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49 Cards in this Set
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Congress of Vienna |
1814 The arrangement of a peace settlement between Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia; led by Metternich; established the principle of legitimacy; Poland was declared independent; attempted to establish defensive barriers against French expansion; created the German Confederation |
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Prince Klemens von Metternich |
Early 1800s The Austrian foreign minister and leader of the Congress of Vienna who claimed he was guided by the principle of legitimacy and considered it necessary to restore legitimate monarchs |
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conservatism |
Late 1700s A reaction to the radical ideas of the French Revolution; advised against the violent overthrow of the government but did not reject change; favored obedience to authority and believed in organized religion; took precedence over individual rights |
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Edmund Burke |
Late 1700s A representative of conservatism who maintains that society was a contract but the state was to be considered a partnership agreement between the state and the individual and that no one had the right to destroy that partnership; advised against the violent overthrow of the government but was not against all change |
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Joseph dear Maistre |
Late 1700s- early 1800s A representative of conservatism who was the most influential spokesman for counter revolutionary and authoritarian conservatism and wanted to restore hereditary monarchy |
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The concert of Europe |
Early 1800s Developed because of the fear of war and revolution; reaffirmed the Quadruple Alliance between Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria which France was added to eventually |
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The Greek revolt |
1821 Against the Ottoman Empire; used the principle of intervention to support revolution instead of preventing it; the British, French, and Russians help to the Greeks defeat the Ottoman Empire and declare the Greeks and independent kingdom; was only successful because the great powers had supported it |
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The Corn Law of 1815 |
The Tory government's response to falling agricultural prices; imposed extraordinarily high tariffs on foreign grain which benefited landowners; made life harder for the working classes |
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The Peterloo Massacre |
1819 Took place at st. Peter's fields in Manchester; started as a protest against the Corn Law; a squadron of cavalry attacked a crowd of 60000 demonstrators which led Parliament to take even more repressive measures |
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Louis XVIII |
1814-1824 The King of France when the monarchy was restored; understood the need to accept some changes the French Revolution brought including accepting Napoleon's Civil Code; a bicameral legislature was established consisting of the Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of Deputies; opposed by liberals and ultra royalists |
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Charles X |
1824-1830 The King of France that succeeded Louie the 18th; an ultra royalist who granted an indemnity to aristocrats whose lands had been confiscated during the French Revolution; pursued a religious policy that encouraged the Catholic Church to reestablish control over the educational system which brought public outrage and forced him to accept the principle of ministerial responsibility, but he violated it |
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Carbonari |
Early 1800s Secret societies that were motivated by nationalistic dreams and conspired and planned for revolutions; the government try to smother them |
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Buschenschaften |
Early 1800s Student societies in Germany that were dedicated to fostering the goal of a free, united Germany; "Honor, Liberty, Fatherland"; inspired by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn; pursued activities that alarmed the German government and was ended by the Karlsbad Decrees |
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Karlsbad Decrees |
1819 The reaction to Burschenschaften activities; censored the press in place to universities under close supervision and control; Metternich maintains the conservative status quo |
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Decembrist revolt |
1825 A reaction to Nicholas the first's ascension to the Russian throne; military leaders of the Northern Union rebelled against the ascension of Nicholas the first but were crushed by troops loyal to Nicholas the first and the leaders of the rebellion were executed |
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Nicholas I |
1825-1855 The Czar of Russia who succeeded Alexander the first; transformed from a conservative into a reactionary determined to avoid another rebellion; strengthened both the bureaucracy and the secret police; the third section, the political beliefs, is given sweeping powers over much of Russian life; deported suspicious and / or dangerous persons and maintained close surveillance of foreigners in Russia; called the policeman of Europe |
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Liberalism |
Early 1800s Stemmed from the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible; economic liberalism had its primary tenant in laissez-faire and was greatly enhanced by Thomas Malthus, and these ideas were further developed by David Ricardo; political liberalism said that civil liberties, basic rights of all people, were very important, and all of these rights should be guaranteed by a written document; advocated separation church and state, and advocated misterial responsibility; believed in limited suffrage; John Stuart Mill was key in expanding |
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Thomas Malthus |
Early 1800s And economic liberal is to argued that population, when unchecked, increases at a geometric rate while food supply increases ar an arithmetic rate of which the result would be over population and starvation; nature imposes major restraints such as exposure to the seasons, plague, famine, and wars; argued against government interference; Essay on the Principles of Population |
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David Ricardo's "iron law of wages" |
Increase in population means an increase in workforce and more workforce causes wages to fall below subsistence level of which the result is misery and starvation which both reduce the population and repeats the cycle; developed in Principles of Political Economy Increase in population means an increase in workforce and more workforce causes wages to fall below subsistence level of which the result is misery and starvation which both reduce the population and repeats the cycle; developed in Principles of Political Economy |
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John Stuart Mill |
1806-1873 A prominent advocate of liberalism who argued for absolute freedom that needed to be protected from censorship and tyranny; enthusiastic supporter of women's rights; argued that the legal subordination of woman was wrong; wrote works with his wife, Harriet Taylor |
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Nationalism |
1800s A powerful ideology for change that arose out of the awareness of being a community that becomes the focus of the individuals political authority; didn't become popular until the French Revolution; Germans and Hungarians wanted their own nation state; threatened to upset the existing political order; became strong allies with liberalism |
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Socialism |
1800s Influenced by the conditions of the working class; a product of political theorists who wanted to introduce equality in to social conditions; believed that cooperation was superior to competition |
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Utopian socialism |
1800s Influenced by the idea that corporation was superior to competition; was against private property and the competitive spirit of early industrial capitalism; believed that a better environment for Humanity could be achieved through new systems of social organization |
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Charles Fourier |
1772-1838 An early utopian socialist who proposed the creation of small model communities called phalansterties which were self-contained cooperatives consisting of about 1620 people; inhabitants would live and work together; work assignments would be rotated frequently to relieve workers of undesirable tasks; his plan remained untested |
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Robert Owen |
1771 - 1858 A British cotton manufacturer and utopian socialist who succeeded in turning New Lanark in Scotland, a factory town, into a flourishing healthy community; attempted to do the same in New Harmony, Indiana but failed |
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Louis Blanc |
1813 - 1882 An early French Socialist who maintained that social problems could be solved with government assistance; called for the establishment of workshops that would manufacture goods for public sale, the state would finance the workshops but they would be run by the workers |
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Flora Tristan |
1803 - 1844 A female utopian socialist who attempted to foster a utopian synthesis of socialism and feminism; preached the need for the liberation of woman and envisionedabsolute equality as the only way to free the working class and transform civilization |
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The July Revolution of 1830 |
The reaction to the July Ordinances; barricades went up in Paris; a provisional government led by a group of liberals appealed to Louis Philippe to become the constitutional King of France; Charles the 10th fled Britain |
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Louis-Philippe |
1830 - 1848 The constitutional King of France who was called the bourgeois monarch because of the support of the middle class, he even dressed like the middle class; favorite the middle class in constitutional changes and Financial qualifications for voting were reduced |
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Belgian Independence |
1830 The Belgians overthrew the Dutch for freedom; nationalism played a part in causing the revolution; the Belgians rows up against the Catholic chuch and convinced the major European powers to accept their independence; established a constitutional monarchy |
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Reform Act of 1832 |
A reform bill introduced by the Whigs in Britain; gave explicit recognition to changes brought by the Industrial Revolution; disenfranchised 56 rotten boroughs and enfranchised 42 new towns and cities; property qualification for voting was retained; primarily benefited the upper middle class |
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Anti-Corn Law League |
1838 Forms to help workers by lowering bread prices; caused the Corn Laws to be repealed; aided industrial middle classes who favored the principles of free trade; the leader of the Tories, Robert Peel, persuaded some of his associates to abandon the Corn Laws |
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Revolutions of 1848 |
The eruption of revolutions across Europe that were caused by liberalism and nationalism; revolution in France provided a spark for revolutions in other countries; resolutions for mostly in southern and Central Europe |
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French Revolution of 1848 |
Caused by the overuse of political banquets in place of rallies; the government forbade a grand banquet much people came anyway and students and workers put up barricades in Paris; Louis Philippe proposed reform but was unable to form a ministry and abdicated the throne; a provisional government was established by a group of moderate and Radical Republicans which ordered that a new constitution be written by representatives elected by Universal male suffrage; resulted in a growing split between moderate and Radical Republicans |
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Louis Kossuth |
1848 The leader of Hungarian liberals; Hungarians wanted the Hapsburg monarch but their own legislature; several demonstrations led to Metternich's dismissal; made a liberal constitution and got their own legislature |
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Frankfurt assembly |
1848 The meeting of an all German parliament in response to King Frederick William the 4th's agreement to work for a united Germany; dominated by the upper middle class; arouse controversy by claiming to be the government for all of Germany; debated whether or not to include the German province of Austria, but Austria eventually withdrew; Frederick William the fourth refused the title "Emperor of the Germans", and order depression delegates to go home; failed to create a German state |
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Giuseppe Mazzini |
1805 - 1872 An Italian nationalist who founded an organization known as Young Italy which set the goal of a united Italian Republic; urged Italians to dedicate their lives to the Italian nation; many women took up his call as well as men |
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New police forces |
1800s These were the first major contribution to the development of an ordered society in Europe; known as serjents in France; Britain's first system of constables failed but their bobbies succeeded; German Shutzmannschaft remor like military then police |
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Romanticism |
Late 1700s- early 1800s An intellectual movement that challenged the Enlightenment's preoccupation with reason in discovering truth; try to balance see you some reason by stressing the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing; emphasized sentiment and inner feelings; young romantics stress individualism and rebelled against middle class conventions; many romantics, such as the Grimm brothers, possessed an interest in the past which led to the revival of Gothic architecture; Gothic literature and poetry became popular; critiqued science and deeply affected art |
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe |
1749 - 1832 A Romantic author and great example to other romantics of his time who later rejected Romanticism in favor of Classicism; in his book, Sorrows of Young Werther, his character sought freedom to fulfill himself but was rejected by society buthe continued to believe in himself through his inner feeling but finally an unrequited love caused him to commit suicide |
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Mary Shelley |
1797-1881 A romantic author; wrote Frankenstein which was an example of Gothic literature; story of science gone wrong |
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Percy Shelley |
1792 - 1822 A romantic poet who advocated atheism and wanted to reform the world; wrote Prometheus Unbound which was a portrait of the result of human beings against the laws and customs that oppressed them |
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Lord Byron |
1788 - 1824 Romantic poet who dramatized himself as a melancholy romantic hero; participated in the movement for Greek independence and died while fighting the Ottomans |
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William Wordsworth |
1770 - 1850 A romantic poet who claimed to receive "authentic tidings of invisible things"; expressed the love of nature and said that nature contained a mysterious force that he could perceive and learn from and that nature was alive and sacred |
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Caspar David Friedrich |
1774 - 1840 A romantic artist; painted landscapes with an interest that transcended the presentation of details; all of his works conveyed a feeling of mystery and mysticism; nature was a manifestation of divine life; artistic process depended on innner vision |
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J. M. W. Turner |
1775 - 1751 A romantic artist who dwelt on nature and made landscape his major subject; sought to display nature's moods by using the interplay of light and color to suggest natural effects; produced more than 20,000 paintings, drawings, and watercolors |
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Eugene Delacroix |
1798 - 1863 The most famous French Romantic artist who was fascinated by the exotic and had a passion for color and combined theatricality and movement with the daring use of color; his works reflected his belief that a painting should be a feast to the eye |
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Ludwig von Beethoven |
1770 - 1827 A romantic musicians who single-handedly transformed the art of music; served as a bridge between classicism and romanticism; his first period of composing was classical with heavy influence from Hayden and Mozart, but he broke through to romanticism with the composition of his 3rd symphony with his use of uncontrolled rhythms to create dramatic struggle and uplifted resolutions |
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Francois-Rene de Chateaubriand |
1768 - 1848 Created one of the most popular expressions of the romantic revival of Catholicism; wrote Genius of Christianity which was labeled the Bible of Romanticism; his defense of Catholicism was based largely on romantic sentiment; he said that Catholicism echoed in the harmony of all things |
