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15 Cards in this Set
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Causal Reasoning |
A cause and effect connection between A and B - B is a result of A |
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Sign Reasoning |
A correlation between two events rather than a causal connection. Two variables are so cloesly related that the presense or absence of one may be an indication of the presence/absence of another. - When A exists, B also exists - Barack Obama is president of the U.S., so he must be at least 35 years old. |
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Reasoning by Example |
THe argument holds true. Conclusions are inferred from specific cases. Usually involves sign or casual reasoning. |
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Reasoning by Analogy |
A comparison between two like phenomena that draws conclusions based on their similarity |
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Reasoning by Authority |
Accepting the conclusion of experts. - 97%of scientists agree that Global Warming is going to cause flooding in California. |
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Fallacies |
Any argument that violates accepted standards of sound reasoning. |
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Hasty Generalization |
Making assumptions about a whole group or a range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate (because it's atypical or just too small) - My friend said her philosophy class was hard, and the one I'm in is hard, too. All philosophy classes must be hard. |
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Curcular Reasoning (battling the question) |
To assume fact something you are trying to prove. THe argument is stated in such a way it can't help but to be true, even though no evidence has been presented. - It's against the law because it's illegal. |
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Wither/or Fallacy (False dileema) |
The speaker only gives two possible alternatives to a situation, even though there may be other solutions. - If you don't send Susie to private school, she won't be able to go to college. |
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Post Hoc/ False Cause |
Assuming that ecause B comes after A, A caused B. - "After this, therefore because of this..." - I didn't eat breakfast and I failed a test, I failed because I didn't eat breakfast. |
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Straw Man |
Misrepresent someone's argument in order to knock it down more easily. |
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Slippery Slope |
The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but there's really not enough evidence for that assumption. |
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Ad hom(inem) |
When a speaker attacks a person instead of the argusue at hand. |
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Bandwagon |
When an arguer claims that something is good or just because it's popular. |
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Red Herring |
The speaker relies on irrelecant information for their argument. |
