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441 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly
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Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)
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Achilles tendon xanthoma
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Familial hypercholesterolemia ( .l. LDL receptor signaling)
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Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)
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Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aort · c dissection, hyperflexible joints
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Marfan's syndrome (fibrillin defect)
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Athlete with polycythemia .
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Erythropoietin injection
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Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss
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Pott's disease (vertebral tuberculosis)
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Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
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Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)
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Blue sclera
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Osteogenesis imperfecta (collagen defect)
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Bluish line on gingiva
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Burton's line (lead poisoning)
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B one pain, bone enlargement, arthritis
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Paget's disease of bone (1' osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity)
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Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing
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Aortic regurgitation
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Butterfly facial rash and Raynaud's phenomenon in a young female
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Systemic lupus erythematosus
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Cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma)
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Neurofibromatosis type I (+ pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas) // Neurofibromatosis type II (+ bilateral acoustic neuromas)
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Cafe-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty
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McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G-protein signaling mutation)'
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Calf pseudohypertrophy
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Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne's) : X-linked recessive deletion of dystrophin gene
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Cherry-red spot on macula
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Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation), central retinal artery occlusion
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Chest pain on exertion
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Angina (stable: moderate exertion; unstable: minimal exertion)
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Chest pain, pericardia! effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI
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Dressler's syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 weeks after acute episode)
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Child uses arms to stand up from squat
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Cowers' sign (Duchenne muscular dystrophy)
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Child with fever develops red rash on face that spreads to body
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Slapped cheeks (erythema infectiosum/fifth disease : parvovirus B 19)
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Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration
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Huntington's disease (autosomal-dominant CAG repeat expansion)
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Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps, myoglobinuria
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McArdle's disease (muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)
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Cold intolerance
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Hypothyroidism
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Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia
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Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF; bilateral [multiple sclerosis] , unilateral [stroke))
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Continuous "machinery" heart murmur
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PDA (close with indomethacin; open with misoprostol
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Cutaneous/dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition
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Myxedema (caused by hypothyroidism, Graves' disease I periorbital!)
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Dark purple skin/mouth nodules
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Kaposi's sarcoma (usually AIDS patients [gay men]: associated with HHV-8)
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Deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation
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Kussmaul breathing (diabetic ketoacidosis)
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Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
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Pellagra (niacin [vitamin B3] deficiency)
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Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, polyneuropathy
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Wet beriberi (thiamine (vitamin B1] deficiency)
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Dog or cat bite resulting in infection
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Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site)
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Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
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Sjogren's syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)
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Dysphagia (esophageal webs) , glossitis, iron deficiency anemia
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Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma)
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Elastic skin, hypermobility of joints
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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type III collagen defect)
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Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node
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Virchow's node (abdominal metastasis)
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Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells
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Sezary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) or mycosis fungoides
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Facial muscle spasm upon tapping
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Chvostek's sign (hypocalcemia)
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Fat, female, forty, and fertile
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Acute cholelithiasis (bile duct blockage)
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Fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis
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Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes resultsin toxin release)
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Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash
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Measles (Morbilli virus)
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Fever, n ight sweats, weight loss
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B symptoms (lymphoma)
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F ibrous plagues in soft tissue of penis
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Peyronie's disease (connective tissue disorder)
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Gout, mental retardation, self-mutilating behavior in a boy
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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, X-linked recessive)
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Green-yellow rings around peripheral cornea
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Kayser-F leischer rings (copper accumulation from Wilson's disease)
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Hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/ feet/hands
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Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (genetic benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction; increased cancer risk)
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Hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms
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Gaucher's disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)
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Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts
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Alport syndrome (mutation in a chain of collagen IV)
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Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)
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Trousseau's sign (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)
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Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility
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KlLiver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)
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Hyperreflexia, hypertonia, positive Babinski sign
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UMN damage
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Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
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Conn's syndrome
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Hyporeflexia, hypotonia, atrophy
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LMN damage
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Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia
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Blue bloater (chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of mucous cells)
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Indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
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Nonpainful: chancre (Primary syphilis, Treponema pallidum) Painful, with exudate: chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
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Infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, neurodegeneration
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Niemann-Pick disease (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)
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Infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatomegaly
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Cori's disease (debranching enzyme deficiency)
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Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defect
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Edwards' syndrome (trisomy 18)
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Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Large rash with bull's-eye appearance
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Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (Lyme disease: Borrelia)
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Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury
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Epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)
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Male child, recurrent i nfections, no mature B cells
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Bruton's disease _0-linked agamm??glob??linei_nia)
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Mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time
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Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of Gpllb/Illa)
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Multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/ supernumerary teeth
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Gardner's syndrome (subtype of FAP)
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Myopathy (infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), exercise intolerance
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Pompe's disease (lysosomal a-1 ,4-glucosidase deficiency)
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Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
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Wegener's (c-ANCA positive) and Goodpasture's syndromes (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
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Neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth
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Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk [C5-C6) brachial plexus injury: "waiter's tip")
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No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance
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Sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction)
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Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia
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Multiple sclerosis
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Oscillating slow/fast breathing
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Cheyne-Stokes respirations (central apnea in CHF or I intracranial pressure)
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Painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia
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Cold agglutinin disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis)
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Painful, pale, cold fingers/toes
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Raynaud's syndrome (vasospasm in extremities)
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Painful, raised red lesions on palms and soles
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Osler's node (infective endocarditis)
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Painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles
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Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis)
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Painless jaundice
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Cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct
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Palpable purpura on buttocks/legs, joint pain, abdominal pain (child)
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Henoch-Schonlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)
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Pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors
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MEN 1 (autosomal dominant)
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Pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation
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Pink puffer (emphysema: centroacinar [smoking] , par??a0nar [ C?-r!??titrrr??in defic??r??cy])
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Polyuria, acidosis, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances
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Fanconi's syndrome (proximal tubular reabsorption defect)
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Positive anterior "drawer sign"
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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
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Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
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Horner's syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)
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Pupil accommodates but doesn't react
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Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis)
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Rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascends (following GI/upper respiratory infection)
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Guillain-Barre syndrome (autoimmune acute inflammatory demyel i nating polyneuropathy)
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Rash on palms and soles
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Coxsackie A, zo syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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Recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE
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Hyper-IgE syndrome (Job's syndrome: neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality)
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Red "currant jelly" sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients
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Klebsiella pnewnoniae
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Red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola
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Paget's disease of the breast (represents underlying neoplasm)
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Red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
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Renal cell carcinoma (bilateral), hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma
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von Hippel-Lindau disease (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation)
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Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability
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Parkinson's disease (nigrostriatal dopamine depletion)
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Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
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Roth's spots (bacterial endocarditis)
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Severe jaundice in neonate
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Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
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Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
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McBurney's sign (appendicitis)
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Short stature, i incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia
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Fanconi's anemia (genetic loss of DNA crosslink repair; often progresses to AML)
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Single palm crease
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Simian crease (Down syndrome)
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S itus inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, infertility
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Kartagener's syndrome ( dynein arm defect affecting cilia)
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Skin hyperpigmentation
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Addison's disease (l o adrenocortical insufficiency causes i ACTH and a-MSH production)
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Slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys
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Becker's muscular dystrophy (X-linked missense mutation in dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne's)
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Small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers
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Koplik spots (measles; rubeola virus)
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Smooth, flat, moist white lesions on genitals
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Condylomata lata (2° syphilis)
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Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
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Bacterial endocarditis
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Strawberry tongue
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Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome
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Streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney, cystic hygroma at birth
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Turner syndrome (45XO, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema)
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Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi
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Gout/podagra (hyperuricemia)
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Swollen gums, mucous bleeding, poor wound healing, spots on skin
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Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency: can't hydroxylate proline/lysine for coll agen synthesis)
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Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
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Osteoarthritis ( osteophytes on PIP [Bouchard's nodes] , DIP [Heberden's nodes])
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Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)
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Aortic valve stenosis
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Thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma
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MEN 2A (autosomal dominant ret mutation)
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Thyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis
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MEN 2B (autosomal dominant ret mutation)
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Toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape
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Babinski sign (UMN lesion)
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Unilateral facial drooping involving forehead
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Bell's palsy (LMN CN VII palsy)
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Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male
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Reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27
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Vascular birthmark (port-wine stain)
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Hemangioma (benign, but associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome)
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Vomiting blood following esophagogastric lacerations
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Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulimic patients)
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Waxy casts with very low urine flow
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Chronic end-stage renal disease
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WBC casts in urine
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Acute pyelonephritis
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Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy
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Whipple's disease (Tropheryma whippelii)
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Worst headache of my life
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Anticentromere antibodies
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Scleroderma (CREST)
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Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies
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Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
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Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
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Goodpasture's syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
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Antihistone antibodies
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Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin procainamide)
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Anti-lgG antibodies
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Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)
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Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
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Primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)
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Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)
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Vasculitis (c-ANCA: Wegener's; p-ANCA: microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome)
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Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs : anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)
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SLE (type Ill hypersensitivity)
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Antiplatelet antibodies
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Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
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Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
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Diffuse systemic scleroderma
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Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
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Celiac disease (diarrhea, d istention, weight loss)
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Apple core lesion on abdominal x-ray
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Colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)
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Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts
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Auer rods (acute myelogenous leukemia, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type)
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Bacitracin response
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Sensitive: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A); resistant:Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)
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Bamboo spine on x-ray
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Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
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Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
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Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)
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Basophilic stippling of RBCs
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Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
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Bloody tap on LP
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Boot-shaped heart on x-ray
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Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH
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Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
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Actinomyces israelii
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Bronchogenic apical lung tumor
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Pancoast tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner's syndrome)
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Brown tumor of bone
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Hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts. Due to: l. Hyperparathyroidism 2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica
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Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
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Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
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Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule
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Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
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Chocolate cyst of ovary
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Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
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Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibril
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Homer Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)
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Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs
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Cystic fibrosis (AR mutation to CFTR resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
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Decreased a-fetoprotei n in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
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Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality
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Degeneration of dorsal column nerves
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Tabes dorsalis W syphilis)
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Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
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Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
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Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
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Curschmann's spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)
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Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
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Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)
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Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia
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Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)
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Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
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Owl's-eye appearance of CMV
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Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
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Orphan Annie eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)
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Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion i n liver cell
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Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)
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Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell
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Lewy body (Parkinson's disease)
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Eosinophilic globule in liver
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Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)
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Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells
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Rabies virus (Lyssavirus)
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Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
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Senile plaques (Alzheimer's disease)
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Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions ("owl's eye")
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Reed-Sternberg cells ( Hodgkin's lymphoma)
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Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
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Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
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Hair-on-end (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray
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P-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)
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hCG elevated
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Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
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Heart nodules (granulomatous)
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Aschoff bod ies (rheumatic fever)
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Heterophile antibodies
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Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
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Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
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Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)
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High level of D-dimers
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DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC
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Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
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Chon complex W TB : Mycobacterium bacilli)
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Honeycomb lung on x-ray
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Interstitial fibrosis
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Hypersegmented neutrophils
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Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)
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Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
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Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (HbF sometimes present)
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Increased a-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
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Dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
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Increased uric acid levels
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Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
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Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
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Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)
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Iron-contai ning nodules in alveolar septum
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Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: t chance of mesothelioma)
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Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency
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Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)
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Lead pipe appearance of colon on x-ray
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Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)
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Linear appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
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Goodpasture's syndrome
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Low serum ceruloplasmin
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Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
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Lumpy-bumpy appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
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Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)
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Lytic ("hole-punched") bone lesions on x-ray
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Multiple myeloma
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Mammary gland ("blue-domed ") cyst
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Fibrocystic change of the breast
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Monoclonal antibody spike
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Multiple myeloma (called the M protein ; usually IgG or IgA) 2 . Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; normal consequence of aging) 3. Waldenstrom's (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia 4. Primary amyloidosis
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Monoclonal globulin protein in blood/urine
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Bence Jones proteins (multiple myeloma [kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine]), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (lgM)
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Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
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Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)
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Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph
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String sign (Crohn's disease)
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Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
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Gout (monosodium urate crystals)
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Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
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Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
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Novobiocin response
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Sensitive: Staphylococcus epidermidis; resistant: Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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Nutmeg appearance of liver
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Chronic passive congestion of liver clue to right heart failure
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Onion-skin periosteal reaction
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Ewing's sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)
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Optochin response
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Sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae; resistant: Viridans streptococcus
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Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area
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Cadman's triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma,pyogenic osteomyelitis)
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Poclocyte fusion on EM
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Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
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Polished, "ivory-like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion
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Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)
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Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau
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Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer's disease and CJD)
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Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
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Glioblastoma multiforme
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RBC casts in urine
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Acute glomerulonephritis
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Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
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Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)
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Renal epithelial casts in urine
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Acute toxic/viral nephrosis
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|
Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
|
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)
|
|
|
Rib notching
|
Coarctation of the aorta
|
|
|
Ring-enhancing brain l esion in AIDS
|
Toxoplasma gondii
|
|
|
Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells ( "starry sky"appearance on histology)
|
Burkitt's lymphoma (t[8: 14) c-myc activation, associated with EBV; "black sky" made up of malignant cells)
|
|
|
Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins inneurons
|
Pick bodies ( Pick's disease : progressive dementia, changes in personality)
|
|
|
Soap bubble in femur or tibia on x-ray
|
Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)
|
|
|
Spikes on basement membrane, "dome-like" subepithelial deposits
|
Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)
|
|
|
Stacks of red blood cells
|
Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)
|
|
|
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells
|
Clue cells ( Gardnerella vagina lis)
|
|
|
Tennis-racket-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
|
Birbeck granules (histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)
|
|
|
Thrombi made of white/red layers
|
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
|
|
|
'Thumb sign" on lateral x-ray
|
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
|
|
|
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
|
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
|
|
|
Tram-track appearance on LM
|
M-embranop-roliferative glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
|
Fatt-y liver d-isease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
|
|
|
WBCs that look "smudged"
|
C-LL -(alm-ost always B cell; affects the elderly)
|
|
|
Wire loop glomerular appearance on LM
|
Lupus nephropathy
|
|
|
Yellow CSF
|
Xantho-chromia (previous -s-ubarachnoid hemorrhage)
|
|
|
Absence seizures
|
Ethosuximide
|
|
|
Acute gout attack
|
NSAIDs, colchicine
|
|
|
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3)
|
All-trans retinoic acid
|
|
|
ADHD
|
Methylphenidate, amphetamines
|
|
|
Alcohol abuse
|
AA +disulfiram for patient and Al-Anon for family
|
|
|
Alcohol withdrawal
|
Benzodiazepines
|
|
|
Anorexia
|
SSRis
|
|
|
Anticoagulation during pregnancy
|
Heparin
|
|
|
Anxiety
|
Buspirone
|
|
|
Arrhythmia in damaged cardiac tissue
|
Class IB antiarrhythmic (lidocaine, mexiletine, tocainide)
|
|
|
B1z deficiency
|
B12
|
|
|
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
|
Tamsulosin, finasteride
|
|
|
Bipolar disorder
|
Lithium, valproate, carbamazepine (mood stabilizers)
|
|
|
Breast cancer in postmenopausal woman
|
Aromatase inh ibitor
|
|
|
Buerger's disease
|
Smoking cessation
|
|
|
Bulimia
|
SSRis
|
|
|
Candida albicans
|
Amphotericin B (systemic), nystatin (oral thrush, esophagitis)
|
|
|
Carcinoid syndrome
|
Octreotide
|
|
|
Chlamydia trachomatis
|
Doxycycline (+ ceftriaxone for gonorrhea coinfection), erythromycin eye drops (prophylaxis in infants)
|
|
|
Chronic gout
|
Probenecid (underexcretor) , allopurinol (overproducer)
|
|
|
Chronic hepatitis
|
IFN-a
|
|
|
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
|
Imatinib
|
|
|
Clostridium botulinum
|
Antitoxin
|
|
|
Clostridium difficile
|
Oral metronidazole
|
|
|
Clostridium tetani
|
Antitoxin + vaccine booster + diazepam
|
|
|
Crohn's disease
|
Corticosteroids, i nfliximab
|
|
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
Fluconazole (prophylaxis in AIDS patients)
|
|
|
Cystic fibrosis
|
N-acetylcysteine + antipseudomonal prophylaxis (tobramycin/azithromycin)
|
|
|
Cytomegalovirus
|
Ganciclovir
|
|
|
Depression
|
SSRis (first-line)
|
|
|
Diabetes insipidus
|
Desmopressin (central); hydrochlorothiazide, indomethacin, amiloride (nephrogenic)
|
|
|
Diabetes mellitus type 1
|
Dietary intervention (low-sugar)+ insulin replacement
|
|
|
Diabetes mellitus type 2
|
Dietary intervention, oral hypoglycemic, and insulin (possible)
|
|
|
Diabetic ketoacidosis
|
Fluids, insulin, K+
|
|
|
Enterococci
|
Vancomycin/ampicillin + aminoglycoside
|
|
|
Erectile dysfunction
|
Sildenafil
|
|
|
ER-positive breast cancer
|
Tamoxifen
|
|
|
Ethylene glycol/methanol intoxication
|
Fomepizole (alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor)
|
|
|
Folate deficiency
|
Folate
|
|
|
Haemophilus influenzae (B)
|
Rifampin (prophylaxis)
|
|
|
Hemorrhagic cystitis
|
Mesna
|
|
|
Heparin toxicity (acute)
|
Protamine sulfate
|
|
|
HER2/neu-positive breast cancer
|
Trastuzumab
|
|
|
Hyperaldosteronism
|
Spironolactone
|
|
|
Hypercholesterolemia
|
Statin (first-line)
|
|
|
Hypertriglyceridemia
|
Fibrate
|
|
|
Immediate anticoagulation
|
Heparin
|
|
|
Infertility
|
Leuprolide, GnRH (pulsatile)
|
|
|
Influenza
|
Amantadine/rimantadine
|
|
|
Legionella pneumophila
|
Erythromycin
|
|
|
Long-term anticoagulation
|
Warfarin
|
|
|
Malaria
|
Chloroquine/mefloquine (for blood schizont), primaquine (for liver hypnozoite)
|
|
|
Malignant hyperthermia
|
Dantrolene
|
|
|
Medical abortion
|
Mifepristone
|
|
|
Migraine
|
Sumatriptan
|
|
|
MRSA
|
Vancomycin
|
|
|
Multiple sclerosis
|
Beta-interferon
|
|
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
|
RIPES (rifampin, INH, pyrazinamide, ethambutol,streptomycin)
|
|
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
|
Ceftriaxone (add doxycycline to cover likely concurrent Chlamydia)
|
|
|
Neisseria meningitidis
|
Penicillin/ceftriaxone, rifampin (prophylaxis)
|
|
|
Neural tube defect prevention
|
Folate
|
|
|
Osteomalacia/rickets
|
Vitamin D supplementation
|
|
|
Patent ductus arteriosus
|
Indomethacin
|
|
|
Pheochromocytoma
|
a-antagonists
|
|
|
Pneumocystis jiroveci
|
TMP-SMX (prophylaxis in AIDS patient)
|
|
|
Prolactinoma
|
Bromocriptine (dopamine agonists)
|
|
|
Prostate cancer/uterine fibroids
|
Leuprolide, GnRH (continuous)
|
|
|
Prostate carcinoma
|
Flutamide
|
|
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
Antipseudomonal penicillin + aminoglycoside
|
|
|
Pulmonary hypertension
|
Bosentan
|
|
|
Rickettsia rickettsii
|
Tetracycline, chloramphenicol (especially in context of aplastic anemia)
|
|
|
Ringworm infections
|
Terbinafine, griseofulvin, imidazole
|
|
|
Schizophrenia (negative symptoms)
|
5 -HT2A antagonists (e.g., olanzapine)
|
|
|
Schizophren ia (positive symptoms)
|
D2 receptor antagonists
|
|
|
SIADH
|
Demeclocycline, lithium
|
|
|
Sickle cell anemia
|
Hydroxyurea (t HbF )
|
|
|
Sporothrix schenckii
|
Oral KI
|
|
|
Stable angina
|
Sublingual nitroglycerin
|
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
Methicillin/naficillin
|
|
|
Streptococcus bovis
|
Penicillin prophylaxis
|
|
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae
|
Penicillin/cephalosporin (systemic infection, pneumonia), vancomycin (meningitis)
|
|
|
Streptococcus pyogenes
|
Penicillin prophylaxis
|
|
|
Temporal arteritis
|
High-dose steroids
|
|
|
Tonic-clonic seizures
|
Phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine
|
|
|
Toxoplasma gondii
|
Sulfonamide + pyrimethamine
|
|
|
Treponema pallidum
|
Penicillin
|
|
|
Trichomonas vaginalis
|
Metronidazole (patient and partner)
|
|
|
Ulcerative colitis
|
5-ASA, infliximab
|
|
|
UTI prophylaxis
|
TMP-SMX
|
|
|
Warfarin toxicity
|
Fresh frozen plasma (acute), vitamin K (chronic)
|
|
|
Wegener's granulomatosis
|
Cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids
|
|
|
Actinic (solar) keratosis
|
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
|
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
|
Cushing's ulcer (t ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
|
|
|
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
|
Curling's ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
|
|
|
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
|
Skip lesions (Crohn's disease)
|
|
|
Aneurysm, dissecting
|
Hypertension
|
|
|
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
|
Atherosclerosis
|
|
|
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
|
Marfan's syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
|
|
|
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
|
Wernicke's encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
|
|
|
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
|
Sickle cell anemia ( HbS)
|
|
|
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
|
H. pylori
|
|
|
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
|
Neisseria meningitidis
|
|
|
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
|
Group B streptococcus (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)
|
|
|
Benign melanocytic nevus
|
Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)
|
|
|
Bleeding disorder with Gplb deficiency
|
Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand's factor)
|
|
|
Brain tumor (adults)
|
Supratentorial: mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) >meningioma> schwannoma
|
|
|
Brain tumor (kids)
|
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial : craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
|
|
|
Breast cancer
|
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the United States, l in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
|
|
|
Breast mass
|
1. Fibrocystic change 2. Carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
|
|
|
Breast tumor (benign)
|
Fibroadenoma
|
|
|
Cardiac Primary tumor (kids)
|
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
|
|
|
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
|
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
|
|
|
Cardiac tumor (adults)
|
1. Metastasis 2 . 1° myxoma (4:lleft to right atrium; "ball and valve")
|
|
|
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
|
Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
|
|
|
Chronic arrhythmia
|
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
|
|
|
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
|
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
|
|
|
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
|
DES exposure in utero
|
|
|
Compression fracture
|
Osteoporosis (type I : postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
|
|
|
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
|
2 1-hydroxylase deficiency
|
|
|
Congenital cardiac anomaly
|
VSD
|
|
|
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
|
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
|
|
|
Constrictive pericarditis
|
Tuberculosis (developing world) ; systemic lupuserythematosus (developed world)
|
|
|
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
|
LAD > RCA > LCA
|
|
|
Cretinism
|
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
|
|
|
Cushing's syndrome
|
l. Corticosteroid therapy 2. Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary 3. Small cell lung carcinoma
|
|
|
Cyanosis (early; less common)
|
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
|
|
|
Cyanosis (late; more common)
|
VSD, ASD, PDA
|
|
|
Death in CML
|
Blast crisis
|
|
|
Death i n SLE
|
Lupus nephropathy
|
|
|
Dementia
|
l . Alzheimer's disease 2. Multiple infarcts
|
|
|
Demyelinating disease in young women
|
Multiple sclerosis
|
|
|
DIC
|
Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma
|
|
|
Dietary deficit
|
Iron
|
|
|
Diverticulum in pharynx
|
Zenker's d iverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
|
|
|
Ejection click
|
Aortic /pulmonic stenosis
|
|
|
Esophageal cancer
|
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide) ; adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
|
|
|
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
|
S. aureus, B. cereus
|
|
|
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
|
Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
|
|
|
Gynecologic malignancy
|
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U. S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
|
|
|
Heart murmur, congenital
|
Mitral valve prolapse
|
|
|
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
|
Mitral (rheumatic fever), tricuspid ( IV drug abuse), aortic (2nd affected in rheumatic fever)
|
|
|
Helminth infection (U.S.)
|
1. Enterobius vermicularis 2. Ascaris lumbricoides
|
|
|
Hematoma- epidural
|
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
|
|
|
Hematoma-subdural
|
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
|
|
|
Hemochromatosis
|
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and i risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
|
|
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma
|
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C)
|
|
|
Hereditary bleeding disorder
|
von Willebrand's disease
|
|
|
Hereditary harmless jaundice
|
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
|
|
|
HLA-B27
|
Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psonas1s
|
|
|
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
|
Diabetes mellitus type l, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
|
|
|
Holosystolic murmur
|
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
|
|
|
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
|
Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
|
|
|
Hypertension, 2°
|
Renal disease
|
|
|
Hypoparathyroidism
|
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
|
|
|
Hypopituitarism
|
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
|
|
|
Infection 2° to blood transfusion
|
Hepatitis C
|
|
|
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
|
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)
|
|
|
Kidney stones
|
l . Calcium = radiopaque 2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus) 3. Uric acid = radiolucent
|
|
|
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L ?? R becomes R ?? L)
|
Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
|
|
|
Liver disease
|
Alcoholic cirrhosis
|
|
|
Lysosomal storage disease
|
Gaucher's disease
|
|
|
Male cancer
|
Prostatic carcinoma
|
|
|
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
|
Hodgkin's lymphoma
|
|
|
Malignant skin tumor
|
Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
|
|
|
Mental retardation
|
l . Down syndrome 2. Fragile X syndrome
|
|
|
Metastases to bone
|
Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
|
|
|
Metastases to brain
|
Lung, breast, skin (melanoma) , kidney (renal cell carcinoma) , GI
|
|
|
Metastases to liver
|
Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas
|
|
|
Mitochondrial inheritance
|
Disease occurs in both males and fem ales, inherited through females only
|
|
|
Mitral valve stenosis
|
Rheumatic heart disease
|
|
|
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
|
ALS
|
|
|
Myocarditis
|
Coxsackie B
|
|
|
Neoplasm (kids)
|
l . ALL 2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma
|
|
|
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
|
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
|
|
|
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
|
Minimal change disease (associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)
|
|
|
Neuron m igration failure
|
Kallmann syndrome
|
|
|
Nosocomial pneumonia
|
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
|
|
Obstruction of male urinary tract
|
BPH
|
|
|
Opening snap
|
Mitral stenosis
|
|
|
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
|
Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia
|
|
|
Osteomyelitis
|
S. aureus
|
|
|
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
|
Salmonella
|
|
|
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
|
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
|
|
|
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
|
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
|
|
|
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
|
Serous cystadenoma
|
|
|
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
|
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Pancreatitis (acute)
|
Gallstones, alcohol
|
|
|
Pancreatitis (chronic)
|
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
|
|
|
Patient with ALL /CLL /AML /CML
|
ALL: child, CLL: adult> 60, AML: adult - 60, CML: adult 30-60
|
|
|
Pelvic inflammatory disease
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)
|
|
|
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
|
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
|
|
|
Pituitary tumor
|
I. Prolactinoma 2. Somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma
|
|
|
Primary amenorrhea
|
Turner syndrome (45XO)
|
|
|
Primary bone tumor (adults)
|
Multiple myeloma
|
|
|
Primary hyperaldosteronism
|
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
|
|
|
Primary hyperparathyroidism
|
1. Adenomas 2. Hyperplasia 3. Carcinoma
|
|
|
Primary liver cancer
|
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1 antitrypsin)
|
|
|
Pulmonary hypertension
|
COPD
|
|
|
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
|
Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
|
|
|
Renal tumor
|
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau
and adult polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)" |
|
|
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
|
Cor Pulmonale
|
|
|
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
|
increased ventricular filling (L -7 R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
|
|
|
S4 (presystolic gallop)
|
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
|
|
|
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
|
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
|
|
|
Sexually transmitted disease
|
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
|
|
|
SIADH
|
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
|
|
|
Site of diverticula
|
Sigmoid colon
|
|
|
Sites of atherosclerosis
|
Abdominal aorta > coronary> popliteal > carotid
|
|
|
Stomach cancer
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
|
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
|
|
|
t( 14; 18 )
|
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
|
|
|
t(8; 14)
|
Burkitt's lymphoma ( c-myc activation)
|
|
|
t(9;22)
|
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
|
|
|
Temporal arteritis
|
Risk of ipsilateral blindness clue to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
|
|
|
Testicular tumor
|
Seminoma
|
|
|
Thyroid cancer
|
Papillary carcinoma
|
|
|
Tumor in women
|
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
|
|
|
Tumor of infancy
|
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
|
|
|
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
|
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
|
|
|
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
|
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
|
|
|
Type of Hodgkin's
|
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
|
|
|
Type of non-Hodgkin's
|
Diffuse large cell
|
|
|
UTI
|
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
|
|
|
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
|
H SV-l
|
|
|
Vitamin deficiency (U. S .)
|
Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
|
