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31 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
GRDs are
the most powerful research tools for evaluators examining program outcomes
207
O (notation)
observation or assessment period
212
X (notation)
when intervention is applied
212
outcome measures are the...
dependent variables
212
interventions are the...
independent variables
212
GRDs are conceptualized along 3 features:
1) whether pretest assessment is made of the outcome measure before intervention
2) whether control groups are used
3) whether groups have random assignment
212
X O #1
one group posttest only design; pre-experimental and simple but not rigorous
213
X O #2
O
posttest only with nonequivalent groups; like X-O but with an added control group that doesn't receive intervention
217
O X O #3
one group pretest-posttest design
219
O X O #4
O O
nonequivalent control group design; quasi-experimental
223
placebo influences
simply being in any type of treatment
226
social desirability factors
answering more positively after treatment in order to please the therapist or researcher, or to convince oneself that the experience wasn't a wast of time
226
O O O X O O O #5
time series or interrupted time series design; quasi-experimental; allows detection of trends
226
longitudinal data
data collected at different times during the course of a study
227
O O O X O O O #6
O O O O O O
multiple time series design; adds control group to time series
228
threats to internal validity
-history
-maturation
-testing
-instrumentation
-selection
-mortality
-placebo factors
229
history (internal validity threat)
events that occur at the local, state or national level than might influence bahavior
229
Maturation (internal validity threat)
improvement as a result of the passage of time
229
testing (internal validity threat)
effects of repeated testing with the same test
230
instrumentation (internal validity threat)
subtle or unconscious changes in measuring/observation procedures
230
selection (internal validity threat)
problems with how the sample is chosen, a potential problem with control groups whenever random assignment is not used
231
mortality (internal validity threat)
loss of subjects, more likely with longer term evals
231
placebo factors (internal validity threat)
the generally mild and positive effects experienced as a result of exposure to an innocuous intervention
232
R (notation)
randomly assigned subjects
234
R O X O #7
R O O
Classic experimental design
234
desired features of a true experiment:
-random assignment
-valid and reliable outcome measures
-pretests and posttests
-lengthy follow-up period
235
R O X O O
R O O X O
cross over design, in which there's a delayed treatment. useful for comparing two different treatments, can allow replication of finding from first intervention
236
R X O #8
R O
postest only control group design
237
R O X O #9
R O O
R X O
R O
Solomon four-group design, rarely used due to complexity
239
efficacy study
tightly controlled studies
242
effectiveness study
efforts at replicating treatments shown to be useful (vis efficacy studies) in circumstances closer to real-life practice
242