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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
deterministic
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deductive
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probabilistic
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inductive
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normative theory
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how one ought to reason... ie rules of logic
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descriptive theory
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how people actually reason... ie heuristics and biases
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deductive reasoning examples
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linear syllogisms, conditional, categorical syllogisms
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linear syllogisms
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between two items, at least one of the items is common to both premises, linear relationships and quantitative or qualitative
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conditional reasoning
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where the reasoner must draw a conclusion based on an if (condition) then (consequence) proposition... if the antecedent is met, then the consequent even will follow
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distance effects
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we more quickly say things are bigger/larger than other things if they are further apart, ex. horse is larger than a cat we say faster than horse is larger than a goat
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categorical reasoning
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how similar (or dissimilar) are categories X and Y..
all are X and Y some X are Y no X is Y |
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categorical reasoning uses...
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euler circles
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types of categorical syllogisms
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atmospheric heuristic:
universal affirmative universal negative particular affirmative particular negative |
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euler circles used to...
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determine is there is any condition in which both premises could be true but conclusion is false... people often mistake validity for truth
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atmospheric heuristic with universal vs particular
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if at least one "some" in premises, prefer "some" in the conclusion
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atmospheric heuristic with positive vs negative
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If at least one "not" in the premises, then prefer "not" in the conclusion
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mental models of categorical reasoning
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construct model for each premise and try to combine them.. get more wrong when need more than one model to falsify the syllogism
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problem with categorical syllogisms
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usually too much info, try to create representation, if we can't then we use heuristics.. big WM load, may forget or incorrectly process info, still makes mistakes
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pragmatic reasoning schema
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used to decide what is trye based on experience
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permission schema
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if a certain action is to be taken, then a certain condition must be met. "if you are going to drink beer, then you must be 21"
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evolutionary approach: social contract schema
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standard social contracts, if you take the benefit, you must pay the cost... natural selection means we must compete with others, so our brains have evolved innate mechanisms that look for "cheaters" and "threats"
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cheater detection: role of emotion?
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in some conditions, people do better if they are pissed or angry
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encapsulated reasoning
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reasoning according to one scheme does not transfer well to other situations
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context-bound reasoning
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success at the problem will depend on how well the problem invokes or matches the schme
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base rate
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percent of people in the population that have cancer (or anything)
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Normative theories: optimal
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current evidence, base rate
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Bayes Theorem - 3 things
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base rate
hit rate false alarm rate |
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can make errors in descriptive reasoning for 2 reasons....
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dont properly consider the current evidence.
dont properly consider the base rate |
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representativeness heuristic
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judge whether A comes from class B by relying on thesimilarity of A to B.
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problems with representativeness heuristic
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focuses too much on current evidence, ignores base rate
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gambler's fallacy
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recent occurrence of an event reduces the perceived probability of that event
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availability heuristic
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used this when estimating frequency or probability by the ease with which instances or associations could be brought to mind
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simulation heuristic
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base judgements on how easily you can imagine... ie how things will turn out in the future, and how things would have turned out in different circumstances
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conjunction fallacy
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occurs when people mistakenly believe that the probability of a conjunction of two events is greater than the probability of one of the events
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framing effect
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the way that the options are presented influences selection of an option
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