Relational Anatomy Year 1 Semester 2 Lecture Notes Week 5

Front 1

Describe the heart.

Back 1

The heart is a hollow 4 chamber organ. It is positioned in the middle mediastinal compartment. It is approximately the size of a large clenched fist. It is oriented obliquely in the chest with approximately 2/3 of the heart positioned to the left of the midline.

Front 2

Heart Overview, what is a?

Back 2

a. Atrial septum

Front 3

Heart Overview, what letter is the atrial septum?

Back 3

a

Front 4

Heart Overview, what is b?

Back 4

b. Left atrium

Front 5

Heart Overview, what letter is the left atrium?

Back 5

b

Front 6

Heart Overview, what is c?

Back 6

c. Mitral valve

Front 7

Heart Overview, what letter is the mitral valve?

Back 7

c

Front 8

Heart Overview, what is d?

Back 8

d. Ventricular septum

Front 9

Heart Overview, what letter is the ventricular septum?

Back 9

d

Front 10

Heart Overview, what is e?

Back 10

e. Left ventricle

Front 11

Heart Overview, what letter is the left ventricle?

Back 11

e

Front 12

Heart Overview, what is f?

Back 12

f. Right ventricle

Front 13

Heart Overview, what letter is the right ventricle?

Back 13

f

Front 14

Heart Overview, what is g?

Back 14

g. Tricuspid valve

Front 15

Heart Overview, what letter is the tricuspid valve?

Back 15

g

Front 16

Heart Overview, what is h?

Back 16

h. Right atrium

Front 17

Heart Overview, what letter is the right atrium?

Back 17

h

Front 18

What is the orientation of the heart?

Back 18

The cardiac axis is determined by the position of the septum which separates the heart into halves and runs down the middle of the heart from the base to the apex. This runs on an oblique angle from the midline of approximately 45 degrees towards the left. The base is the broad portion of the heart which is made of the atria and sits superiorly and posteriorly. The apex is formed by the tip of the left ventricle and is the most inferior and anterior portion and is angled to the left.

Front 19

Foetal Heart, what is a?

Back 19

a. Right ventricle

Front 20

Foetal Heart, what letter is the right ventricle?

Back 20

a

Front 21

Foetal Heart, what is b?

Back 21

b. Right atrium

Front 22

Foetal Heart, what is c?

Back 22

c. Cardiac axis

Front 23

Foetal Heart, what letter is the cardiac axis?

Back 23

c

Front 24

Foetal Heart, what is d?

Back 24

d. Left atrium

Front 25

Foetal Heart, what letter is the left atrium?

Back 25

d

Front 26

Foetal Heart, what is e?

Back 26

e. Left ventricle

Front 27

Foetal Heart, what letter is the left ventricle?

Back 27

e

Front 28

What is the location of the right atrium?

Back 28

The right atrium is between the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava and faces the right lung

Front 29

Where is the location of the left ventricle?

Back 29

The left ventricle is in the apex, adjacent to the left lung and fills the cardiac notch.

Front 30

What structures are in the right and left atria?

Back 30

The right and left atria give rise to the great vessels.

Front 31

What structures rest on the diaphragm?

Back 31

The right ventricle and some of the left ventricle.

Front 32

Describe the pericardium.

Back 32

The pericardium is a a double layer sac surrounding the heart and proximal great vessels. It is made up of the fibrous pericardium which is a tough superficial layer. It is attached to the central tendon of the diaphragm. The pericardium is also made up of the serous pericardium which is a double layer of serous membrane. The parietal layer lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium. The visceral layer (epicardium) lines the superficial surface of the heart and proximal great vessels.

Front 33

Describe the pericardial cavity.

Back 33

The pericardial cavity is the potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium. There is a small amount of serous fluid in the potential space which is a lubricant to reduce friction during cardiac activity.

Front 34

How many chambers does the heart have?

Back 34

4

Front 35

Describe the right side of the heart.

Back 35

The right side of the heart deals with deoxygenated blood. The right atrium forms the right border of the heart. It receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation (superior and inferior venae cavae) and from the coronary circulation (coronary sinus and cardiac veins). It pushes blood into the right ventricle. The right ventricle lies on the diaphragm. It receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps blood via the pulmonary trunk to the lungs for oxygenation.

Front 36

Describe the left side of the heart.

Back 36

The left side of the heart deals with oxygenated blood. The left atrium is the most posterior surface of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood via pulmonary veins and pushes blood to the left ventricle. The left ventricle forms the apex, the left border and much of the anterior surface. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps blood via the aorta to the systemic circulation and coronary circulation. The myocardium of the left ventricle is approximately three times thicker than that of the right ventricle.

Front 37

Describe the cardiac septa.

Back 37

The cardiac septa separate the chambers of the hearts. The right and left atria are separated by the interatrial septum. The right and left ventricles are separated by the interventricular septum.

Front 38

Describe the cardiac valves.

Back 38

There are four valves in the heart that exist to maintain one-way flow through the cardiac system. There are two atrioventricular valves that prevent backflow from the ventricles to the atria and two semilunar valves that prevent backflow from the great vessels to the ventricles.

Front 39

Describe the atrioventricular valves.

Back 39

The atrioventricular valves are made of leaflets attached to the papillary muscles by thin fibrous cords called chordae tendinae. The right atrioventricular valve consists of three leaflets and is called the tricuspid valve. The left atrioventricular valve consists of two leaflets and is called the bicuspid valve and is also known as the mitral valve. When the ventricles contract the blood in the ventricles push the leaflets closed. The chordae tendinae prevent the valves from inverting from the pressure.

Front 40

Heart Valves, what is a?

Back 40

a. Pulmonary trunk

Front 41

Heart Valves, what letter is the pulmonary trunk?

Back 41

a

Front 42

Heart Valves, what is b?

Back 42

b. Left atrium

Front 43

Heart Valves, what letter is the left atrium?

Back 43

b

Front 44

Heart Valves, what is c?

Back 44

c. Mitral valve

Front 45

Heart Valves, what letter is the mitral valve?

Back 45

c

Front 46

Heart Valves, what is d?

Back 46

d. Aortic valve

Front 47

Heart Valves, what letter is the aortic valve?

Back 47

d

Front 48

Heart Valves, what is e?

Back 48

e. Left ventricle

Front 49

Heart Valves, what letter is the left ventricle?

Back 49

e

Front 50

Heart Valves, what is f?

Back 50

f. Right ventricle

Front 51

Heart Valves, what letter is the right ventricle?

Back 51

f

Front 52

Heart Valves, what is g?

Back 52

g. Right atrium

Front 53

Heart Valves, what letter is the right atrium?

Back 53

g

Front 54

Heart Valves, what is h?

Back 54

h. Tricuspid valve

Front 55

Heart Valves, what letter is the tricuspid valve?

Back 55

h

Front 56

Heart Valves, what is i?

Back 56

i. Pulmonary valve

Front 57

Heart Valves, what letter is the pulmonary valve?

Back 57

i

Front 58

Heart Valves, what is j?

Back 58

j. Aorta

Front 59

Heart Valves, what letter is the aorta?

Back 59

j

Front 60

Describe the semilunar valves.

Back 60

The right semilunar valve is between the pulmonary trunk and the right ventricle and the left semilunar valve is between the aorta and the left ventricle.

Front 61

Describe the great vessels.

Back 61

The great vessels that drain and fill the heart chambers. These include the superior and inferior vena cavae, the main pulmonary artery (pulmonary trunk), the pulmonary veins and the aorta.

Front 62

Describe the venae cavae.

Back 62

The venae cavae are the largest veins in the body. All other veins except for the portal and pulmonary systems eventually drain into either the superior vena cava or the inferior vena cava.

Front 63

Describe the superior vena cava.

Back 63

The superior vena cava is formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins. The superior vena cava drains the superior portion of the body above the right atrium and the superior vena cava drains into the superior portion of the right atrium.

Front 64

Superior Vena Cava, what is a?

Back 64

a. Internal jugular vein

Front 65

Superior Vena Cava, what letter is the internal jugular vein?

Back 65

a

Front 66

Superior Vena Cava, what is b?

Back 66

b. Subclavian vein

Front 67

Superior Vena Cava, what letter is the subclavian vein?

Back 67

b

Front 68

Superior Vena Cava, what is c?

Back 68

c. Brachiocephalic vein

Front 69

Superior Vena Cava, what letter is the brachiocephalic vein?

Back 69

c

Front 70

Superior Vena Cava, what is d?

Back 70

d. Superior vena cava

Front 71

Superior Vena Cava, what letter is the superior vena cava?

Back 71

d

Front 72

Superior Vena Cava, what is e?

Back 72

e. Common carotid artery

Front 73

Superior Vena Cava, what letter is the common carotid artery?

Back 73

e

Front 74

Describe the inferior vena cava.

Back 74

The inferior vena cava is formed by the union of the right and left common iliac veins with several other tributaries. The inferior vena cava drains the inferior portion of the body below the right atrium. It pierces the diaphragm through the caval hiatus and enters the inferior portion of the right atrium.

Front 75

Inferior Vena Cava, what is a?

Back 75

a. Inferior phrenic vein

Front 76

Inferior Vena Cava, what letter is the inferior phrenic vein?

Back 76

a

Front 77

Inferior Vena Cava, what is b?

Back 77

b. The left ascending lumbar vein which becomes the hemiazygos vein

Front 78

Inferior Vena Cava, what letter is the left ascending lumbar vein which becomes the hemiazygos vein?

Back 78

b

Front 79

Inferior Vena Cava, what is c?

Back 79

c. Suprarenal vein

Front 80

Inferior Vena Cava, what letter is the suprarenal vein?

Back 80

c

Front 81

Inferior Vena Cava, what is d?

Back 81

d. Renal vein

Front 82

Inferior Vena Cava, what letter is the renal vein?

Back 82

d

Front 83

Inferior Vena Cava, what is e?

Back 83

e. Lumbar veins

Front 84

Inferior Vena Cava, what letter is the lumbar veins?

Back 84

e

Front 85

Inferior Vena Cava, what is f?

Back 85

f. Testicular/ovarian vein

Front 86

Inferior Vena Cava, what letter is the testicular/ovarian vein?

Back 86

f

Front 87

Inferior Vena Cava, what is g?

Back 87

g. Femoral vein

Front 88

Inferior Vena Cava, what letter is the femoral vein?

Back 88

g

Front 89

Inferior Vena Cava, what is h?

Back 89

h. Internal iliac vein

Front 90

Inferior Vena Cava, what letter is the internal iliac vein?

Back 90

h

Front 91

Inferior Vena Cava, what is i?

Back 91

i. External iliac vein

Front 92

Inferior Vena Cava, what letter is the external iliac vein?

Back 92

i

Front 93

Inferior Vena Cava, what is j?

Back 93

j. Common iliac vein

Front 94

Inferior Vena Cava, what letter is the common iliac vein?

Back 94

j

Front 95

Inferior Vena Cava, what is k?

Back 95

k. Right ascending lumbar vein which becomes the azygos vein

Front 96

Inferior Vena Cava, what letter is the right ascending lumbar vein which becomes the azygos vein?

Back 96

k

Front 97

Inferior Vena Cava, what is l?

Back 97

l. Hepatic veins

Front 98

Inferior Vena Cava, what letter is the hepatic veins?

Back 98

l

Front 99

Describe the main pulmonary artery.

Back 99

The main pulmonary artery is also known as the pulmonary trunk. It arises from the right ventricle anterior to the aorta and courses posteriorly until it bifurcates into the right and left pulmonary arteries which travel to their respective lungs. The right pulmonary artery passes under the right aortic arch.

Front 100

Pulmonary Circulation, what is a?

Back 100

a. Air-filled alveolus of the lungs

Front 101

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the air-filled alveolus of the lungs?

Back 101

a

Front 102

Pulmonary Circulation, what is b?

Back 102

b. Pulmonary capillary

Front 103

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the pulmonary capillary?

Back 103

b

Front 104

Pulmonary Circulation, what is c?

Back 104

c. Two lobar arteries to the left lung

Front 105

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the lobar arteries?

Back 105

c

Front 106

Pulmonary Circulation, what is d?

Back 106

d. Pulmonary veins

Front 107

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the pulmonary veins?

Back 107

d

Front 108

Pulmonary Circulation, what is e?

Back 108

e. Left atrium

Front 109

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the left atrium?

Back 109

e

Front 110

Pulmonary Circulation, what is f?

Back 110

f. Left ventricle

Front 111

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the left ventricle?

Back 111

f

Front 112

Pulmonary Circulation, what is g?

Back 112

g. Right ventricle

Front 113

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the right ventricle?

Back 113

g

Front 114

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the right ventricle?

Back 114

g

Front 115

Pulmonary Circulation, what is h?

Back 115

h. Right atrium

Front 116

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the right atrium?

Back 116

h

Front 117

Pulmonary Circulation, what is i?

Back 117

i. Pulmonary veins

Front 118

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the pulmonary veins?

Back 118

i

Front 119

Pulmonary Circulation, what is j?

Back 119

j. Three lobar arteries to the right lung.

Front 120

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the lobar arteries?

Back 120

j

Front 121

Pulmonary Circulation, what is k?

Back 121

k. Right pulmonary artery

Front 122

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the right pulmonary artery?

Back 122

k

Front 123

Pulmonary Circulation, what is l?

Back 123

l. Pulmonary trunk

Front 124

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the pulmonary trunk?

Back 124

l

Front 125

Pulmonary Circulation, what is m?

Back 125

m. Aortic arch

Front 126

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the aortic arch?

Back 126

m

Front 127

Pulmonary Circulation, what is n?

Back 127

n. Left pulmonary artery

Front 128

Pulmonary Circulation, what letter is the left pulmonary artery?

Back 128

n

Front 129

Describe the pulmonary veins.

Back 129

There are four pulmonary veins which bring oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart.

Front 130

Pulmonary Veins, what is a?

Back 130

a. Superior vena cava

Front 131

Pulmonary Veins, what letter is the superior vena cava?

Back 131

a

Front 132

Pulmonary Veins, what is b?

Back 132

b. Pulmonary veins

Front 133

Pulmonary Veins, what letter is the pulmonary veins?

Back 133

b

Front 134

Pulmonary Veins, what is c?

Back 134

c. Inferior vena cava

Front 135

Pulmonary Veins, what letter is the inferior vena cava?

Back 135

c

Front 136

Pulmonary Veins, what is d?

Back 136

d. Fat in posterior interventricular sulcus

Front 137

Pulmonary Veins, what letter is the fat in the posterior interventricular sulcus?

Back 137

d

Front 138

Pulmonary Veins, what is e?

Back 138

e. Coronary sinus

Front 139

Pulmonary Veins, what letter is the coronary sinus?

Back 139

e

Front 140

Pulmonary Veins, what is f?

Back 140

f. Fat in the coronary sulcus

Front 141

Pulmonary Veins, what letter is the fat in the coronary sulcus?

Back 141

f

Front 142

Pulmonary Veins, what is g?

Back 142

g. Left atrium

Front 143

Pulmonary Veins, what letter is the left atrium?

Back 143

g

Front 144

Pulmonary Veins, what is h?

Back 144

h. Left pulmonary artery

Front 145

Pulmonary Veins, what letter is the left pulmonary artery?

Back 145

h

Front 146

Pulmonary Veins, what is i?

Back 146

i. Arch of aorta

Front 147

Pulmonary Veins, what letter is the arch of aorta?

Back 147

i

Front 148

Describe the aorta.

Back 148

The aorta is the largest artery in the human body. It originates at the left ventricle as the ascending aorta. It extends superiorly and posteriorly to become the aortic arch. Note the crossing of the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

Front 149

Describe the aortic arch.

Back 149

The aortic arch bridges the ascending aorta and descending aorta. It gives rise to three major branches that feed the arms and head. These are the brachiocephalic artery, the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery.

Front 150

Aortic Arch, what is a?

Back 150

a. Left common carotid artery

Front 151

Aortic Arch, what letter is the left common carotid artery?

Back 151

a

Front 152

Aortic Arch, what is b?

Back 152

b. Left subclavian artery

Front 153

Aortic Arch, what letter is the left subclavian artery?

Back 153

b

Front 154

Aortic Arch, what is c?

Back 154

c. Descending aorta

Front 155

Aortic Arch, what letter is the descending aorta?

Back 155

c

Front 156

Aortic Arch, what is d?

Back 156

d. Ascending aorta

Front 157

Aortic Arch, what letter is the ascending aorta?

Back 157

d

Front 158

Aortic Arch, what is e?

Back 158

e. Brachiocephalic artery

Front 159

Aortic Arch, what letter is the brachiocephalic artery?

Back 159

e

Front 160

Describe the descending aorta

Back 160

The descending aorta travels inferiorly. It passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm. It supplies the thorax, abdomen and lower extremities.

Front 161

Descending Aorta, what is a?

Back 161

a. Left common carotid artery

Front 162

Descending Aorta, what letter is the left common carotid artery?

Back 162

a

Front 163

Descending Aorta, what is b?

Back 163

b. Left subclavian artery

Front 164

Descending Aorta, what letter is the left subclavian artery?

Back 164

b

Front 165

Descending Aorta, what is c?

Back 165

c. Arch of aorta

Front 166

Descending Aorta, what letter is the arch of aorta?

Back 166

c

Front 167

Descending Aorta, what is d?

Back 167

d. Brachiocephalic artery

Front 168

Descending Aorta, what letter is the brachiocephalic artery?

Back 168

d

Front 169

Descending Aorta, what is e?

Back 169

e. Ascending aorta

Front 170

Descending Aorta, what letter is the ascending aorta?

Back 170

e

Front 171

Descending Aorta, what is f?

Back 171

f. Descending thoracic aorta

Front 172

Descending Aorta, what letter is the descending thoracic aorta?

Back 172

f

Front 173

Descending Aorta, what is g?

Back 173

g. Diaphragm

Front 174

Descending Aorta, what letter is the diaphragm?

Back 174

g

Front 175

Descending Aorta, what is h?

Back 175

h. Abdominal aorta

Front 176

Descending Aorta, what letter is the abdominal aorta?

Back 176

h

Front 177

Descending Aorta, what is i?

Back 177

i. Common iliac artery

Front 178

Descending Aorta, what letter is the common iliac artery?

Back 178

i

Front 179

What is the circulation of blood through the body?

Back 179

Systemic circulation/coronary circulation to the inferior vena cava/superior vena cava to the right atrium to the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve to the pulmonary trunk via right semilunar valve to the right and left pulmonary arteries to both lungs to the pulmonary veins to the left atrium to the left ventricle via the bicuspid valve to the aorta via the left semilunar valve to the systemic circulation/coronary circulation.

Front 180

Describe the sulci of the heart.

Back 180

The heart contains sulci which are depressions in the surface of the heart. These usually contain fat and often carry arteries and veins that feed and drain the heart.

Front 181

What are major sulci of the heart?

Back 181

The anterior and posterior interventricular sulci are shallow depressions that mark the boundary line between the left ventricle and the right ventricle. The coronary sulcus is circumferential and marks the boundary between the atria and ventricles.

Front 182

What is the coronary circulation?

Back 182

The coronary circulation is the blood supply to the muscle of the heart itself. It consists of coronary arteries feeding the myocardium and cardiac veins the provide venous drainage.

Front 183

Where do the coronary arteries originate from?

Back 183

They originate from the base (most proximal region of the ascending aorta). There are two coronary arteries: right and left coronary artery.

Front 184

Describe the right coronary artery.

Back 184

The right coronary artery travels anteriorly from the aorta passing through the main pulmonary artery and the right atrium. It descends into the coronary sulcus and gives off branches including the posterior descending artery also known as the posterior interventricular artery which runs through the posterior interventricular sulcus towards the apex of the heart.

Front 185

Coronary Arteries, what is a?

Back 185

a. Aorta

Front 186

Coronary Arteries, what letter is the aorta?

Back 186

a

Front 187

Coronary Arteries, what is b?

Back 187

b. Pulmonary trunk

Front 188

Coronary Arteries, what letter is the pulmonary trunk?

Back 188

b

Front 189

Coronary Arteries, what is c?

Back 189

c. Left coronary artery

Front 190

Coronary Arteries, what letter is the left coronary artery?

Back 190

c

Front 191

Coronary Arteries, what is d?

Back 191

d. Left atrium

Front 192

Coronary Arteries, what letter is the left atrium?

Back 192

d

Front 193

Coronary Arteries, what is e?

Back 193

e. Circumflex artery

Front 194

Coronary Arteries, what letter is the circumflex artery?

Back 194

e

Front 195

Coronary Arteries, what is f?

Back 195

f. Right ventricle

Front 196

Coronary Arteries, what letter is the right ventricle?

Back 196

f

Front 197

Coronary Arteries, what is g?

Back 197

g. Left ventricle

Front 198

Coronary Arteries, what letter is the left ventricle?

Back 198

g

Front 199

Coronary Arteries, what is h?

Back 199

h. Anterior interventricular artery

Front 200

Coronary Arteries, what letter is the anterior interventricular artery?

Back 200

h

Front 201

Coronary Arteries, what is i?

Back 201

i. Posterior interventricular artery

Front 202

Coronary Arteries, what letter is the posterior interventricular artery?

Back 202

i

Front 203

Coronary Arteries, what is j?

Back 203

j. Marginal artery

Front 204

Coronary Arteries, what letter is the marginal artery?

Back 204

j

Front 205

Coronary Arteries, what is k?

Back 205

k. Right atrium

Front 206

Coronary Arteries, what letter is the right atrium?

Back 206

k

Front 207

Coronary Arteries, what is l?

Back 207

l. Right coronary artery

Front 208

Coronary Arteries, what letter is the coronary artery?

Back 208

l

Front 209

Coronary Arteries, what is m?

Back 209

m. Anastomosis

Front 210

Coronary Arteries, what letter is the anastomosis?

Back 210

m

Front 211

Coronary Arteries, what is n?

Back 211

n. Superior vena cava

Front 212

Coronary Arteries, what letter is the superior vena cava?

Back 212

n

Front 213

Describe the left coronary artery.

Back 213

The left coronary artery travels anteriorly from the aorta passing through the main pulmonary artery and the left atrium. It descends into the coronary sulcus and bifurcates into the circumflex artery and the left anterior descending artery also known as the anterior interventricular artery.

Front 214

Describe the left coronary artery.

Back 214

The left coronary artery splits into the circumflex artery and the left anterior descending artery. The circumflex artery winds around the heart posteriorly in the coronary sulcus where it typically anastomoses with the right coronary artery. The left anterior descending artery travels inferiorly through the anterior interventricular sulcus towards the apex of the heart where it commonly anastomoses with the posterior descending artery.

Front 215

What does the right coronary artery and branches supply?

Back 215

The right atrium, the right ventricle, a portion of the left ventricle and left atrium and the posterior portion of the interventricular septum

Front 216

What does the left coronary artery and branches supply?

Back 216

Most of the left atrium, most of the left ventricle and the anterior portion of the interventricular septum.

Front 217

Describe the cardiac veins.

Back 217

The veins draining the heart typically run adjacent to the arteries. The cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus, the largest cardiac vein which drains directly into the right atrium.

Front 218

Describe the coronary sinus.

Back 218

The coronary sinus is a wide venous channel. It runs along the posterior aspect of the coronary sulcus. It enters the right atrium immediately to the left of the inferior vena cava

Front 219

Coronary Veins, what is a?

Back 219

a. Great cardiac vein

Front 220

Coronary Veins, what letter is the great cardiac vein?

Back 220

a

Front 221

Coronary Veins, what is b?

Back 221

b. Coronary sinus

Front 222

Coronary Veins, what letter is the coronary sinus?

Back 222

b

Front 223

Coronary Veins, what is c?

Back 223

c. Middle cardiac vein

Front 224

Coronary Veins, what letter is the middle cardiac vein?

Back 224

c

Front 225

Coronary Veins, what is d?

Back 225

d. Small cardiac vein

Front 226

Coronary Veins, what letter is the small cardiac vein?

Back 226

d

Front 227

Coronary Veins, what is e?

Back 227

e. Anterior cardiac veins.

Front 228

Coronary Veins, what letter is the anterior cardiac veins?

Back 228

e

Front 229

Coronary Veins, what is f?

Back 229

f. Superior vena cava

Front 230

Coronary Veins, what letter is the superior vena cava?

Back 230

f

Front 231

The pulmonary artery rises anterior to the aorta. True or false?

Back 231

True

Front 232

The left coronary artery gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery. True or false?

Back 232

False. The right coronary artery gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery. The left coronary artery gives rise to the anterior interventricular artery

Front 233

The myocardium of the right ventricle is about 3 times as thick as the left ventricle. True or false?

Back 233

False. The left ventricle is 3x the thickness of the right ventricle

Front 234

The cardiac axis is approximately 45 degrees to the centre of the chest. True or false?

Back 234

True

Front 235

Deoxygenated blood is found in the left side of the heart. True or false?

Back 235

False. Deoxygenated blood is in the right heart.

Front 236

The tricuspid valve sits in the right ventricle. True or false?

Back 236

True

Front 237

The coronary arteries are branches off the aortic arch. True or false?

Back 237

False. They branch off the ascending aorta

Front 238

The apex is posterior to the base of the heart. True or false?

Back 238

False. It is anterior to the heart.

Front 239

The semilunar valves separate the atria from the ventricles. True or false?

Back 239

False. The semilunar valves prevent backflow from the outflow tracts into the ventricles.

Front 240

Can you put the structures the blood passes through in order from the superior vena cava/inferior vena cava until it returns to the superior vena cava/inferior vena cava? 1. Superior vena cava/inferior vena cava 12. Lungs 11. Aorta 6. Right semilunar valve 14. Left semilunar valve 13. Bicuspid valve 7. Left atrium 2. Main pulmonary artery 8. Right atrium 10. Tricuspid valve 3. Right ventricle 5. Left ventricle 4. Pulmonary veins 9. Right and left pulmonary arteries 15 Superior vena cava/inferior vena cava

Back 240

1, 8,10, 3, 6, 2, 9, 12, 4, 7,13, 5, 14, 11, 15

Front 241

You are imaging a patient for a blockage in the pulmonary circulation. You inject x-ray contrast into a vein in the arm. You need to set up the CT scanner to start imaging when the contrast has reached the pulmonary circulation. Do you need to start the CT before or after you would for the systemic circulation/

Back 241

The pulmonary circulation is fed from the right ventricle via the pulmonary trunk. Blood from a vein in the arm will travel via the brachiocephalic vein to the superior vena cava and then to the right atrium and from the right atrium to the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk. Back to the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta for the systemic circulation. You need to start imaging before you would for the systemic circulation.

Front 242

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what is a?

Back 242

a. Brachiocephalic artery

Front 243

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what letter is the brachiocephalic artery?

Back 243

a

Front 244

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what is b?

Back 244

b. Left common carotid artery

Front 245

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what letter is the left common carotid artery?

Back 245

b

Front 246

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what is c?

Back 246

c. Left subclavian artery

Front 247

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what is d?

Back 247

d. Left pulmonary artery

Front 248

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what letter is the left pulmonary artery?

Back 248

d

Front 249

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what is e?

Back 249

e. Ascending aorta

Front 250

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what letter is the ascending aorta?

Back 250

e

Front 251

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what is f?

Back 251

f. Left pulmonary veins

Front 252

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what letter is the left pulmonary veins?

Back 252

f

Front 253

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what is g?

Back 253

g. Inferior vena cava

Front 254

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what letter is the inferior vena cava?

Back 254

g

Front 255

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what is h?

Back 255

h. Main pulmonary artery

Front 256

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what letter is the main pulmonary artery?

Back 256

h

Front 257

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what is i?

Back 257

i. Right pulmonary veins

Front 258

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what letter is the right pulmonary veins?

Back 258

i

Front 259

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what is j?

Back 259

j. Right pulmonary artery

Front 260

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what letter is the right pulmonary artery?

Back 260

j

Front 261

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what is k?

Back 261

k. Superior vena cava

Front 262

Veins and Arteries of the Heart, what letter is the superior vena cava?

Back 262

k

Front 263

The outermost layer of the pericardium is the ______________.

Back 263

Fibrous pericardium

Front 264

The ____________ is the most anterior chamber of the heart.

Back 264

Right ventricle.

Front 265

The ____________ is a structure inside the heart which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.

Back 265

Interventricular septum

Front 266

There are __________ major valves in the heart.

Back 266

Four

Front 267

The superior vena cava is formed by the union of the right and left ____________ veins.

Back 267

Brachiocephalic

Front 268

The cardiac veins drain into the __________ which then drains into the ____________.

Back 268

Coronary sinus, right atrium

Front 269

The _______________ ventricle pumps into the systemic circulation

Back 269

Left

Front 270

How many pulmonary veins are there?

Back 270

Four

Front 271

If there was an infarct (loss of blood) to the posterior interventricular septum would the blockage likely be coming from the right coronary circulation or the left coronary circulation?

Back 271

Right coronary circulation

Front 272

The __________ border of the heart sits in the cardiac notch.

Back 272

Left

Front 273

What do the pulmonary veins drain?

Back 273

The right superior vein drains the right upper and middle lobes. The right inferior vein drains the right lower lobe. The left superior vein drains the left upper lobe and the left inferior vein drains the left lower lobe.

Front 274

Describe the epicardium.

Back 274

The epicardium is a serous membrane which forms the innermost layer of the pericardium

Front 275

Describe the coronary arteries.

Back 275

The right coronary artery arises from the right aortic sinus and passes anteriorly between the pulmonary trunk and the right atrium. The left coronary artery arises from the left aortic sinus and passes to the left between the pulmonary trunk and the left atrium

Front 276

Describe the flow of blood from the right atrium back to the left ventricle, naming the major vessels and the structures through which the blood passes.

Back 276

Right atrium to tricuspid valve to the right ventricle to the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk to the right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs to the right and left pulmonary veins to the left atrium to the bicuspid valve (mitral valve) to the left ventricle.

Front 277

In which order from proximal to distal do these arteries branch from the aortic arch?

a. Left subclavian, brachiocephalic, left common carotid

b. Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian

c. Brachiocephalic, left subclavian, left common carotid

d. Left common carotid, left subclavian, brachiocephalic

Back 277

b. Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian

Front 278

From where do the coronary arteries rise?

a. The coronary sinuses

b. The descending aorta

c. The aortic arch

d. The ascending aorta

Back 278

d. The ascending aorta