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46 Cards in this Set

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Albert Ellis
Developed rational-emotive therapy. Believed that the concepts of insight and awareness into childhood events do not result in the resolution of present emotional dysfunction. Also theorized that the connection between the past and the present was not explored fully in psychoanalytic therories. RET therapy is most concerned with irrational thinking, especially that which creates upsetting thoughts and related behaviors
The key concept in RET holds that:
even though emotional malfunction is rooted in childhood disturbances, individuals continue to reinforce their irrational and illogical thinking.
The A-B-C approach to personality
<center>A = Activating Event</center>
<center>B = Belief System</center>
<center>C = Consequences</center>
RET Techniques include:
directed, time-limited, structured approaches for treating depression, anxiety, and phobic behavior
Donald Meichenbaum
Developed a 3-phase cognitive-behavioral theory
1: Conceptual - Clients are instructed to monitor their own behavior in order to identify negative thoughts and feelings
2: Rehearsal - Clients create new internal systems by substituting positive thoughts and feelings
3: Application - Clients apply more effective coping skills to real life situations
Aaron Beck
Theorized that clients' conversations with themselves play a major role in their behavior. Theorized that the way people feel and behave is based on the way they view their experiences. Therapy should be short-term, active, focused, and insightful.
The goal of Rational Emotive Therapy is:
for clients to recognize and discard self-defeating thinking and correct erroneous beliefs. It has been applied particularly to the treatment of depression. Also, "to help people live rational and productive lives; see that it is their thoughts and beliefs about events that creates difficulties, not the events or situations themselves; understand that wishes and wants are not entitlements to be demanded; stop catastrophizing; and change self-defeating behaviors
Cognitive Techniques include:
Disputing irrational beliefs, homework, humor, and the changing of language to a more positive approach.
Emotive Techniques include:
Imagery, role-playing, and shame-attacking procedures
Behavioral Techniques include:
Operant conditioning, self-management, and modeling
Contributions of cognitive-behavior therapy
1) Counseling tends to be brief and focused on outcome
2) Practice and experimenting with new behaviors are emphasized
3) The therapy stresses the client's ability to control his or her experience of the world
4) It is easily used with clients who are action oriented and willing to accept responsibility for their difficulties
5) The therapy can be effectively employed in crisis situations
Limitations of cognitive-behavior therapy
1) The underlying reasons for irrational beliefs are not explored, leaving the client open to incorporate additional different irrational beliefs into their belief system
2) The dialogue aspect of the therapy does not lend itself to working with clients of low intelligence
3) There is the danger of the therapist imposing his or her views on the client, with the potential for psychological harm.
4) Emotional issues are not explored, which may limit the effectiveness of the therapy in the long run
A-B-C Model
The construct stating that one's problems do not originate from events but from the beliefs one holds about those events; changing one's beliefs is the best way to change negative feelings.
Arbitrary Inferences
The distorted view of making conclusions without the basis of supporting and relevant evidence; part of Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy
Automatic Thoughts
Ideas (usually outside one's awareness) triggered by a particular event that lead to emotional reactions
Cognitive Errors
Misconceptions and wrong assumptions on the part of the client
Cognitive Homework
The process used to help a client learn to cope with anxiety and challenge irrational thinking
Cognitive Restructuring
The process of replacing negative thoughts with positive thoughts and beliefs
Cognitive Therapy
A type of therapy focused on changing negative behavior by changing false thinking and beliefs
Collaborative Empiricisism
A concept from Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy that views the client as capable of making objective interpretations of his or her behavior, with the collaboration of the therapist
Coping Skills Program
A set of procedures to help clients cope with stressful situations by changing their thinking
Disputational Method
A method taught to clients in RET to help clients challenge irrational beliefs
Distortion of Reality
Inaccurate thinking that causes the client to act irrationally, emotionally, and subjectively
Internal Dialogue/Inner Speech
The process used to recognize irrational thoughts
Irrational Belief
An unreasonable thought leading to emotional problems
Labeling and Mislabeling
The distorted view of basing one's identity on imperfections and mistakes made in the past
Musturbation
The word used by Albert Ellis to describe beliefs grounded in musts, shoulds, and oughts; a rigid and absolute way of thinking
Overgeneralization
The distorted process of forming rigid beliefs based on a single event and then applying them to subsequent events.
Personalization
The tendency of individuals to relate events to themselves when there is no basis for this connection
Polarized thinking
A cognitive error based on an all-or-nothing framework; there are no gray areas in polarized thinking
Rationality
A way of thinking that will help clients attain their goals
Role Playing
The process of helping a client work through irrational beliefs by practicing new behaviors
Selective Abstraction
The distorted view of forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event
Self-instructional Therapy
The concept that the self-talk an individual indulges in directly relates to the things he or she does in everyday life. The therapy consists of training the client to modify self-talk, a form of cognitive restructuring or cognitive-behavior modification developed by Donald Meichenbaum
Shame-attacking exercises
A technique of RET encouraging the individual to do things about which he or she feels shame without believing he or she is foolish or without becoming embarrassed.
Stress-Inoculation Training
A cognitive-behavior modification technique aimed at giving the client the coping tools to restructure the thoughts that lead to stress and to rehearse the behavior changes in order to solve the emotional problems caused by stressful situations
Albert Ellis believed:
1) Behavior is separate from personhood. "I did a bad thing" rather than "I am bad"
2) Each individual has the ability to control his or her thoughts, feelings, and actions, but has to understand their self-talk, first
3) Cognitions can be positive, negative, neutral or mixed and result in "like thoughts," positive leading to positive, etc.
Most common irrational beliefs that RET clients find disturbing
1) It is absolutely essential to be loved or approved by every person in one's life
2) To be worthwhile, a person must be competent, adequate, and achieving in everything attempted
3) Some people are wicked, bad, and villainous and should be blamed or punished
4) It is a catastrophe when events do not occur as one hopes
5) Unhappiness is the result of outside events. A person has no control over despair
6) Something potentially dangerous or harmful should be cause for great concern and should always be kept in mind
7) Running away from difficulties is easier than facing them
8) A person must depend on others and must have someone stronger on whom to rely
9) The past determines one's present and therefore cannot be changed
10) A person should be upset by the problems and difficulties of others
11) There is always a right answer to every problem, and a failure to find this answer is a catastrophe
The counselor's role in RET is:
Direct and active in teaching and correcting the client's cognitions
A good RET counselor must be:
Bright, knowledgeable, empathic, persistent, scientific, and interested in helping others, and able to use RET in his/her personal life
Cognitive Disputation
A technique aimed at asking the client questions that challenge the logic of the client's response
Imaginal Disputation
Has the client use imagery to examine a situation where the client is likely to become upset
Behavioral Disputation
Involves having the client behave in a way that is opposite to the way the client would like to respond to the event or situation
Emotional Control Card
An actual card intended for the client to carry in his/her wallet on which there is a list of inappropriate or self-destructive feelings countered with appropriate, non-self-defeating feelings
Confrontation
Occurs when the counselor challenges an illogical or irrational belief that the client is expressing
Encouragement
Involves explicitly urging the client to use RET principles rather than to continue self-defeating responses