Reformation

Front 1

Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation(1520)

Back 1

Writing by Martin Luther that argued that nobles, as well as clergy, were leaders of the church and should reform it.

Front 2

Babylonian Captivity(1520)

Back 2

Writing by Martin Luther attacking the tradition 7 sacraments, replacing them with two.

Front 3

Freedom of the Christian Man (1520)

Back 3

Writing by Martin Luther explaining his views on faith, good works, the nature of God, and the supremacy of political authority over believers.

Front 4

Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants (1520)

Back 4

Writing by Martin Luther responding to the peasants revolt. Said political leaders, not the people, should control society.

Front 5

The Augsburg Confession of 1530

Back 5

A summary of Lutheran beliefs

Front 6

Philip Melanchthon

Back 6

"Educator of Germany", led Lutherans in undertaking educational reform.

Front 7

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Back 7

Established the permanant religious division of Germany into Lutheran and Catholic churches

Front 8

Ulrich Zwingli

Back 8

Introduced reform in urich. Rejected clerical celibacy, veneration of saints, fasts, transubstatiation, and purgatory.

Front 9

Anabaptists

Back 9

Rejected validity of child baptism, believed such children had to be rebaptized as adults. Sought to return to a voluntary association of believers with no connection to the state.

Front 10

John Calvin

Back 10

Frenchman, wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion, a logical reworking of Christianity with a universal appeal.

Front 11

The Act of Annates

Back 11

Prevented payments of money to the pope. Signed by Henry VIII during his appeal to be able to divorce Catharine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn.

Front 12

The Act of Restraint of Appeals

Back 12

Forbade appeals to Rome, stopping Catharine from appealing to the Pope.

Front 13

The Act of Supremacy

Back 13

Declared Henry, not the pope, as had of the English church.

Front 14

Huguenots

Back 14

French name for Calvinists

Front 15

Ignatius of Loyola

Back 15

Formed the Society of Jesus to lead the attack on Protestantism. Known as Jesuits, members became leaders in the Counter-Reformation. It spawned Francis Xavier.

Front 16

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Back 16

August 24, 1572. A mass killing of the French Huguenots, authorized by Catharine de Medici. 20,000 died.

Front 17

Edict of Nantes

Back 17

Issued in 1598 by Henry of Navarre, it permitted Huguenots to worship publicly, have access to universities and public office, and maintain fortified towns in France for protection.

Front 18

William of Orange

Back 18

Leader of Dutch resistance against Philip II of Spain's centralized government and strengthened Catholic Church.

Front 19

Miguel Cervantes

Back 19

Spaniard who wrote Don Quixote, satirizing chivalric romances through the eyes of the worldly wise skeptical peasant, Sancho Panza.

Front 20

John Milton

Back 20

Strongly Puritan Englishman who wrote the epic verse Paradise Lost, studying the motives of those who reject God.

Front 21

Michel de Montaigne

Back 21

Frenchman obsessed with death and the problems it raised. Invented the essay, adopted skepticism, embraced the doubt the true knowledge can be obtained, later believed in the value of individual self-study.

Front 22

Caravaggio.

Back 22

A leading Mannerist whose violent life fed the often shocking subject matter and bold treatment in his paintings.

Front 23

Gianlorenzo Bernini

Back 23

Sculptor who made the columns in St. Peter's Basilica, and Ecstasy of Saint Teresa.

Front 24

Claudio Monteverdi

Back 24

Father of Opera, wrote Orfeo and The Coronation of Poppaea.