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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prophet Muhammad Birth
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Born 570 CE
Born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia raised by Grandfather, then Uncle |
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Ishmael
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Descendant of Abraham
Hagar was mother Those who practice Islam descended from |
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Mecca
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Birth place of Muhammad
Trading post Mostly polytheists Home to Ka Bah shrine |
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Ka Bah
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Cube shaped shrine in Mecca
Most sacred site in Islam Built by Adam Made of black stone (descended from heaven) |
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Abraham in Qur'an
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Receives revelations from God to rid world of idolatry
Destroys all the idols in his community except one Thrown in fire, but God protects him from Fire Abraham told to sacrifice Ishmael Abraham and Ishmael told to rebuild Ka Bah |
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Muhammad Family
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Uncle: Abu Talib
Marries Khadijah (wealthy trades woman) Ali and Fatima (daughter) marry Ali is Muhammad foster son Monogamous marriage (at first) |
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Muhammad and Gabriel
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Ramadan (9th month) in 610 CE
Muhammad is 40 yrs old Angel Gabriel appears to him, shows him words and tells him to recite Muhammad at first cannot, then he is able to read and understand Beginnings of Qur'an Muhammad told to learn and repeat |
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Qur'an literally means
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The Recitation
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First Convert to Islam
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Khadijah
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First male converts
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Ali
Abu Bakr |
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Islam literally means
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Submission to God
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Muslims literally means
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Those who submit
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Allah
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Arabic for God
Means the Almighty |
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Muhammads Revelations
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Visitation from Gabriel begins then stops for two years
Begins, then continues for 23 years (muhammads entire life) Revelation style varies; appearence of angel, voice only, bells Sweating, Trance |
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Reaction to Muhammad
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Some thought he was crazy or Epileptic
Some initial violence against followers of Islam Community boycotted Muhammad and clan for 3 years |
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Khadijahs Death
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619, Khadijah dies, leaving Muhammad to care for 4 daughters and foster sons
Uncle Abu Talib also dies |
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Muhammad Later marriages
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At age 50, Muhammad marries:
Sawdah: devout widow Aisha: young daughter of friend of Abu Bakr Over last 10 years of life, married 12 women |
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Night of Ascent
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Vision Muhammad has during night
Woken and carried to Jerusalem by beast Stood at ruins of Jewish Temple, approaches throne of God Muhammad told rules for Muslim Prayer Speaks to Jesus and Moses |
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Move to Medina
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Muhammad persecuted in Mecca
Asked by elders of YATHRIB to become leader (town of jewish-arab conflict) Creates charter for and renames town to MEDINA Ensures religious freedom |
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Divisions in Islam
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Main division in Islam is between:
Sunni and Shia muslims Divisions begin with Muhammads death |
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Caliph
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Ruler, leader of Islam
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Abu Bakr
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First Caliph (elected) after Muhammads death
Friend/ Father in Law 632-634 appoints successor |
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Umar
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634-644.
Assassinated Chooses field of six to succeed |
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Uthman
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644-656.
Assassinated Rebellion occurs 3 armies invade Medina, each pick leader |
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Ali
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656-661.
Assassinated Civil war breaks out. Attacked by army raised by Iishia Was overthrown |
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Sunni Islam
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80% of Modern Muslims
Authority stems from Caliph Mainstream islam- stayed under authority of successive Caliphs Supported Abu Bakr |
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Shia Islam
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Knowledge passed from Prophet to special leaders (Imams)
Handed down from Ali and his male line Succession of Imam is disputed Supported Ali |
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Imam
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Special leader in Islam
More important to Shia muslims where imams are central leaders to the religion (as the rejected the authority of caliphs) |
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Muhammads Pilgrimage to Mecca
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628
Makes pilgrimage to Mecca All dressed in simple white garmets 1400 followers Refused entry, granted access the next year 629 Army of Mecca attacks Muslim allied tribe Muhammad attacks Mecca: cleans shrine and rededicates to Allah |
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Muhammads Death
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632: Makes final pilgrimage to Mecca
Given revelation about Hajj delivers final sermon Dies of fever at age of 63 |
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First four successors to Muhammad
"The Rightly Guided Caliphs" |
Abu Bakr
Umar Uthman Ali |
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Ayah
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Literally 'sign'
verse in Qur'an |
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Surah
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Literally "Step up"
Chapter in Qur'an |
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Hafiz
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Someone who memorizes the Qur'an
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Muhammad recites Qur'an
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To Gabriel on Ramadan
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Who had Qur'an written down?
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Abu Bakr had Qur'an written into single book
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Standardized the text
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Uthman
Made 6 copies |
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Respecting Qur'an
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When Qur'an is in room
Behave reverently Cannot be left on table or floor No eating, drinking, smoking while Qur'an is being read |
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Sources of Authority for Islam
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Qur'an the word of Allah, ultimate authority
Sunnah: life and example of prophet |
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Sunnah
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Collected Hadiths
Sayings and teachings of Muhammad |
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Tawhid
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Belief in one God only
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Shirk
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Division of the unity of God
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Other prophets in Islam
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Abraham, Moses, David, Jesus: these four where given divinely revealed books
Muhammad was last and greatest of prophets |
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Angels
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Function as Allahs servants and messengers
Do not have free will: all are good Made out of light Record human deeds |
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Jinn
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Can be good or evil
Made out of fire Devil (Shaytan or Iblis) chief of Jinn |
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Afterlife
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After death people await bodily resurrection
Day of Judgement- book of deeds placed in right or left hand Paradise (Jannah) or Hell (Jahannam); (the garden or the fire) |
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Predestination
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Al-Qadr: Everything is under God's control
Insha' Allah: If it is Gods will Qur' an implies people have free will, debate over extent of predestination |
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The Five Pillars of Islam
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1. Shahadah
2. Salah 3. Zakat 4. Sawm 5. Hajj |
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Shahadah
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Basic statement of faith
"There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger" |
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Salah
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Prayer 5 times a day
Night of Ascent: where Muhammad recieved vision for this command Prayer is performed facing Qibla Done at set times of day Must perform WUDU (washing) ritual first |
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Mosque
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Place of Prayer
Praying communally in Mosque is optional EXCEPT at noon on Fridays |
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Imam
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Prayer leader
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Zakat
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Alms Giving
Muslims must give 1/40th or 2.5% of net worth -CASH, CATTLE, CROPS only owed above a certain threshold of wealth Collected and distributed by government POOR people benefit |
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Sawm
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Fasting during Ramadan
Muslims fast from dawn until sunset No eating, drinking, smoking, or sex Exempt: sick, pregnant, menstruating, old, children If fast is deliberately broken, a penalty must be paid |
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Eid al-Fitr
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Feast that marks the end of Ramadan
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Hajj
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Pilgrimage to Mecca
Every muslim expected to go at least once in lifetime performed 8th to 12th day of the last month of the year |
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Events Commemorated at Hajj
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1. Reunion and forgiveness of Adam and Eve at Mt. Arafat
2. The almost sacrifice of Ishmael by Abraham 3. life of obedience of the prophet Muhammad |
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Steps/ Rites of Hajj
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1. Enter state of Ihram/ wear Ihram clothing
2. Circle Ka Bah (7X counterclockwise) 3. run between hills of Safa and Marwa (7x) 4. Make stand at Mt. Arafat (noon to dusk) 5. Stone the Three Pillars (animal is sacrificed) 6. Circle the Ka Bah again after returning from Arafat (7x) |
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Names for people after completion of Hajj
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Males: Haji
Females: Hajiyah |
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Umrah
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"Lesser Pilgrimage"
Can be done anytime during the year Circling the Ka' Bah and running between two hills |
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Islamic dress for Women
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Qur'an does not command women to wear Burkhas
Qur'an gives little detail to what women should wear Mostly decided by culture |
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Hijab
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Literally means "veil"
Used to refer to head covering or modest dress in Qur'an references to Hijab are NOT about dress Many women wear loose clothes to be modest Many muslim women cover their hair in public |
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Islamic teachings that improved status of women
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Condemned Infanticide
Gives women inheritance rights (1/2 inheritance of men) women receive dowry in marriage |
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Sharia
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Literally means 'path' or 'way'
System of religious laws in Islam that deals with a variety of topics Four sources of Islamic Law 1. Qur'an 2. Sunnah 3. Ijma 4. Qiyas |
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Ijma
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Laws derived by consensus
"My ummah will never agree on an error" |
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Qiyas
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Laws derived from looking at Muhammads teachings
Found by comparing modern problems with ancient practices and finding similarities Looks for causes of revealed laws and applies same reasoning to situations |
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Five Categories of Sharia
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1. Fard
2. Mandub 3. Mubah 4. Makrah 5. Haram |
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Fard
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Things that are compulsory (daily prayers)
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Mandub
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things that are recommended but not required
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Mubah
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things that have to be decided by conscience
no clear guidance |
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Makruh
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Things that are not forbidden, but they are discouraged
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Haram
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Things that are forbidden
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Haram Foods
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forbidden foods include;
pork, already dead animals, blood, anything sacrificed to idols, predators |
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Halal Foods
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Allowed foods;
anything not Haram, animals must be slaughtered according to standards |
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Economics in Sharia
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Collecting interest on loaned money is forbidden
Muslims have own banks Lenders either share profits of loaned money, or share loss |
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3 categories of punishment in sharia
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1. Retaliation or monetary compensation (eye for an eye)
2. Discretionary Penalties (crimes for which the Qur'an does not prescribe a particular punishment) 3. Specific penalties (penalties provided by Qur'an |
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Jihad
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literally means "to struggle"
most often denotes personal struggle to live out Islam |
