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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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eyes
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visual sensation
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pinna
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outer ears. auditory sensation. directs soundwaves
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vibrissae
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tactile sensation
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teats
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nipples through which milk is drawn from mammary glands
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mouth
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mechanical and chemical digestion begins here
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tongue
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used to move food around, aides in mechanical digestion and swallowing
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incisors
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used for nipping vegetation
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molars
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grinding of food, on hard palate and each side of soft palate
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salivary glands
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secrete amylase, which breaks down starches into simpler sugars
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hard palate
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characteristic ridges, used for further grinding of food
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pharynx
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oral cavity, nasal cavity, esophagus and trachea all meet here
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epiglottis
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v. small, towards back of the throat, helps food from entering the trachea
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esophagus
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food is passed from oral cavity to stomach, easier to find where it enters the stomach (cranial to stomach)
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stomach
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soft organ, sphincter is noticeable between it and small intestine, walls secrete acid (chemical digest.), muscular part churns the contents, wall is elastic which permits some storage
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pyloric sphincter
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caudal end of the stomach, looks like small indent, ring of muscle which controls the passage of food from the stomach to the intestines
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duodenum
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site of chemical digestion, looks like a blown up bean with vessels on it, large and balloony
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pancreas
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looks like chewed up fat, secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum where mechanically digested food is then chemically digested
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small intestine
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very long, specialized for chemical digestion (near the duodenum) and absorption of nutrients (beyond the duodenum)
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caecum
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home to symbiotic organisms which help digest cellulose to simple sugars, which are then absorbed through the wall of small intest.; very large and thick, confused with small intestine
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colon (large intestine)
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specialized for absorption of water, caudal to the anus, not v. large because rat lives in areas of abundance of water
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performs a variety of functions including storage of excess sugars in the form of glycogen; three large, brown lobes. in cranial portion of abdominal cavity
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liver
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nutrients absorbed through the small intestine are carried to the liver by a portion of
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the circulatory system
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mesenteries
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the thin membranes supporting the blood vessels carrying nutrients
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heterodontous
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teeth are somewhat different in shape and size
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gallbladder (not present)
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stores bile (which, in the duodenum, breaks up fats into tiny globules), increasing surface area of fats to action of digestive enzymes
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air enters the respiratory system through the mouth and
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external nares (opening of the nasal passages)
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rhinarium
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the padded area around the external nares
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air passes through here and connects the pharynx to the lungs
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trachea
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thymus gland
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muscular tissue on top of the heart,
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larynx
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identified by bones on top of pharynx; what produces sound as air flows through it
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four lobes, one on left side and three hidden by the heart, used for gas exchange and breathing
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lungs
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diaphragm
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used for positive pressure breathing, and mechanical process of ventilation
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cavity above the diaphragm and below the mouth cavity
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thoracic cavity
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diaphragm contracts (flattens)
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increases volume of cavity, decrease pressure
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intercoastal muscles contract (side muscles of abdomen and thoracic cavity)
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draws rib cage up, increases volume (decreases pressure)
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homeothermic
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maintain a relatively constant body temperature due to a higher metabolic rate
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transport of nutrients, oxygen, hormones, waste product, and elements of the immune system
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circulatory system functions
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color blue
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veins
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arteries (color)
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color red
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blood flows away from heart (oxygenated), flows into capillaries, more fragile then veins
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arteries
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capillaries
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v. thin, fragile, where gas exchange actually occurs
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veins
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low pressure that allows blood to return to heart, smaller than arteries
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pulmonary veins
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very thick, cranial to the heart, just below thymus gland
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larger chambers, caudally, ventricles send blood put to lungs and body
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ventricles
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atria (atrium singular)
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smaller chambers, cranial, receive blood returning to the heart from lungs and body
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large artery which leaves the heart, cranial side of heart, curving left and running caudally down dorsal side
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aorta
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top of heart, innominate artery divides into
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right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery
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arteries to branch of the artery are
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the left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery
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subclavian arteries
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the major blood vessels to forelimbs
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major blood vessels to the head
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carotid arteries
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blood from body enters into superior vena cava (or inferior vena cava) into the
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right atrium
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bloods flow from right atrium to right ventricle to
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pulmonary arteries
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blood from the lungs enter through pulmonary veins into
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left atrium, then left ventricle
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blood exits the heart from
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aortic semilunar valve or aorta
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renal arteries
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enters the kidneys from heart
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filtered blood exits from kidneys
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renal veins
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mesentric artery
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artery throughout the abdominal cavity and that return to the aorta
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supply's blood to the hind limbs
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left and right iliac arteries
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caudal artery
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supplies blood to the tail
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brown, finger shaped organ about one inch long on left side of abdominal cavity, dorsal and lateral to stomach, recycles red blood cells
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spleen
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anterior vena cava
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drain blood from the head region (blue) and return it to the right atrium
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receives blood from the veins of the trunk and return it to the right atrium
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posterior vena cava
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these organs function to help maintain water balance and selectively remove waste products and excess salts from body
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kidneys
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bladder
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located in the caudal and ventral portion of the abdominal cavity, smaller then a pea, cranial to the penis
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testes
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hidden in scrotum, thick vein snakes through, sperm produced here, separated by connective tissue
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ureters
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connects bladder to the kidneys, not very visible
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urethra
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connects the bladder to the "exit" for removal of fluids from the body
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a pouch of skin, muscle and connective tissue on the exterior of the body
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scrotum
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a pouch of skin, muscle and connective tissue on the exterior of the body
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scrotum
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epididymis
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long, coiled tube, looks like fat cranial to testes, sperm leave the body through here
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a narrow tube that extends from each epididymis to the urethra, very close to the body, attached very well
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vas deferens
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prostate gland
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gland that secretes into semen, two in rats, on either side of the urethra near entrance of vas deferens (right cranial of the penis)
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vesicular glands (large and lobulated) above the bladder and coagulating glands
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seminal vesicles
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coagulating glands
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lie on the inner curve of the vesicular glands
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holds the urethra, carries liquid waste and semen out if the body, attached to the bladder by connective tissues
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penis
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eggs are produced in the
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ovaries
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uteri
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eggs migrate here to be fertilized during copulation, (rats have two uteri)
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two uteri meet here, receives the male penis during copulation
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vagina
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