fiqh)
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1. Hanifites
2. Malikites 3. Shafi'ites 4. Hanbalites |
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Isra' and Mi'raj ("Night Journey and Ascension") (2)
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-Muhammad's night journey to Jerusalem and his ascension to the Heavens
-According to the Qur'an and the recorded words of Muhammad (hadith), Angel Gabriel took Muhammad to Jerusalem during one night, through the Heavens and into the presence of God, and returned him to Mecca in the same night |
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Hijrah (2)
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-migration of the Muslim refugees from Mecca to Yathrib seeking religious freedom
-the migration happened in 622 CE and is the beginning of the Islamic, or hijriyah, dating system, abbreviated as AH, meaning Anno Hijriya |
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Constitution of Medina (2)
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-a document Muhammad formed as arbitrator to unify the different warning groups in Yathrib under his leadership
-the document states that each group in Yathrib must respect each other's rights and share the responsibility of defending the city |
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Pilgrimage or Hajj (3)
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-pilgrimage to Mecca, on of the Five Pillars of Islam and the duty of every Muslim believer
-pilgrims perform rites that reenact the life of Abraham, his wife Hajar, and their son Ishmael over 4,000 years ago. -it is required of every Muslim who is able, at least once in a lifetime |
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Islam (5)
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-literally "seeking a state of peace"
-a religion of belief in One God, revealed through the prophets from Adam through Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, whose final prophet is Muhammad -also means "submission" to God -one who submits is a muslim -Islam is the name given in the Qur'an, and refers to the state of peace achieved through submission to God |
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Allah (5)
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-literally "the God"
-the one God who is all-Powerful and who created everything in the universe -also called Rabb, the Lord of Abraham and all other prophets -In the Arabic language Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also use the term Allah for God -the Qur'an lists 99 attributes, or names of God |
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Qur'an (5)
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-means "recitation"
-God's oral revelations gathered in the book known as the Qur'an the holy book of Islam -Muslims believe the Qur'an is divinely revealed scripture sent to Muhammad from God through the Angel Gabriel in the Arabic language -it is the source of guidance in a Muslim's daily life, and a source of knowledge about God and His creation -Muslims only consider the Qur'an authentic as read and recited in Arabic but translations may express its meaning as an aid to understanding, not as a substitute for the original scripture |
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Akhirah (2)
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-life after death
-Qur'an teaches that after life in this world, every human will be judged by God for the good and bad they did on earth, and receive just reward or punishment for their deeds |
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Resurrection (2)
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-raising human beings from the dead
-Qur'an teaches that every human being will be brought back to life after they die to be judged by God on the Day of Judgement |
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Monotheism (2)
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-the belief that therein is one God
-Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are known as the three monotheistic faiths |
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Rasul (3)
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-a messenger sent by Allah to particular people to serve as figures of authority
-includes Muhammad, Noah, Lot, Ishmael, Moses, Jesus and others -Moses, Jesus and Muhammad are the only messengers who were given a book |
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Nabi (5)
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-a prophet of Allah
-there are more prophets than messengers mentioned in the Qur'an -including Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Aaron, David, Solomon and Job -Other prominent prophets of the Bible are not mentioned in the Qur'an -Muhammad is called both a messenger and a prophet in the Qur'an |
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Jibreel (2)
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-Gabriel, the Angel who brought revelation to each of the prophets, or God's messengers
-Muslims believe that Gabriel brought revelation of the Qur'an to Muhammad over a period of 23 years |
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Hadith (3)
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-literally "Report"
-hadith are the recorded tradition of the words and deeds of Muhammad, transmitted by his companions and later compiled into authoritative collections during the 8th and 9th centuries CE -these two collections of hadith from the second and third centuries of the Islamic era are considered especially authoritative |
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Qiyas (3)
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-"analogical reasoning" in Islamic jurisprudence
-in Sunni Islamic jurisprudence, the qiyas is the process of analogical reasoning in which the teachings of the Hadith are compared and contrasted with those of the Qur'an -EX. when an Islamic law applies to one kind of thing or action, it can be applied by analogy to similar things or action even when not previously specified in the Qur'an or hadith |
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Hanif (3)
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-a true monotheist
-one who practices upright practices of Islam -Abraham is identified in the Qur'an as a hanif prior to being either Jewish or Muslim |
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Iman (the core beliefs) (7)
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-Arabic for "faith"
-core beliefs include: 1. God and His Attributes 2. Prophets 3. Angels 4. Sacred Books 5. The Last Days (Resurrection, or the Day of Judgement) 6. Predestination |
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Muslim (1)
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-one who submits to the will of Allah
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Shirk (2)
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-"associating" anything with God
-considered idolatry and Islam's one unforgivable sin |
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Mushrik (1)
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-one who commits the sin of shirk
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Sunna (2)
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-means "path" or "way" or "custom"
-refers in Islam to the example of the Prophet for upright life and true religion |
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Jihad (2)
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-means struggle or effort
-islam refers to two types of jihad (lesser and greater) |
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Lesser Jihad (2)
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-"jihad of the sword"
-permits the use of violence in order to spread or defend Islam |
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Greater Jihad (1)
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-describes the daily effort one must exert to submit oneself fully to Allah's will and avoid the temptation to do evil
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Dhimmi (3)
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-a protected minority, referring to Jews and Christians in Muslim-ruled territories who did not wish to convert to Islam
-as "people of the book" they practiced a form of true religion and so were not forced to convert to the Muslim faith -they were granted freedom of religion to worship as they wished |
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Jizya (1)
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-a tax on the dhimmi, or the Jews and Christians in Muslim ruled territories
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Sura (1)
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-a chapter of the Qur'an
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Shari'a (2)
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-the whole structure of divinely revealed Islamic legislation, based on the Qur'an and Sunna
-the 4 roots of Islamic law, or Shari'a, were established as fundamental principles of Islamic Law by the ninth century |
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The 4 Roots of Islamic Law (Shari'a)
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1. The Qur'an
2. The Prophet's living example (sunna) 3. The Learned Consensus of the ulama 4. reasoning by analogy from accepted interpretation of the first two roots to new problems not directly addressed in them |
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Tawhid (3)
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-"making one" or "asserting the oneness" of God
-belief in the absolute unity of God is the core belief of Islam -this belief can only be realized through correct practice of Islam and the 5 Pillars of Islam |
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Orthopraxy (2)
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-"correct practice"
-Islam is a religioin centered on correct practice |
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Khutbah (1)
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-a public sermon or speech held every Friday in the masjid (mosque) before the midday prayer
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Salat (3)
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-the five daily prayers
-second of the Five Pillars of Islam -these obligatory or required prayers are offered at dawn, at noon, in mid-afternoon, at sundown, and after twilight |
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Hijab (3)
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-a term used for the head covering worn by Muslim women
-"a condition of modesty" -also means the public appearance of women wearing loose-fitting clothing that reveals only her hands and face |
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Jihad (2)
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-"making an effort" or "striving" or "struggling"
-can mean the effort to improve oneself and resist doing bad deeds -a struggle against injustice, or defensive, limited warfare for a just cause |
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The Five Pillars of Islam (6)
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-five basic acts of worship required of every able-bodied Muslim:
1. shahada- testifying to belief in one God and Muhammad's prophethood 2. salat- performing five daily prayers 3. zakat- paying the poor due 4. sawm- fasting in the month of Ramadan 5. performing the hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime |
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Pilgrimage or Hajj (3)
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-pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the Five Pillars of Islam and the duty of every Muslim believer
-pilgrims perform rites that reenact the life of Abraham, his wife Hajar, and their son Ishmael over 4,000 years ago -it is required of every Muslim who is able, at least once in a lifetime |
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Umra (1)
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-the "Little Pilgrimage" to Mecca, with observance of the Hajj rites that take place
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Qiblah (2)
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-the direction of Mecca toward which Muslims face during the salat-prayer
-marked in mosques by the mihrab |
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Rak'a (1)
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-a cycle or unit of Muslim prayer (salat)
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Ramadan (1)
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-the month in which the Qur'an was first revealed and during which Muslims observe an obligatory fast during daylight hours
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Iftar (2)
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-breaking of the fast at sun's setting during Ramadan, in which families gather together in prayer and meal
-a joyous time that often includes trips to relatives and friends |
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Halal (3)
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-"legal" a term designating any object or an action which is permissible to use or engage in, according to Islamic law
-it is the opposite of haraam -the term is used to designate food seen as permissible according to Islamic law |
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Ahkam
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-a reference to the Islamic commandments, derived and understood from religious jurisprudence resources
-a law, value, ordinance or ruling of Shari'ah (Islamic law) -the acts of a Muslim must be done according to Islamic commandments, categorized in five groups, forming a pentad -they show how performing or abstaining from certain actions can be categorized as being obligatory or recommended in Islamic law |
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Pentad (5)
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-consists of:
1. Wajib-obligatory (also known as fard, rukn) 2. Mustahabb/Sunnah-recommended (also known as fadilah, mandub) 3. Mubah-neither obligatory nor recommended (neutral) 4. Makruh-abominable (abstaining is recommended) 5. Haraam-prohibited (abstaining is obligatory) |
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Date: Muhammad's Life
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570-632
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Date: The first revelation received by Muhammad (40 years old)
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610
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Date: Muhammad and his followers flee Mecca to Yathrib (Medina) and establishes the first Islamic community (ummah) in Medina; this migration is called hijra
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622
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Date: Muhammad peacefully takes over Mecca and wins it for Islam
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630
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Date: The period of the "Rightly Guided Caliphs"
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632-661
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Date: Ali assassinated
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661
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Date: Ali's Son Husayn killed by Umayyaad forces in Karbala (paradigmatic event for Shi'ites)
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680
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Date: Period of the Umayyad Empire; the center of Islam becomes Damascus
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661-750
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Date: the beginning of period known in "Twelver" Shia as the "Greater Occultation" (a period when the true Imam is hidden, which continues to the present day)
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941
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Date: Abbasid Period; the center of Islam moves to Baghdad
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750-1258
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