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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Edwin Hubble
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examined nebular redshift, forming Hubble's law. His findings supported the view of the universe as much larger than previously predicted.
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Redshift
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increase in wavelength of light (more towards red size) as light moves away. frame transformation applied to visible light.
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four basic forces
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1. electromagnetic- light & charged particles
2. weak nuclear- radioactive decay 3. strong nuclear- binds protons & neutrons in nuclei 4. gravitational- long distance attraction btwn masses |
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Big Bang
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common origin from which the universe expanded from 15 million years ago
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steady-state theory
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hydrogen atoms came into being slowly & continuously through infinite time & space
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Steven Weinberg
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famous for his contributions to the electroweak theory, theorizing that at "Big Bang high" temps, electromagnetic and weak nuke forces would unify, placing rapid expansion 10^-35 seconds after "the beginning" as the temp dropped
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Gerald Schroeder
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creation perceived as 6 days because of time dilation
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Hugh Ross
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uses superstring theory and claims that God operates on his own time dimension perpendicular to ours, giving him his powers
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creatio ex nihlio
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"creation out of nothing." not in genesis. formed later as response to rival creation theories suggesting polytheism
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Einstein on contingency
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contingency is a threat to the belief in rationality of the world, which is critical for science
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anthropic principle
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precise conditions under which universe were formed under unlikely w/o some religious influence. observer affects data.
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Stephen Hawking
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physicist specializing in quantum mechanics and the early universe who believes that the precise conditions under which the universe were formed would be unlikely w/o religious influence.
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natural theology vs. theology of nature
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natural theology- starts in science, used to understand God/religion.
theology of nature- starts w/ religion. religion modified in light of scientific discovery |
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Bohr model of the atom
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electrons in orbitals- distinct energy states, application of quantum theory
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Erwin Schrodinger
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formulated wave equation of quantum theory- permits calculating probabilities of electron locations. importance: introduction of CHANCE
also famous for his cat paradox- since we cannot measure without interfering with the experiment, the reality for us as observers is both- determined by probability |
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Heisenberg uncertainty principle
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when measuring the position and velocity of an electron, the measurement of one compromises the accurate measurement of the other
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Jacques Monod
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the presence of chance in nature supports materialism- no theistic approach. shows purposelessness of universe. everything reduced to laws of physics and chemistry and chance
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classical realism
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models are replicas of the world to help science visualize actual structures
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instrumentalism
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while theories and models are useful tools, they tell us NOTHING about reality
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critical realism
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theories are partial representations of our interactions with the world. the goal of science is to understand, not to control
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complementarity
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we can't talk about atomic systems in themselves- must talk in relation to an experimental system. Therefore both wave and particle theories are different ways of looking at same thing.
concept extended to say that science and religion are different ways of looking at the same thing- reality. |
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philosophical idealism
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reality is essential mental in nature. modern physics has contributed to the growth of new versions.
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John Wheeler
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universe is "observer created." key feature = communication, not consciousness. Past has no meaning unless it's recorded into the present
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Bell's theorem
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No physical theory of local hidden variables can ever reproduce all of the predictions of quantum mechanics.
Supports idea of holism & critiques reductionism. Shows connections btwn non-connected elements |
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nonlocality
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inability to treat widely separated systems independently. Very impressive form of holism
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theory of special relativity
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speed of light always measured to be the same. time and space are observer-dependent. only applies to intertial frames. light is fundamental way that time and space are connected. nothing can ever travel as fast as light.
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Watson and Crick
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discovered the structure of the DNA molecule
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punctuated equilibrium
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proposed by Gould. rapid periods of evolution and long stretches of no change.
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Richard Dawkins
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blind watchmaker. inefficient structures indicate no design. eye could've evolved in small steps. epistemological and ontological reductionist.
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Michael Behe
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inherent complexity of chemical systems couldn't have formed gradually- if 1 step out of place, chain is broken. hypothesis: info for designed systems programmed into all cells- remains dormant in some.
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NOMA
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non-overlapping magisteria. Stephen Jay Gould. Science and Religion respond to different authorities w/ different rules.
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Ilya Prigogine
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disorder at one level leads to order at a higher level. Many possible solutions but not unique prediction.
possibly involved in emergence of life. promotes looking at larger wholes. |
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3 main views of truth in Western Science
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correspondence, coherence, pragmatic
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6 types of religious experience
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numinous, mystical, transformative, courage facing suffering & death, moral obligation, awe response to world
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criteria for assessment of theories in science and religion:
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agreement, coherence, scope, fertility
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Thomas Kuhn's definition of a paradigm
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set of conceptual/methodological presuppositions that implicitly define the kinds of questions asked, the types of explanations sought, and the assessment afterwards
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Hans Kung
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shows 5 major historical paradigms in Christianity using Kuhn's definition
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Give some examples of Polkinghorne's metaquestions
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why is science possible?
why is math so unreasonably effective? why is the universe so special? |
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What's Polkinghorne's main point in his lecture?
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science & religion shouldn't answer questions in each other's domains. they can learn much from each other. religion can answer metaquestions raised by science. science can show religion that good and evil are both needed in the world. eg. mutations and evolution
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multiverse theory vs. precision of universe theory
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multiverse- many types of universes possible, we don't understand them due to confines of our universe
precision of universe- only this combo of precise variables can produce life |
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According to Polkinghorne, what can science teach theology?
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1. mechanical view of universe dead
2. built in uncertainty in the world 3. gives weight to some models of God over others |
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hypothetico-deductive view
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data disagreement falsifies a theory. Karl Popper. criticism: no naked facts
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Ninian Smart
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aspects of BOTH numinous experience and mystical encounter in major western/eastern, just difference in proportion. they are complements
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3 paradigm features
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1. - data is paradigm-dependent, but some data can be agreed upon by rival paradigms
2. - 1 piece of data cannot falsify a paradigm, although data can cumulatively undermine confidence in a paradigm so that a new one replaces it 3. no rules for paradigm choice, but there are criteria for evaluation |
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Landon Gilkey
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independence model
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how does cosmology lead us to chance rather than purpose?
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fine tuned constants, quantum fluctuation, pointlessness of universe
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how did creation give rise to experimental science?
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combined rationality and contingency
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give examples of models of God. which does barbour like best?
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designer, potter, architect, king
barbour likes- gardener, parent, spirit |
