Rav Endocrin Pituitary Hypothalamic Disease

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The pituitary stalk arises from

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The pituitary stalk arises from the median eminence, a vascular region at the base of the hypothalamus.

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Hypothalamic hormones, ( wich )

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Hypothalamic hormones, including corticotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and growth hormone (GH)–releasing hormone, travel to the median eminence via axonal pathways to be released into the portal plexus and then into the pituitary gland through the hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels carried in the pituitary stalk. D

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pathologic conditions leads to substantial decreases in the secretion of pituitary hormones, with the exception of

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disruption of these axons by certain pathologic conditions leads to substantial decreases in the secretion of pituitary hormones, with the exception of prolactin, whose secretion may actually increase because of the elimination of tonic inhibition by dopamine. Symptoms result from both the location of lesions and the rapidity of increase in lesion size

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Congenital hypothalamic structural lesions are often due to

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Congenital hypothalamic structural lesions are often due to mutations in the genes for transcription factors expressed sequentially during embryogenesis and vital to the development of pituitary cells. For example, in 85% of patients with Kallmann syndrome, a disorder characterized by anosmia (lack of a sense of smell) and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, a defect exists in the protein that facilitates the embryologic migration of both olfactory neurons and the neurons that produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

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Kallmann syndrome

defect exists in the protein that

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disorder characterized by anosmia (lack of a sense of smell) and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism,efect exists in the protein that facilitates the embryologic migration of both olfactory neurons and the neurons that produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

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Acquired hypothalamic conditions include

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Acquired hypothalamic conditions include tumors, such as craniopharyngiomas and pituitary adenomas with suprasellar extension; infiltrative disease, such as sarcoidosis and Langerhans cell histiocytosis; and trauma due to head injury, neurosurgery, or cranial irradiation. When hypopituitarism is accompanied by diabetes insipidus or hyperprolactinemia, hypothalamic causes should be suspected.

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When hypopituitarism is accompanied by diabetes insipidus or hyperprolactinemia, what should be suspected

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When hypopituitarism is accompanied by diabetes insipidus or hyperprolactinemia, hypothalamic causes should be suspected.