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120 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The wastewater from the flushing of a water closet, latrine or privy is referred to as:

a. gray water.
b. black water.
c. green water.
d. brown water.
b. Black water
If a septic tank is pumped during a wet period the:

a. water may flow into the tank.
b. field may flood the tank.
c. tank may float out of the ground.
d. tank may be crushed by the wet earth.
c. Tank may float out of the ground
Nutrients associated with eutrophication include all of the following except:

a. organic carbon.
b. potassuim.
c. nitrogen.
d. phosphates.
b. Potassium
Which of the following is least important when reducing sewage to gases?

a. Anaerobic bacteria
b. Earthworms
c. Protozoa
d. Aerobic bacteria
b. Earthworms
A septic tank maintenance worker has checked an empty tank for the presence of hydrogen sulfide. The test was negative and there are no odors indicating the presence of other hazardous gases. Is the tank safe to enter without a respirator and supplied air?

a. Yes, because hydrogen sulfide and odors were not detected.
b. No, because oxygen content and methane were not tested.
c. Yes, because the absence of odors and hydrogen sulfide indicates acceptable confined space entry conditions.
d. No, because a lack of hydrogen sulfide is a sign of a hazardous confined space atmosphere.
b. No because oxygen content and methane were not tested
All of the following are true about ozone as a disinfectant except:

a. Nontoxic to aquatic organisms
b. Source of dissolved oxygen
c. Excellent viricide
d. Long-lasting residual
c. Long-lasting residual
Aerobic bacteria require all of the following nutrients except:

a. carbon.
b. magnesium.
c. phosphorus.
d. nitrogen.
b. Magnesium
What does a mottled brown and red soil indicate?

a. Unsuitability for absorption due to chemical composition
b. Suitability for absorption due to granular structure
c. Inadequate aeration methods
d. Adequate agglomeration
c. Inadequate areation methods
Alternative small waste water treatment systems are considered unless:

a. impervious formations are found at a depth of 10 feet.
b. space is limited and surface water supplies are inadequate.
c. highly porous formations exist.
d. high groundwater exists.
a. impervious formations are found at a depth of 10 ft
Lime coagulation, mixed media filtration and activated carbon filtration will greatly reduce:

a. heavy metals.
b. biological contaminants.
c. EPA priority pollutants.
d. EPA listed hazardous wastes.
c. EPA priority pollutants
It is known that some common pathogenic organisms found in wastewater will survive more than ______ of harsh temperature extremes:

a. 2 months
b. 5 months
c. 2 years
d. 5 years
c. 2 years
A storm sewer is used to:

a. remove rain and other standing surface water
b. remove sewage and storm water
c. remove household water waswte and gutter drain water
d. remove non-toxic, non-hazardus wastewater
a. Remove rain and other standing surface water
Stream pollution is sometimes apparent by:

a. increased levels of available oxygen in the water.
b. a zone of degradation.
c. large numbers of crayfish and cristivomer species.
d. large numbers of small fish.
b. A zone of degredation
A young lake is considered to be:

a. Eutrophic.
b. Mesotrophic.
c. Oligotrophic.
d. Ohytotrophic.
c. Olgotrophic
If the septic tank will also have a garbage disposal unit feeding into it the:

a. size of the tank should be increased 50 percent.
b. tank should have an agitator.
c. tank should not be equipped with a gas baffle.
d. tank should not be constructed with precast concrete.
a. Size of the tank should be increased by 50%
Sludge accumulation in a tank serving a normal home has been estimated at:

a. 40 to 50 liters per person per year.
b. 69 to 80 gals. per person per year.
c. 18 to 21 gals. per person per year.
d. 2.2 gals. per person per year.
c. 18-21 gals. per person per year
How often should a septic tank for a private home be serviced?

a. every year
b. every 5 to 10 years
c. every 3 to 5 years
d. every 10 years
c. every 3-5 years
Human disease from aerosols of wastewater:

a. is related primarily to wastewater treatment by the activated sludge, trickling filter, and spray irrigation processes.
b. has been demonstrated from pathogens recovered in aerosols from the spray irrigation of treated wastewater.
c. may be caused by very small numbers of organisms.
d. is a hazard even to those who have had subclinical infections, and thus should have been immunized.
a. is related primarily to wastewater treatment by the activated sludge, trickling filter, and spray irrigation processes.
Plants absorb certain constituents of wastewater. Using wastewater for irrigation of consumable plant products may present a health hazard to humans if the water contains:

a. nitrates.
b. iron.
c. cadmium.
d. chlorides.
c. cadmium
After the servicing (pumping) of a septic tank, it is essential that the tank or lid be:

a. cleaned with a bleach or chlorine product.
b. scrubbed to remove hardened sludge.
c. recolonized with a commercial biological product containing yeast.
d. replaced and secured for safety purposes.
d. replaced and secured for safety purposes.
It is known that some common pathogenic organisms found in wastewater will survive more than __________ of harsh temperature extremes

a. 2 months
b. 5 months
c. 2 years
d. 5 years
c. 2 years
Trickling filters can remove 90 to 95 percent of the __________ found in soil, water, and wastewater.

a. bacteria
b. viruses
c. cholera vibrio
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Primary sedimentation can remove __________ found in soil, water, and wastewater.

a. 50 to 90 percent of the bacteria
b. 30 to 50 percent of the ascaris
c. 80 percent of the schistosomes
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Chemical coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration remove

a. most bacteria
b. most viruses and protozoa
c. most helminths
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Chlorination of untreated wastewater is typically NOT an effective treatment for

a. entamoeba histolytica cysts
b. giardia cysts
c. tapeworm eggs
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The exposure of excreta or sewage on the surface of the ground sets the stage for disease transmission by both direct contact and

a. indirect contact
b. vector
c. vehicle or fomite
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Excreta typically is defined as containing

a. 2000 million fecal coliform, 450 million fecal streptococci, and 400 billion E. coli per 100 to 200 grams
b. 250 million fecal coliform, 100 million fecal streptococci, and 40 billion E. coli per 550 grams
c. significant levels of heavy metals and toxic chemicals
d. 400 ppm chlorinated hydrocarbon
a. 2000 million fecal coliform, 450 million fecal streptococci, and 400 billion E. coli per 100 to 200 grams
Wastewater is the used water from a home or community and the strength is expressed in terms of

a. BOD
b. COD
c. suspended solids
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
A storm sewer is used to

a. remove rain and other standing surface water
b. remove sewage and storm water
c. remove household water waste and gutter drain water
d. remove non-toxic, non-hazardous wastewater
a. remove rain and other standing surface water
Stream pollution is sometimes apparent by

a. increased levels of available oxygen in the water
b. a zone of degradation
c. large numbers of crayfish and cristivomer species
d. large numbers of small fish
b. a zone of degradation
A young lake is considered to be

a. eutrophic
b. mesotrophic
c. oligotrophic
d. ohytotrophic
c. oligotrophic
Nutrients associated with eutrophication include

a. phosphates
b. nitrogen
c. organic carbon
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) prohibits the discharge of pollutants into U.S. waters unless a permit is issued by

a. EPA
b. the State
c. wastewater treatment agency
d. a or b
d. a or b
The favored method of disposal of domestic wastewater is

a. septic tank seepage field
b. community package system
c. buried sand filter
d. connection to public sewer system
d. connection to public sewer system
The wastewater from a water closet and latrine or aqua privy flushing is referred to

a. gray water
b. black water
c. green water
d, red water
b. black water
The permeability of soil is directly related to the __________ of the soil.

a. chemical composition
b. color and texture
c. granular structure
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
A water leak no larger than 1/8 inch in diameter can result in a loss of up to:

a. 50 gallons in 24 hours
b. 100 gallons in 24 hours
c. 200 gallons in 24 hours
d. 400 gallons in 24 hours
d. 400 gallons in 24 hours
Grease traps are installed for the purpose of minimizing grease in the sewer system. The trap

a. is not of proven value in many commercial applications
b. requires yearly scheduled cleaning
c. should be installed close to dishwashing machines
d. should always discharge behind the septic tank
a. is not of proven value in many commercial applications
The septic tank primarily functions as

a. a biological treatment system
b. a sedimentation tank
c. a conditioning tank
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The detention time for wastewater in a septic tank is recommended to be

a. 6 to 12 hours
b. 24 to 72 hours
c. 1 week
d. none of the above
b. 24 to 72 hours
If the septic tank will have a garbage disposal unit feeding into it

a. the size of the tank should be increased 50 percent
b. the tank should have an agitator
c. the tank should not be equipped with a gas baffle
d. the tank should not be constructed with precast concrete
a. the size of the tank should be increased 50 percent
Septic tanks serving commercial operations should be inspected for the need for cleaning

a. once per month
b. once per year
c. twice per year
d. every 3 to 5 years
c. twice per year
Sludge accumulation in a tank serving a normal home has been estimated at

a. 40 to 50 liters per person per year
b. 69 to 80 gals per person per year
c. 18 to 21 gals per person per year
d. 2.2 gals per person per year
c. 18 to 21 gals per person per year
Septage is best defined as

a. sludge
b. scum
c. gray water
d. a mixture of all of the above
d. a mixture of all of the above
If a septic tank is pumped in a wet period

a. the tank may be crushed by the wet earth
b. the water will flow into the tank
c. the tank may float out of the ground
d. the field may flood the tank
c. the tank may float out of the ground
How often should a septic tank for a private home be serviced?

a. every year
b. every 5 to 10 years
c. every 3 to 5 years
d. every 10 years
c. every 3 to 5 years
Human disease from aerosols of wastewater

a. is related primarily to wastewater treatment by the activated sludge, trickling filter, and spray irrigation processes
b. has been demonstrated from pathogens recovered in aerosols from the spray irrigation of treated wastewater
c. may be caused by very small numbers of organisms
d. is a hazard even to those who have had subclinical infections, and thus should have been immunized
a. is related primarily to wastewater treatment by the activated sludge, trickling filter, and spray irrigation processes
The plans for an area to be sewered should

a. be prepared by a licensed professional engineer
b. include specifications and an engineering report
c. include the problem, objectives and design details
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Sewage treatment plants should be designed for

a. the population at the present time
b. a per capita flow of not less than 100 gpd plus institutional wastes and all industrial wastes
c. the population at least 10 years in the future
d. a per capita flow of 100 gpd, plus institutional wastes and all industrial wastes
c. the population at least 10 years in the future
Final disposal of sludge may include all of the following except

a. composting
b. sanitary landfill
c. land application
d. vegetable dumping
d. vegetable dumping
Chemical coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration will remove nearly all bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths if supplemented by

a. desalination
b. chlorination
c. over 4 feet of loamy soil
d. all of the above
b. chlorination
Why should sewage sludge not be used as a soil builder or fertilizer supplement for crops for forage if it has not been properly tested?

a. it may make the vegetables taste bad
b. it may result in higher levels of toxic metals in the vegetation and in the animals eating the vegetation
c. the community may be offended at the smell
d. all of the above
b. it may result in higher levels of toxic metals in the vegetation and in the animals eating the vegetation
Loam is a mixture of gravel, sand, silt, and clay containing what?

a. highly toxic metals
b. potassium and ammonium
c. decayed plant and animal matter
d. dirt
c. decayed plant and animal matter
The degree of eutrophication of a lake is indicated by

a. the quantity of planktonic algae
b. reduced water transparency
c. dissolved oxygen in the water near the surface
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
What is the best assurance of satisfactory operation of a properly designed and constructed septic tank system?

a. proper maintenance
b. large dosages of bacteria
c. one quart of lime down the line every month
d. the use of numerous additives available
a. proper maintenance
After a septic tank has been cleaned, it should not be scrubbed and disinfected. Why?

a. the sludge sticking to the insides would have a seeding effect and assist in renewing the bacterial activity
b. you cannot pay anybody enough money to crawl inside one to clean it
c. it would be considered a safety hazard
d. a and c above
d. a and c above
One of the most important factors contributing to disease transmission of microbiological agents is

a. chlorination
b. concentration or dose of microorganisms
c. filtration
d. flocculation
b. concentration or dose of microorganisms
When storm water and domestic sewage enter the same sewer it is known as a

a. sanitary sewer
b. combined sewer
c. separate sewer
d. storm sewer
b. combined sewer
Loam is composed of which of the followings

a. sand
b. gravel
c. silt
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
A watertight tank designed to slow down the movement of raw sewage and wastes passing through to the soils is known as a

a. pit privy
b. spring house
c. septic tank
d. grease trap
c. septic tank
The volume of the dose from a properly sized dosing tank should be equal to

a. 20% of the volume of the lines dosed
b. 40% of the volume of the lines dosed
c. 60% of the volume of the lines dosed
d. 100% of the volume of the lines dosed
c. 60% of the volume of the lines dosed
What is the most common method of applying wastewater to land?

a. waste stabilization pond
b. land over land flow
c. spray irrigation
d. wetland treatment
c. spray irrigation
Plants employing trickling filters, activated sludge, and spray irrigation present a possible health hazard to their employees due to

a. strong caustic chemicals
b. diseases due to handling of fecal matter
c. microorganisms entering the skin through pores
d. inhalation of airborne microorganisms
d. inhalation of airborne microorganisms
Which of the following is not an explosive component of sewer gas?

a. carbon dioxide
b. carbon monoxide
c. hydrogen sulfide
d. methane
a. carbon dioxide
Which of the following is not true concerning sewage and disease hazards?

a. all sewage should be considered contaminated with disease-producing organisms
b. entamoeba histolytica, hepatitis viruses, and giardia cysts are easily destroyed by normal chlorination of sewage
c. sewage sludge may not be safe to use as a soil builder or fertilizer supplement
d. it cannot be assumed that relationships between sewage discharge and diseases do not exist if no clinical cases are reported
b. entamoeba histolytica, hepatitis viruses, and giardia cysts are easily destroyed by normal chlorination of sewage
Which of the following soils would be most suitable for subsurface absorption of wastewater

a. a mottled brown and red soil
b. a blue soil
c. a grayish soil
d. a yellow, brown, or red soil
d. a yellow, brown, or red soil
Which of the following are least important in reducing sewage to "soil,” liquids, and gases?

a. anaerobic bacteria
b. earthworms
c. protozoa
d. aerobic bacteria
b. earthworms
The amount of dissolved oxygen required in aerobic bacterial decomposition, measured in ppm or mg/l and used in determining the strength of wastewater is

a. chemical oxygen demand
b. total organic carbon
c. biochemical oxygen demand
d. oxygen-reduction ration
c. biochemical oxygen demand
The reliability and interpretation of the soil percolation test are affected by all of the following except

a. evaluation of site investigation, soil profile, and suitability
b. shape of the test hole
c. size or diameter of the test hole
d. saturation of soil
b. shape of the test hole
Disinfection or chlorination of sewage effluent is

a. always necessary
b. a substitute for adequate wastewater treatment
c. an added safeguard to reduce the risk of disease transmission where the probability exists
d. usually non-toxic to freshwater, marine, and estuarine aquatic organisms in minute concentrations
c. an added safeguard to reduce the risk of disease transmission where the probability exists
Plants absorb certain constituents of wastewater. Using wastewater for irrigation of consumable plant products may present a health hazard to humans if the water contains

a. nitrates
b. iron
c. cadmium
d. chlorides
c. cadmium
A measure of the relatively constant rate at which clear water, maintained at a relatively constant depth, will seep out of a standard size test hole that has been previously saturated is the

a. hydraulic conductivity test
b. soil permeability test
c. soil percolation test
d. Baird-Parker saturation test
c. soil percolation test
The ability of a soil to absorb and allow water and air to pass through is related to all of the following except

a. chemical composition
b. texture
c. cation exchange capacity
d. granular structure
c. cation exchange capacity
Bacteria that require oxygen for their growth are called

a. anaerobic bacteria
b. aerobic bacteria
c. viruses
d. fungi
b. aerobic bacteria
The ability of the soil to absorb and allow water and air to pass through is called

a. unloading
b. infiltration
c. permeability
d. soil aeration
c. permeability
The most effective method discovered for running a percolation test is

a. to make tests in holes that have been filled with water overnight
b. to make at least 4 tests for the average area being tested
c. to make 12 tests where the soil is relatively uniform
d. to take a reading every 5 minutes
a. to make tests in holes that have been filled with water overnight
Sludge depth, scum thickness, and the appearance of particles of solids in the effluent from a septic tank is an indication of what?

a. a failure in the absorption field
b. a septic tank in need of cleaning
c. a waterline leak
d. the need to replace the septic tank
b. a septic tank in need of cleaning
After the absorption field has failed, which of the following will NOT correct or repair the field?

a. reduce the amount of water used in the home
b. increase the water pressure
c. pump the septic tank
d. use low-flow shower heads
b. increase the water pressure
Which of the following is non-toxic to aquatic organisms, a good viricide, and adds oxygen to treated wastewater effluents?

a. ozone
b. calcium hypochlorine
c. sulfur dioxide
d. chlorine dioxide
a. ozone
The suitability of soil for the subsurface disposal of sewage and other wastewater can be determined by a study of soil characteristics and the

a. soil survey
b. soil percolation test
c. rate of sewage flow
d. amount of rainfall
b. soil percolation test
Each water quality class has a __________ standard established.

a. physical
b. chemical
c. biological
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
A soil which is mottled brown and red would indicate

a. saturation for extended periods
b. adequate air and water passage
c. a soil suitable for subsurface groundwater absorption
d. a tight soil probably due to a fluctuating water table or lack of aeration
d. a tight soil probably due to a fluctuating water table or lack of aeration
Sand filters, elevated systems in suitable fill, evapotranspiration absorption systems, evapotranspiration beds, aeration systems, stabilization ponds or lagoons, recirculating toilets and the like, are

a. less effective than subsurface soil absorption systems
b. used prior to soil absorption when soil is poor
c. sometimes used where soil is rocky
d. required for treatment in areas of high risk
c. sometimes used where soil is rocky
While it is arguably preferable to conduct a soil analysis for sizing absorption fields, percolation tests are sometimes used. In order to obtain "reproducible results" with a soil percolation test, it is very important to:

a. add at least 2 inches of gravel to the bottom of the test pit
b. cross-reference results with reliable soil maps
c. soak the hole with water before the test is made
d. repeat the test or use dual pits
c. soak the hole with water before the test is made
The accumulation of sludge in a normal home septic tank has been estimated at

a. 130 to 175 liters per person per year
b. 69 to 80 liters per person per year
c. 81 to 96 gallons per person per year
d. 17.4 to 53.4 cubic decimeters per person per year
b. 69 to 80 liters per person per year
Ozone disinfection has many advantages. Which of the following is not true?

a. ozone is non-toxic to aquatic organisms
b. ozone can be a source of dissolved oxygen
c. ozone is a good viricide
d. ozone is approximately equal in cost to chlorine
d. ozone is approximately equal in cost to chlorine
By USEPA Standards, the pH of secondary treatment effluent shall be in the range of

a. 6.8 to 7.4
b. 5 to 7
c. 6.5 to 7.4
d. 6 to 9
d. 6 to 9
Which of the following would be a cause of septic-tank failure?

a. lack of routine cleaning of the septic tank
b. leaking plumbing fixtures
c. improper design and construction of the absorption system
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
In the usage of septic-tank additives, which of the following compounds is not recommended and why?

a. sulfuric acid - causes clogging of the septic tank
b. sodium hydroxide - decreases anaerobic digestion
c. trichloroethane - causes the sewer to boil in the tank
d. methylene chloride - suspected of being carcinogenic
d. methylene chloride - suspected of being carcinogenic
The effectiveness of disinfection depends on

a. the degree of treatment the sewerage has received
b. the amount of chlorine used, and the residual chlorine maintained
c. the mixing and retention period
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following is typically used at a residential sewage treatment system with a surface discharge?

a. sodium hypochlorite
b. calcium hypochlorite
c. liquid chlorine
d. a or b above
d. a or b above
Combined chlorine

a. is effective in reducing fecal coliforms to 200 mg/l or less
b. removes all fecal coliforms
c. reduces fecal coliforms to 250 mg/l or less
d. does not reduce any fecal coliforms
a. is effective in reducing fecal coliforms to 200 mg/l or less
Why is the proper disposal of sewage necessary?

a. it reduces illness in the population
b. it provides comfort for individuals
c. it reduces the pollution of surface groundwater
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Facultative bacteria can

a. live under both aerobic and anaerobic condition
b. live only under aerobic conditions
c. live and reproduce with or without moisture
d. live only in the soil
a. live under both aerobic and anaerobic condition
Man-made organic compounds that degrade very slowly are referred to as

a. total organic compounds
b. fractory compounds
c. refractory organics
d. anaerobic organic compounds
c. refractory organics
The sand filter is used to

a. remove suspended solids from water
b. remove bacteria from water
c. sterilize water
d. a and b above
d. a and b above
Sewer gas may contain

a. Hydrogen Sulfide
b. methane
c. chlorine
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Any excavation in clay, loam, silt or sand more than __________ in depth should have side wall protection to prevent a cave-in.

a. 5 feet
b. 4 feet
c. 3 feet
d. 2 1/2 feet
c. 3 feet
Brine from water softening units as low as __________ may inhibit bacterial action in septic tanks.

a. 1-2 percent
b. 5-6 percent
c. 8-9 percent
d. none of the above
a. 1-2 percent
Which of the following is true regarding the use of septic-tank cleaners?

a. additives have been shown to be cost-effective alternatives to annual cleaning
b. their use is not advised
c. there is no evidence that the chemicals used eventually reach groundwater
d. the greasing compounds used have proven to be completely safe
b. their use is not advised
The use of a cesspool is prohibited due to

a. potential for odor
b. cost
c. space required
d. greater potential for groundwater contamination
d. greater potential for groundwater contamination
The typical limitation of use of the septic tank absorption field system is due to

a. cost
b. land use considerations
c. soil type and size requirements
d. appearance
c. soil type and size requirements
Based on a study conducted in Ontario, Canada, the septic tank sand filter relies on what process for most of the liquid removal?

a. filtration
b. infiltration
c. lateral seepage
d. vegetative transpiration
d. vegetative transpiration
The NODAK system is designed to

a. protect ground water
b. decrease surface area
c. allow evaporation of most liquids
d. none of the above
a. protect ground water
Low-pressure, vacuum, and cluster systems may be used

a. where soil is unsuitable for septic-tank systems
b. in hilly areas
c. in high-density recreational areas
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Common causes of failure of septic tank seepage field systems include improper sizing, non-suitable soil, non-servicing, and

a. insufficient nutrients in tank
b. excessive use of laundry detergents
c. leaking fixtures
d. use of wetting agents
c. leaking fixtures
The traditional absorption field should be laid in trenches not more than __________ below the ground surface.

a. 18 inches
b. 42 inches
c. 24 inches
d. 63 inches
c. 24 inches
The top of the absorption field gravel should be covered with

a. tar paper
b. permeable material
c. plastic
d. treated paper
b. permeable material
The field distribution piping should be surrounded with __________ and at least 2 inches deep under the pipe.

a. washed gravel, 3/4 inches to 2 1/2 inches
b. broken limestone, 1 inch to 2 inches
c. fine marble chips
d. a mixture of sand and gravel
a. washed gravel, 3/4 inches to 2 1/2 inches
The distance between the field lines or tiles must be a minimum of __________ in a treatment absorption field arrangement.

a. 3 feet
b. 6 feet
c. 9 feet
d. 12 feet
b. 6 feet
The recommended backfill over the absorption field is 12 inches.

a. True
b. False
a. True
The recommended distance from the bottom of the trench to the ground water table or rock is 62 –inches.

a. True
b. False
b. False
The recommended maximum length of the system materials is 75 feet.

a. True
b. False
a. True
The placement of the distribution box is not critical as long as it is water tight.

a. True
b. False
b. False
The use of a serial distribution system is considered to have disadvantages over the use of distribution boxes.

a. True
b. False
b. False
Yeast added to a new septic tank speeds up digestion by a factor of 2.7.

a. True
b. False
b. False
The depth of septic tanks and ratio of width to length recommended by most health departments are very similar.

a. True
b. False
b. False
Soil containing loam will remove most of the phosphorus in sewage effluent.

a. True
b. False
a. True
The examination of road cuts, stream embankments, and/or building excavations provides only marginal information about soils due to oxidation.

a. True
b. False
b. False
A lump of soil with good characteristics will break apart with little pressure along definite cleavage plains and should be blue or grayish in color.

a. True
b. False
b. False