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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did Islam begin to become popular?
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The 7th Century.
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Why is Mohammad considered the last great prophet?
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Allah transmitted his word to the faithful through Mohammad.
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What is the Holy book of Islam?
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The Qu'ran!!! Or the Koran.
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What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
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-Confession of Faith
-Pray 5 times daily -Give alms (charity) -Fast during Ramadan -Go to Mecca at least once in your life |
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What does "Jihad" mean?
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"To struggle" to be a better Muslim and against non believers.
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What is the difference between the Shia and the Sunni sects of Islam?
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Shia believe that decendents of Mohammad should be chosen as the caliph and Sunni believe that the caliph should be chosen from a broad base of the people.
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Why is Mecca so special?
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Mohammad was born/grew up there.
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Why is Medina so special?
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Mohammad and other Muslims fled to Medina to avoid religious persecution.
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What is "hijra"?
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"Hijra" refers to when Mohammad and his followers fled to Medina.
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What does "Dar al Islam" mean?
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"Dar al Islam" directly translates to "House of Islam" which refers to lands where Islam was practiced.
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After Mohammad died, who became the caliph?
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Abu Bakr!
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What is a caliph?
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An islamic religious and political leader.
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What was the problem with the caliphate?
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Caliphs began to act like hereditary rulers, but there was no clear line of succession.
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What made way for the Umayyad Dynasty?
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Hasan assassinated his father, Ali, the fourth caliph, and took over, but then he relinquished his title.
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List some characteristics of the Umayyad Dynasty.
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-Capital moved to Damascus, Syria.
-Mecca still spiritual center. -Arabic=official language. -Money=gold and silver coins. -Non-Muslims had to pay a tax if they didn't convert |
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How far did the Umayyad Dynasty expand?
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Into North Africa and Spain!
In Spain they ruled the southern Iberian peninsula. |
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What areas did the Umayyad Dynasty try to expand into?
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Into Byzantine-failed
Into Europe through the Iberian peninsula and southern Italy. |
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Who stopped the Islamic expansion?
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Charles Martel stopped the Muslims as they tried to get to Paris, his capital.
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Why did he Umayyad Dynasty decline?
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Shia vs. Sunni conflict.
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Who was Abu al-Abbas and what did he do?
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He was a decendent of Mohammad's ungle and he defeated the Umayyad Empire and established the Abbasid empire in 750.
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Where was the Umayyad Dynasty not replaced by the Abbasid Dynasty?
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Espana!
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Where was the Abbasid Capital?
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Baghdad
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Why was credit a good idea?
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Carrying coins was hard and dangerous!
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What intellectual advancements did the Abbasid Dynasty make.
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Built libraries and universities.
Translated works of Plato, Aristotle, and more into Arabic. |
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What was Israel called back then?
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Levant
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What are Sufis?
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Islamic mystics
Missionaries Said that Islam was adaptable. Worship Allah in your own way! Highly effective |
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How did life get better for women under islamic rule?
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They were still under men, but they had some legal rights and were treated fairly better. Women also had more influence in their home and some could even have businesses.
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Why could men have multiple wives and women only have one?
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Land was passed down through males so it had to be clear who a boy's father was.
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What was an Islamic woman's primary duty?
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To be loyal and care for her husband and family.
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What were some factors in the Abbasid Decline?
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-Internal conflict between Shia and Sunni and different ehtic groups within the dynasty.
-Turkish slave revolt. -External foes (Persians, Europeans, Byzantines) -MONGOLSSSSSSS! |
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What defines the middle ages?
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Fall of Rome and the Rennaisance
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Where was the eastern Roman Empire centered?
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Constantinople!
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Who converted the Roman Empire to Christianity?
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Constantine
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Trace the relationship between the western and eastern Roman Empires.
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-Begin as one Roman Empire
-Split into East and West in 286 -Constantine converts to Christianity and reunites the two empires as the New Roman Empire in 330 -They split again into West and East (Byzantine) in 395 |
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What are some key differences between the eastern Roman Empire and the western Roman Empire?
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-West falls in 500
-East falls much later -West=decentralized -East=very centralized -West=Roman Catholic -East=Eastern Orthodox |
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What language did citizens of the Byzantine Empire speak?
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Greek!
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Who was Justinian/what was he famous for?
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-Justinian was a Byzantine Emperor
-Justinian's Code- Roman Law/Legal principles -Flowering of arts/science (example: hagia sophia) |
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What are some differences between the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches?
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-Eastern Orthodox: services in local language, + cross, churches more square, icons, secular leaders, decentralized
-Roman Catholic: services in latin, t cross, churches tall and rectangular, no icons, priests cant marry, pope=leader, god=trinity, very centralized |
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Who converted the Slavs (in Russia and south eastern Europe) to Christianity and what else did he do?
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St. Cyrul, he also created the Cyrillic alphabet.
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What Russian prince converted to Christianity?
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Vladmir (from Kiev)
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What differentiated the Russian Orthodox church from its Christian relatives?
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It was aligned with Byzantine, but not Roman traditions.
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What caused Russia to develop differently from the rest of Europe?
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- The Russian and Greek Orthodox churches didnt reform when the Roman Catholic Church did.
-Mongol invasion prevented Russia from participating in the Renaissances. |
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Why was western Europe so decentralized?
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Different Germanic tribes ruled parts of it.
Although most converted to Christianity, they remained politically independent. |
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Where were the Franks located?
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Germany through Belgium into France.
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Who was Charles Martel?
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He was a frankish leader who stopped the Muslim advance into Europe and established the Carolingian Dynasty.
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What was the empire that Charlemange built called and where did it extend to?
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The Holy Roman Empire! It included Northern Italy, Germany, Belgium, and France
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What happened when Charlemagne AND his son died?
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His land was divided up among his grandsons by the Tready of Verdun in 843.
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Where were the Vikings from?
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Scandinavia.
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What made the Vikings such successful sailors?
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multi-oared boats that were highly maneuverable.
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Besides raiding, what did the vikings do?
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They were merchants and also very good fishermen.
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What is another name for the vikings?
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The Vikings were called "Normans" in France. Hence NORMANDY
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Did the vikings convert to Christianity?
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YES!
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Describe the feudal pyramid.
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KING
Nobels Vassals Subordinate Vassals Peasants :( |
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What were the estates called that were granted to the vassals?
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Fiefs
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What did the lords receive for providing homes and protection to the peasants?
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The peasants farmed for the lord.
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What is the Three-Field System?
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Rotation of the Fields. One for the fall harvest, one for the spring harvest, and one not seeded to regain its nutrients.
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What was the "Great Clearing"
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Deforestation ordered by European Lords in order to gain more farmland
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What gave rise to crafts people?
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Food and supply surpluses.
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When did the lords have direct contact with the king?
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Although the lords owed allegiance to the king, they only were in direct contact with the king when the king needed the lord to provide a service.
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What is the code of chivalry and when was it needed?
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-An honor system that condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect.
-It was used during feuds between lords. |
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What were women in medieval Europe valued for?
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Their "feminine" traits," which were beauty or compassion.
They were basically viewed as property. |
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How were peasants in medieval Europe tied to the land?
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They couldn't leave the manor without permission.
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What new thing came with the emergence of cities and towns as the manor system declined?
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A "middle class" made up of merchants and craftsmen
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What were "burghers"?
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middle-class merchants
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What was the Hanseatic League and what were its effects?
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The Hanseatic League was an economically based alliance between most Northern European towns.
-It strengthened the drive toward nationhood -Increased social mobility/flexibility between classes |
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What are the characteristics of Gothic Architecture?
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-Cathedrals
-Draw worshipers closer to God -Tall Windows -Vaulted Ceilings -Tall buildings -"flying buttresses" |
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What were the Crusades?
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Military campaigns undertaken by European Christians from 11th to 14th centuries to claim the Holy Land and convert non-Christians
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How many crusades were there?
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8
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What was the overall effect of the crusades?
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-Some converts
-Interaction between Europe and Middle east heightened -Trade began! |
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What would be considered a heresy?
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Anything that did not conform to the traditional church doctrine
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What was the goal of the Spanish Inquisition?
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To find and convert/persecute non christians
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Who united science and religion, proving that the two can exist simultaneously?
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Thomas Aquinas!
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Where did the bubonic plague originate and why did it spread so quickly?
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-Started in China
-Vast Mongol empire allowed it to spread alll the way from china to europe |
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What conditions exasperated the plague's devastation?
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-Crowded cities
-Poor sanitation -Terrible medical knowledge |
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Why were merchants and tradespeople able to become more powerful in medieval europe?
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Western Europe was not organized into countries, but it was in small feudal kingdoms. When the merchants/tradesmen accumulated wealth, they also accumulated influence
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What were the goals of the Magna Carta?
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-To reinstate the feudal rights of nobles
-Extend the rule of law to other people, mainly burgher class -Laid foundation for Parliament |
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Describe Parliament
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House Of Lords:Nobles and clergy, legal issues/advised king
House Of Commons:Knights and wealthy burghers, economic issues |
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What was the cause of the Hundred Years' War?
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England began to claim large parts of French-speaking territories (in modern day France)and France didn't like it
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Who lead the french resistance and what was so remarkable about her?
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Joan of Arc, she was a farm girl who said she heard god's voice telling her to liberate france, so france provided her with military backing
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What was the significance of the marriage of Isabella de Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon?
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This united two huge areas of Spain, creating a Spanish Kingdom
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Where were the worlds major cities before 1400? Where were they now (around 1400)
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Before: Along silk road in Asia/central asia
Now: European cities are huggeee |
