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2259 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the lungworms in the following species:
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Pig:
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Metastrongylus apri, M. salmi
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Sheep, Goat:
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Dictyocaulus filaria, Protostrongylus rufescens, Muellerius capillaris
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Horse, Donkey, Mule:
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Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
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Cattle, Ox:
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Dictyocaulus viviparus
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Fox, raccoon:
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Crenosoma vulpis
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Dog:
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Filaroides osleri, Angiostrongylus vasorum
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Cat:
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Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Filaroides rostratus
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Rat:
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis
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New World monkey:
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Filaroides cebus
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Mink:
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Aeulurostrongylus pridhami
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Hedgehog:
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Crenosoma striatus
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Opossum:
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Capillaria didelphis
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List the parasite and parasitic associated neoplasms
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Spirocerca lupi: Esophageal sarcoma, osteosarcoma (dog)
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Cysticercus fasciolaris (Taenia taeniaformis): Hepatic sarcoma (rat)
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What causes fibrinous polyserositis in pigs?
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Streptococcus suis
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Mycoplasma hyorhinis
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Hemophilus parasuis
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List what the neutrophil primary granules (lysosomes) contain
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Myeloperoxidase – respiratory burst
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Bacterial-permeability-inducing protein
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Lysozymes – degrade bacterial products
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Elastase – degrade bacterial products
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Acid hydrolases
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Neutral proteases
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Napthol AS-D choloracetate esterase
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Beta glucuronidase, cathepsin B – hydrolases
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Defensins – kill gram + bacteria, attack plasma membranes
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List what the neutrophil secondary granules (lysosomes) contain
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Lysozyme
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Collagenase
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Cathelicidine
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Apolactoferrin
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Plasminogen activator
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Lactoferrin (iron binding protein)
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List what the monocyte granules (lysosomes)
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Peroxidase
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Acid hydrolases
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Alpha-naphthyl acetate
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Butyrate esterases
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Aryl sulfatase
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Lysozyme
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List the intracellular bacteria
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Lawsonia
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Mycobacteria
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Rhodococcus
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Yersinia
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Brucella
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Clostridium
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List intrahistiocytic fungi and protozoal organisms
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Trypanosoma cruzi – kinetoplast parallel to nucleus
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Leishmania sp. (donovani) – kinetoplast perpendicular to nucleus (lollipop)
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Neospora caninum
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Histoplasma capsulatum
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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Sporothrix schenckii
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Blastomyces dermatitidis
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Candida sp.
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Coccidioides immitis
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Cytauxzoon felis
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List the causes of eosinophilia in horses
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Habronemia
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Pythium
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Mast cell tumor
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Culicoides
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Equine eosinophilic granuloma (Equine nodular collagenolytic granuloma)
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List the Eimeria species & location (A Nasty Mean Mastiff Bit Tom)
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Acervulina – duodenum
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Necatrix – duodenum
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Maxima – jejunum
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Mitis – ileum
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Brunetti – ileum, rectum
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Tenella - cecum
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List the bacilli (YAACCSS)
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Yersinia
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Actinobacillus
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Actinomyces
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Corynebacterium
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Clostridium
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Staphylococcus
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Streptococcus
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List the genuses in the family Poxviridae
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Orthopoxvirus
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Parapoxvirus
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Capripoxvirus
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Avipoxvirus
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Leporipoxvirus
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Suipoxvirus
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Unclassified
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List the viruses in the genus Orthopoxvirus
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Vaccinia
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Variola – Smallpox
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Ectromelia – Mousepox
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Monkeypox
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Cowpox
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Buffalopox
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Rabbitpox
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Camelpox
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Raccoonpox
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List the viruses in the genus Parapoxvirus
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Contagious ovine ecthyma, orf
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Bovine pustular stomatitis
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Contagious ecthyma, chamois
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Pseudocowpox
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Sealpox
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List the viruses in the genus Capripoxvirus
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Sheep-pox
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Goatpox
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Lumpy skin disease of cattle
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List the viruses in the genus Avipoxvirus
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Fowlpox
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Canarypox
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Juncopox
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Pigeonpox
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Quailpox
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Sparrowpox
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Starlingpox
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Turkeypox
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List the viruses in the genus Leporipoxvirus
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Myxoma of rabbits
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Hare fibroma
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Rabbit (Shope) fibroma
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Squirrel fibroma
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List the viruses in the genus Suipoxvirus
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Swinepox
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List the viruses in the unclassified category
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Carnivorepox
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Elephantpox
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Molluscum contagiosum of human
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Yaba monkey tumor pox
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Tanapox
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Name some of the important clostridial diseases & what they cause
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C. botulinum: flaccid paralysis > respiratory paralysis
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C. chauvoei: Blackleg, necrotizing myositis w/gas production
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C. colinum: ulcerative enteritis, liver necrosis (quail, turkeys, chickens); Quail dz.
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C. difficile: enterocolitis (hamsters, rabbits, guinea pigs, swine); naturally occuring (cattle, horses)
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C. haemolyticum: bacillary hemoglobinuria; Redwater (cattle. Hepatic damage (fluke migration) > infarction > necrosis > hemolysis > death. Mottled kidneys, deep red urine.
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C. novyi: infectious necrotic hepatitis (Black dz.); Malignant edema
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C. perfringens: enterotoxemia; Lamb dysentery; Pulpy kidney dz. (sheep); Malignant edema
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C. piliforme: (Tyzzer's dz): G-, affects liver, heart, cecum; necrosis
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C. septicum: Malignant edema, Braxy (abomasal lesion d/t eating frosted grass)
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C. spiroforme: enteritis & colitis (rabbits, guinea pigs, foals)
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C. tetani: tetanus in domestic animals; neurotoxin
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C. villosum: cat abscesses d/t fights and cat pleurisy; pyothorax
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Name the different types of C. perfringens, the toxins & what they cause
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Type A: Toxins: Alpha; malignant edema
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Type B: Toxins: Beta, alpha, epsilon; dysentery in lambs, enterotoxemia
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Type C: Toxins: Beta, alpha; struck in sheep, necrotic enteritis in pigs
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Type D: Toxins: Epsilon, alpha; enterotoxemia
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Type E: Toxins: Iota, alpha; necrotic enteritis
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Name the different types of C novyi, and what they cause
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Type A: Malignant edema (cattle, sheep); Bighead in rams
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Type B: Black’s dz.
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Type C: Osteomyelitis in buffalo
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Name the nematode groups
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Rhabditoids (small)
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Oxyurids
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Ascarids
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Strongyles (True strongyles, trichostrongyles, metastrongyles)
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Spirurids
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Filarids
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Aphasmids
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Name the viruses that form intranuclear inclusions
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Herpesvirus
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Adenovirus
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Parvovirus
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Morbillivirus
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Cytomegalovirus
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Name the viruses that form intracytoplasmic inclusions
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Poxvirus
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Paramyxovirus
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Reovirus
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Rhabdovirus
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Morbillivirus
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Cytomegalovirus
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Rabies virus
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Name the viruses that form intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions
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Morbillivirus: K-9 distemper, measles
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Cytomegalovirus: Porcine
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Name the viruses that cause syncytial cell formation
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Herpesvirus (some)
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Paramyxovirus
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Morbillivirus (Paramyxovirus)
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Pneumovirus (Paramyxovirus)
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Lentivirus
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Sendai virus (Paramyxovirus)
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Mouse hepatitis virus (Coronavirus)
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Porcine circovirus 2 (Circovirus)
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Name the DNA viruses capable of inducing tumors
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Polyomavirus
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Papillomavirus
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Adenovirus
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Herpesvirus
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Hepatitis B-like virus
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Name the RNA viruses capable of inducing tumors
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Retrovirus (oncornavirus)
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Name the DNA viruses
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Poxvirus
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Asfarvirus
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Iridovirus
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Herpesvirus
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Adenovirus
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Papovavirus
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Parvovirus
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Circovirus
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Hepadnavirus
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Name the RNA viruses
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Retrovirus
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Reovirus
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Birnavirus (Infectious bursal dz.; Infectious pancreatic necrosis of fish)
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Paramyxovirus
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Rhabdovirus
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Filovirus
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Bornavirus
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Orthomyxovirus
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Bunyavirus
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Arenavirus
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Coronavirus
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Arterivirus (PRRS; EAV; Lactate Dehydrogenase Elevating Virus of Mice; Simian Hemorrhagic Fever virus
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Picornavirus
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Calicivirus
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Astrovirus
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Togavirus
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Flavivirus
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The cytoskeleton consists of what components?
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Microtubules (25nm)
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Thick myosin filaments (15nm)
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Intermediate filaments (10nm)
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Thin actin filaments (6-8nm)
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Nonpolymerized & nonfilamentous forms
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Name the intermediate filaments and where are they found?
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Keratin – epithelial
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Desmin – muscle
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Neurofilaments – neurons
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Glial – astrocytes
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Vimentin – connective tissue
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What are the four classes of chemokines, what are the types, and what’s their action?
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CXC – alpha; IL-8; attract: neutrophils
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CC – beta; MCP1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), MIP1alpha (MO inflam protein 1alpha), Eotaxin; RANTES (Regulated And Normal T-cell Expressed & Secreted); attract: monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes
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C – gamma; lymphotaxin; attracts: lymphocytes
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CX3C – Fractalkine (membrane bound & soluble); attract: monocytes, T-cells
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What nonenzymatic & enzymatic systems contribute to free radical system activation?
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Antioxidants: Vit A, Vit E, Vit C, glutathione
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Iron & Copper
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Enzymes: Catalase in peroxisomes; Superoxide dismutase – manganese in mitochondria & copper-zinc in the cytosol; Glutathione peroxidase
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Name some agents & their classification (if applicable) that cause oral vesicles, erosions or ulcerations
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Vesicular stomatitis – Vesiculovirus, Rhabdovirus
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Bluetongue – Orbivirus, Reovirus
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Contagious ecthyma – Parapoxvirus, Poxvirus
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Bovine papular stomatitis – Parapoxvirus, Poxvirus
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Foot & Mouth Dz. – Aphthovirus, Picornavirus
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Bovine viral diarrhea/Mucosal disease – Pestivirus, Flavivirus
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Malignant catarrhal fever – Alcephaline HV-1, Ovine HV-2; Caprine herpesvirus
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Rinderpest – Morbillivirus, Paramyxovirus
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Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (GI form) in calves – Bovine HV-1, Herpesvirus
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What etiological agents, classify, cause vesicular disease?
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Foot & mouth disease virus – Aphthovirus, Picornavirus
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Swine vesicular disease virus – Enterovirus, Picornavirus
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Vesicular exanthema of swine/San Miguel sea lion viruses – Calicivirus, Calicivirus
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Vesicular stomatitis virus – Vesiculovirus, Rhabdovirus
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What are the viruses, hosts and diseases caused by papillomaviruses?
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Bovine type 1; Cattle; Cutaneous fibropapilloma; Equine; Equine sarcoid
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Bovine type 2; Cattle; Cutaneous fibropapilloma; Horse; Equine sarcoid
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Bovine type 3; Cattle; Cutaneous papilloma
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Bovine type 4; Cattle; GI tract papilloma
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Bovine type 5; Cattle; Teat fibropapilloma
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Bovine type 6; Cattle; Teat papilloma
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Equine papillomavirus; Equine; Cutaneous papilloma
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K-9 oral papillomavirus; Canine; Oral papilloma
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Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus; Cottontails, Domestics, Hares; Cutaneous papilloma, +/- SCC
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Rabbit oral papillomavirus; Domestic rabbits; Oral papilloma
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Deer papillomavirus; Deer; Cutaneous fibroma
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Ovine papillomavirus; Sheep; Cutaneous papilloma
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Caprine papillomavirus; Goat; Cutaneous papilloma, Mammary papilloma
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Porcine papillomavirus; Swine; Genital papilloma
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Name some important Corynebacterium and what principal disease they cause
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C. renale, C. pilosum; Cystitis in cows
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C. cystitidis; Hemorrhagic cystitis & pyelonephritis in cows
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C. bovis; Dermatitis in nude mice
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C. suis; Pyelonephritis & cystitis in cows
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C. kutscheri; Pseudotuberculosis in rodents
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C. pseudotuberculosis; Ulcerative lymphangitis & equine pectoral abscesses; caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats
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List some important Actinobacillus sp. and what disease they cause
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A. capsulatus; Arthritis, septicemia in rabbits
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A. equuli; Septicemia in foals
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A. lignieresi; Wooden tongue, lymphadenitis in cows
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A. pleuropneumoniae
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A. seminis; Epididymitis & periorchitis in rams
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A. salpingitidis; Salpingitis, peritonitis, airsacculitis, pneumonia in birds
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A. suis; Septicemia, purulent inflam, pneumonia, mastitis in pigs
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List some important Rickettsial sp. and diseases they cause
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R. ricketsii; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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Coxiella burnetii
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E. canis; Equine ehrlichiosis
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E. platys; K-9 infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia
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Neorickettsia risticii; Potomac Horse Fever; Equine ehrlichial abortion
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E. equi; Equine ehrlichiosis
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E. ewingii; K-9 granulocytic ehrlichoiosis
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Name the Anaplasmataceae agent(s) in the following species
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Cat:
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Mycoplasma haemofelis; Eperythrozoon felis
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Dog:
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M. haemocanis
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Cattle:
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M. wenyonii; Anaplasma marginale; Paranaplasma caudatum
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Goat, sheep:
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A. ovis, E. ovis
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Avian:
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Aegyptianella pullorum
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Swine:
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M. haemosuis; E. parvum; E. suis
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Mice, rats:
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M. haemomuris; E. coccoides
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Primates:
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Hemobartonella-like organism
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Name the Babesia sp. in the following species, which are important in the US?
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Cattle:
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B. bovis
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Horse:
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B. equi, B. caballi
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Dog:
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B. canis; B. gibsoni
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Sheep, goat:
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B. ovis
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Cat:
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B. feli; B. cati; B. herpailuri; B. pantherae
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Pig:
|
B. trautmanni
|
|
|
Mice:
|
B. hylomysci; B. rodhaini, B. microti
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What does Mycoplasma haemofelis cause in domestic & wild cats?
|
|
|
|
|
Feline infectious anemia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What does Heomproteus sp. cause in avian species?
|
|
|
|
|
Avian malaria
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Name some herpesviruses of birds, what species is affected and what the disease?
|
|
|
|
|
Anatid HV-1 (alpha); Duck plague
|
|
|
|
Gallid HV-1 (alpha); Chickens; Infectious laryngotracheitis
|
|
|
|
Gallid HV-2 (alpha); Chickens; Marek's Dz.
|
|
|
|
Budgerigar HV; Budgerigars
|
|
|
|
Columbid HV-1; Pigeons, owls, falcons; Pigeon inclusion body; Hepatitis/esophagitis
|
|
|
|
Falconid HV-1; Falcon; Falcon inclusion body Dz.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Name the parasite, species affected, organ affected and neoplasm cause by parasite
|
|
|
|
|
Spirocerca lupi; Canine; Esophagus; Sarcoma (Fibro & Osteo)
|
|
|
|
Clonorchis sinensis; Feline; Liver; Bile duct carcinoma
|
|
|
|
Cysticercus fasciolaris; Liver; Hepatocellular carcinoma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the 10 layers of the retina?
|
|
|
|
|
Inner limiting membrane
|
|
|
|
Optic nerve fiber layer
|
|
|
|
Ganglion cell layer
|
|
|
|
Inner plexiform layer
|
|
|
|
Inner nuclear layer
|
|
|
|
Outer plexiform layer
|
|
|
|
Outer nuclear layer
|
|
|
|
Outer limiting membrane
|
|
|
|
Rods & cones (photoreceptor layer)
|
|
|
|
Pigmented retinal epithelium
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What structures make up the uvea?
|
|
|
|
|
Iris
|
|
|
|
Ciliary body
|
|
|
|
Choroid
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What structures comprise the anterior uvea?
|
|
|
|
|
Iris
|
|
|
|
Ciliary body
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the water-soluble vitamins?
|
|
|
|
|
Vit. B
|
|
|
|
Vit. C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
|
|
|
|
|
Vit. A
|
|
|
|
Vit. D
|
|
|
|
Vit. E
|
|
|
|
Vit. K
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the parvovirus for the following species?
|
|
|
|
Cat:
|
Cat: Feline panleukopenia
|
|
|
Mink:
|
Mink: Mink enteritis virus; Aleutian disease virus
|
|
|
Raccoon:
|
Raccoon: Raccoon parvovirus
|
|
|
Dog:
|
Dog: Canine parvovirus 2; Minute virus of canines
|
|
|
Cattle:
|
Cattle: Bovine parvovirus
|
|
|
Swine:
|
Swine: Porcine parvovirus
|
|
|
Rat:
|
Rat: Rat virus and H-1
|
|
|
Hamster:
|
Hamster: Minute virus of mice
|
|
|
Mice:
|
Mice: Minute virus of mice
|
|
|
Fox:
|
Fox: Fox parvovirus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the poxvirus induced tumors or tumor-like lesions, the host(s) and lesion
|
|
|
|
|
Myxomatosis virus; Sylvilagus (cottontail); Benign fibromas & Oryctolagus (domestic) rabbit; Malignant dermal mesenchymal tumors (affects other organs)
|
|
|
|
Shope rabbit fibroma virus; Cotton-tail and domestic rabbits; Dermal fibromas
|
|
|
|
Hare fibroma virus; Hares; Dermal fibromas
|
|
|
|
Squirrel fibroma virus; Grey squirrel, woodchucks; Dermal fibromas, rare fibrosarcomas w/mets
|
|
|
|
Yaba virus; Rhesus, cynomolgus, African green monkeys; Benign dermal mesenchymal tumors
|
|
|
|
Molluscum contagiosum; Horse; Benign epidermal papilloma-like lesions
|
|
|
|
Genital (papilloma) virus of swine; Male and female swine; Papillomatous lesions of the vaginal, vulvar, penile and prepucial mucosa
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the oncogenic herpesviruses, the host and neoplasm
|
|
|
|
|
Lucke renal adenocarcinoma; Renal adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
|
Marek's Dz. virus; Chickens; Neural lymphoma & viscerl involvement
|
|
|
|
Herpesvirus samiri; Squirrel monkey; Latent
|
|
|
|
Tamarin, owl and spider monkeys, domestic rabbits; Generalized T-cell lymphoma
|
|
|
|
Herpesvirus ateles; Spider monkey; Latent
|
|
|
|
Herpesvirus sylvilagus; Cottontail rabbit; Lymphoid hyperplasia & lymphoma
|
|
|
|
Epstein Barr virus; Cotton-top tamarin; Fatal B-cell lymphoma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Name the coagulation factors
|
|
|
|
|
I Fibrinogen
|
|
|
|
II Prothrombin
|
|
|
|
III Tissue factor (tissue thromboplastin)
|
|
|
|
IV Calcium
|
|
|
|
V Proaccelerin
|
|
|
|
VII Proconvertin
|
|
|
|
VIII Antihemophilic factor A
|
|
|
|
IX Christmas factor
|
|
|
|
X Stuart-Prower factor
|
|
|
|
XI Plasma thromboplastin antecedent
|
|
|
|
XII Hageman factor
|
|
|
|
XIII Fibrin stabilizing factor
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the subfamilies of herpesvirus and type of lesions
|
|
|
|
|
Alphaherpesvirus: cytocidal, causes necrosis
|
|
|
|
Betaherpesvirus: cytomegaly, intranuclear & occ. intracytoplasmic inclusions
|
|
|
|
Gammaherpesvirus: Lymphotropic for ‘B’ or ‘T’ cells
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the endosporulating fungi
|
|
|
|
|
Rhinosporidium
|
|
|
|
Coccidioides immitis
|
|
|
|
Prototheca
|
|
|
|
Chlorella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is the model used to study MCF?
|
|
|
|
|
Rabbit
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the gammaherpesviruses
|
|
|
|
|
Bovine lymphotropic virus
|
|
|
|
Hippotragine herpesvirus - African antelopes (MCF related virus)
|
|
|
|
Herpesvirus of white-tailed deer
|
|
|
|
Caprine herpesvirus
|
|
|
|
Epstein-Barr virus
|
|
|
|
Herpesvirus saimiri (Saimiirine herpesvirus 2)
|
|
|
|
Herpesvirus ateles (Ateline herpesvirus 2)
|
|
|
|
Herpesvirus sylvilagus (Leporid herpesvirus 1)
|
|
|
|
Marmoset lymphsarcoma virus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some coronaviruses in the following species
|
|
|
|
Mice:
|
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) - respiratory and enteric forms
|
|
|
Rats:
|
Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV)
|
|
|
Pigs:
|
Respiratory coronavirus; Enteric coronavirus (TGEV); Hemagglutinating encephalomyelit svirus (HEV)
|
|
|
Chickens:
|
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)
|
|
|
Turkeys:
|
Bluecomb or transmissible enteritis coronavirus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the circoviruses
|
|
|
|
|
Psittacine Beak and Feather Dz.
|
|
|
|
Chick Anemia Virus Dz.
|
|
|
|
Pigeon circovirus
|
|
|
|
Canary circovirus
|
|
|
|
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2 - Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the causes of corneal edema
|
|
|
|
|
Trauma
|
|
|
|
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (Pinkeye) - agent Moraxella bovis or M. bovoculi
|
|
|
|
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (BHV-1, alphaherpesvirus)
|
|
|
|
Congenital corneal opacity
|
|
|
|
MCF (alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, Ovine herpesvirus 2, gammaherpesvirus, herpesvirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List diseases that can cause vasculitis in cattle and wild ruminants
|
|
|
|
|
Viral: BVD (pestivirus,flavivirus); Bluetongue (orbivirus,reovirus); Adenoviral hemorrhagic dz.; MCF (alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, Ovine herpesvirus 2, gammaherpesvirus, herpesvirus)
|
|
|
|
Bacterial: Salmonella, Hemophilus somnus
|
|
|
|
Mycotic: Phycomycetes, aspergillus
|
|
|
|
Parasitic: Elaphora schneideri
|
|
|
|
Immune-mediated: Polyarteritis nodosa, drug-induced hypersensitivity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List dzs that cause inflamm, erosion & ulcerations of the nasal & alimentary tracts
|
|
|
|
|
BVD (pestivirus, flavivirus)
|
|
|
|
Bluetongue (orbivirus, reovirus)
|
|
|
|
Epizootic hemorrhagic Dz. (orbivirus, reovirus)
|
|
|
|
Rinderpest (morbillivirus, paramyxovirus)
|
|
|
|
Vesicular dzs.: FMD (aphthovirus); Vesicular stomatitis (vesiculovirus, rhabdovirus)
|
|
|
|
Caustic agents
|
|
|
|
Mycotoxins
|
|
|
|
MCF (alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, Ovine herpesvirus 2, gammaherpesvirus, herpesvirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List agents that can cause neurologic signs in turkeys
|
|
|
|
|
Newcastle Dz. (rubulavirus, paramyxovirus)
|
|
|
|
Aspergillus
|
|
|
|
Vitamin E deficiency
|
|
|
|
Salmonella enterica sub. Arizonae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List fungal or algal agents that cause intraocular inflammation
|
|
|
|
|
Blastomyces dermatitidis
|
|
|
|
Histoplasma capsulatum
|
|
|
|
Coccidioides immitis
|
|
|
|
Prototheca zopfii (algal)
|
|
|
|
Aspergillus terreus
|
|
|
|
Crytococcus neoformans
|
|
|
|
Candida
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the cause of retinal dysplasia in the following species
|
|
|
|
Cattle:
|
BVD (pestivirus, flavivirus) - fetal viral infection between day 79 & 150
|
|
|
Sheep:
|
Bluetongue (orbivirus, reovirus)
|
|
|
Cats:
|
Feline panleukopenia virus (feline parvovirus, parvovirus); Feline leukemia virus (oncornavirus, retrovirus); Vitamin A deficiency
|
|
|
Rd (retinal degen) mouse:
|
Inherited, autosomal blindness
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the four main lesions for Collie Eye Anomaly?
|
|
|
|
|
Choroidal hypoplasia
|
|
|
|
Coloboma
|
|
|
|
Retinal detachment
|
|
|
|
Intraocular hemorrhage
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the causes of cataracts
|
|
|
|
|
Galactose-induced
|
|
|
|
Hypocalcemia
|
|
|
|
Cattle: BVD (pestivirus, flavivirus) - in utero infection
|
|
|
|
Sows: Aminoglycoside antibiotics, anthelminitic hygromycin B
|
|
|
|
Fish: Sun-light induced; nematode (Diplostomum sp.)
|
|
|
|
Dwarf rabbit: Encephalitozoon cuniculi
|
|
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List bacteria that can cause pyogranulomatous inflammation
|
|
|
|
|
Arcanobacter pyogenes
|
|
|
|
Actinomyces bovis (lumpy jaw)
|
|
|
|
Mycobacterium sp.
|
|
|
|
Staphylococcus aures
|
|
|
|
Nocardia
|
|
|
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
|
|
|
Actinobacillus lignieresii
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the causes of necrotizing lymphadenitis, splenitis & hepatitis in lab animals & animal most affected
|
|
|
|
|
Clostridium piliforme (Tyzzer's Dz): mice, gerbils
|
|
|
|
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yersiniosis/paratuberculosis): Guinea pigs
|
|
|
|
Salmonella sp.: Guinea pigs, mice, rats
|
|
|
|
Yersinia pestis (bubonic plague): Rats, squirrels
|
|
|
|
Francisella tularensis (Tularemia): wild rabbits, rodents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List differentials for cutaneous lymphangitis in the horse
|
|
|
|
|
Glanders: Burkholderia mallei
|
|
|
|
Meliodosis: Burkholderia pseudomallei
|
|
|
|
Epizootic lymphangitis: Histoplasma farciminosum
|
|
|
|
Ulcerative lymphangitis: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
|
|
|
|
Strangles: Streptococcus equi
|
|
|
|
Sporothrix schenckii
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List significant immunodeficiencies in horses
|
|
|
|
|
SCID
|
|
|
|
Failure of passive transport
|
|
|
|
Agammaglobulinemia
|
|
|
|
Selective IgM deficiency
|
|
|
|
Immunodeficiency, anemia and ganglionopathy in Fell ponies
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the arteriviruses for the following species
|
|
|
|
Horse:
|
Equine Arteritis Virus
|
|
|
Porcine:
|
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive syndrome
|
|
|
Rodents:
|
Lactate Dehydrogenase-Elevating Virus of Mice
|
|
|
Macaques:
|
Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List differentials for "Turkey egg kidney"
|
|
|
|
|
ASF (asfarvirus)
|
|
|
|
CSF (pestivirus, flavivirus)
|
|
|
|
Salmonella sp.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List gross rule-outs for CSF
|
|
|
|
|
Salmonella cholerasuis
|
|
|
|
Streptococcus suis
|
|
|
|
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (acute)
|
|
|
|
Haemophilus parasuis
|
|
|
|
Herpesvirus suis (alphaherpesvirus) Pseudorabies
|
|
|
|
Eperythrozoon suis
|
|
|
|
ASF (asfarvirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the pestiviruses
|
|
|
|
|
CSF
|
|
|
|
BVD
|
|
|
|
Border Dz (hairy shaker lamb)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List agents that cause bursal atrophy
|
|
|
|
|
Physiologic atrophy #1
|
|
|
|
Chronic Marek's Dz (gallid herpesvirus 2, alphaherpesvirus, herpesvirus)
|
|
|
|
Chick Anemia Virus (avian circovirus, circovirus)
|
|
|
|
Infectious bursal dz. virus of fowl (avibirnavirus, birnavirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List agents that cause lymphoid necrosis in the bursa
|
|
|
|
|
Newcastle's Dz. virus (rubulavirus, paramyxovirus)
|
|
|
|
Duck plague virus (alphaherpesvirus, herpesvirus)
|
|
|
|
Psittacine beak and feather dz. (avian circovirus, circovirus)
|
|
|
|
Infectious bursal dz. virus of fowl (avibirnavirus, birnavirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the birnaviruses
|
|
|
|
|
Infectious bursal dz. virus of fowl (avibirnavirus, birnavirus)
|
|
|
|
Infectious pancreatic necrosis of fish (aquabirnavirus, birnavirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the oncogenic herpesviruses
|
|
|
|
|
NHP: H. ateles, H. saimiri, H. papio
|
|
|
|
Rabbit: H. sylvilagus
|
|
|
|
Frog: Ranid herpesvirus 1, gammaherpesvirus (Lucke's virus)
|
|
|
|
Pinnipeds: Otarine herpesvirus 1
|
|
|
|
Fowl: Gallid herpesvirus 2, alphaherpesvirus (Marek's dz. virus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the rule-outs for Pacheco's Dz. (Psittacid herpesvirus, alphaherpesvirus)
|
|
|
|
|
Chlamydophila psittaci
|
|
|
|
Salmonella typhimurium
|
|
|
|
Avian polyomavirus
|
|
|
|
Avian reovirus
|
|
|
|
Avian adenovirus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the causes of splenic enlargment & marbling in pheasants
|
|
|
|
|
Marble spleen dz. virus (avian adenovirus group 2, adenovirus)
|
|
|
|
Marek's dz. virus (avian alphaherpesvirus 2, herpesvirus)
|
|
|
|
Lymphoid leukosis (avian leukosis virus, avian type C oncovirus, retrovirus)
|
|
|
|
Reticuloendotheliosis (avian type C oncovirus, retrovirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agents that cause acute death d/t respiratory distress in fowl
|
|
|
|
|
Marble spleen dz. virus (avian adenovirus group 2, adenovirus)
|
|
|
|
Newcastle's Dz. virus (rubulavirus, paramyxovirus)
|
|
|
|
Avian influenza (influenza, orthomyxovirus)
|
|
|
|
Avian infectious laryngotracheitis (gallid herpesvirus 1, alphaherpesvirus, herpesvirus)
|
|
|
|
Avian infectious bronchitis (coronavirus, coronavirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the avian adenovirus group 2 diseases
|
|
|
|
|
Marble spleen dz. virus
|
|
|
|
Hemorrhagic enteritis in turkeys
|
|
|
|
Chicken adenovirus group 2 splenomegaly
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the causes of lymphoid/Peyer's patch necrosis in puppies & young dogs
|
|
|
|
|
Canine coronavirus
|
|
|
|
Canine gastrointestinal hemorrhagic syndrome (assoc. w/C. perfringens)
|
|
|
|
Canine distemper virus (morbillivirus, paramyxovirus)
|
|
|
|
Canine parvovirus 2 (parvovirus, parvovirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the causes of hemorrhagic diathesis in pups & young dogs
|
|
|
|
|
Heavy metal toxicity
|
|
|
|
Warfarin toxicity
|
|
|
|
Infectious canine hepatitis (canine adenovirus 1, mastadenovirus, adenovirus)
|
|
|
|
Shock gut (DIC)
|
|
|
|
Canine parvovirus 2 (parvovirus, parvovirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Differentials for anemia in horses
|
|
|
|
|
Purpura hemorrhagica
|
|
|
|
Red maple leaf toxicosis
|
|
|
|
Neonatal isoerythrolysis
|
|
|
|
Ehrlichiosis
|
|
|
|
Gastric ulcers
|
|
|
|
Parastitism
|
|
|
|
Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
|
|
|
|
Equine infectious anemia virus (lentivirus, retrovirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the lentiviruses (retrovirus)
|
|
|
|
|
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV)
|
|
|
|
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV)
|
|
|
|
Ovine progressive pneumonia virus (Maedi-visna virus)
|
|
|
|
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
|
|
|
|
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)
|
|
|
|
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Microscopic rule-out for lymphoid depletion in lymph nodes
|
|
|
|
|
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (Porcine circovirus 2, circovirus)
|
|
|
|
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (porcine arterivirus, arterivirus)
|
|
|
|
African swine fever virus (asfarvirus)
|
|
|
|
Classical swine fever virus (porcine pestivirus, flavivirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the hemorrhagic fever viruses
|
|
|
|
|
Ebola virus (filovirus)
|
|
|
|
Marburg virus (filovirus)
|
|
|
|
Yellow fever virus (flavivirus, flavivirus)
|
|
|
|
Dengue fever virus (flavivirus, flavivirus)
|
|
|
|
Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (arterivirus)
|
|
|
|
Kyasanur Forest disease virus (flavivirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List causes of sudden death ruminants (bovine)
|
|
|
|
|
Bacillus anthracis
|
|
|
|
Clostridium chauvei (Blackleg)
|
|
|
|
Clostridium septicum (Malignant edema)
|
|
|
|
Clostridium hemolyticum (Bacillary hemoglobinuria)
|
|
|
|
Toxicity: Bracken fern; lead poisoning
|
|
|
|
Lightening strick, trauma, bloat
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the four biochem pathways in mature erythrocytes?
|
|
|
|
|
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
|
|
|
|
Hexose-Monophosphate pathway
|
|
|
|
Methemoglobin reductase pathway
|
|
|
|
Luebering-Rapoport pathway
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is the function of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway do? What are the enzyme deficiencies and associated diseases?
|
|
|
|
|
Glycolysis generates ATP (membrane function & integrity) & NADH (reduce methhemoglobin)
|
|
|
|
Pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase > hemolytic anemia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is the function of the hexose-monophosphate pathway? What are the enzyme deficiencies and sequelae? And what mineral is important?
|
|
|
|
|
Maintain glutathione in reduced state (oxidant neutralization)
|
|
|
|
Glucose-6-phasphate dehydrogenase (horse) > Heinz body formation, excess oxidant and anemia
|
|
|
|
Selenium
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is the function of the methemoglobin reductase pathway? What's the enzyme deficiency and sequelae?
|
|
|
|
|
Hemoglobin maintained in reduced state necessary for O2 xport. Methemoglobin can't xport O2 > cyanosis.
|
|
|
|
NADH (normal conditions) & NADPH (activated by redox dyes - methylene blue) methemoglobin reductase
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is the function of the Luebering-Rapoport pathway? What species have higher levels and which have lower levels?
|
|
|
|
|
Forms 2.3 diphosphaglycerate. Regulates O2 xport. Increased levels > O2 release (O2 has lower affinity for hemoglobin)
|
|
|
|
Higher levels: Dog, horse, pig. Lower levels: Cat, ruminant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is the maturation cell sequence in erythropoiesis
|
|
|
|
|
Rubriblast > Prorubricyte > Rubricyte (multiple) > Metarubricyte > Reticulocyte > Erythrocyte
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pluripotent stem cell (hematopoiesis) differentiates into what?
|
|
|
|
|
Lymphoid stem cell > lymphocytes (T & B)
|
|
|
|
Myeloid stem cell (CFU-GEMM) > BFU-E > CFU-E > Erythrocytes
|
|
|
|
> CFU-GM > CFU-G > Neutrophil
|
|
|
|
> CFU-M > Monocyte
|
|
|
|
> CFU-Meg > Megakeryocyte > Platelet
|
|
|
|
> CFU-Eo >Eosinophil
|
|
|
|
> CFU-Bas > Basophil
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What regulates erythropoiesis?
|
|
|
|
|
Erythropoietin (peritubular cells) stimulated by hypoxia
|
|
|
|
IL-3: T lymphocytes
|
|
|
|
GM-CSF: T lymphocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts
|
|
|
|
G-CSF: Macrophages, granulocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts
|
|
|
|
Androgens: Increase Epo release
|
|
|
|
Estrogens, corticosteroids: Decreases Epo release
|
|
|
|
Thyroid & pituitary hormones: alters O2 tissue demand
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Where does erythropoiesis occur in fish?
|
|
|
|
|
Anterior kidney (primary)
|
|
|
|
Spleen
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What enzyme controls the first step in heme synthesis?
|
|
|
|
|
Aminolevulinic acid synthetase
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What agent (s) inhibits heme synthesis?
|
|
|
|
|
Lead (inhibits iron delivery to site of ferrochelatase action)
|
|
|
|
Chloramphenicol
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What decreases serum iron? What increases it?
|
|
|
|
|
Decrease: Iron deficiency, acute and chronic inflammation
|
|
|
|
Increase: Hemolytic anemia, glucocorticoid excess (dog, horse) but causes decrease in cow
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes an increase in TIBC? Any unique species exceptions?
|
|
|
|
|
Iron deficiency
|
|
|
|
Dog
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is the function of ceruloplasmin?
|
|
|
|
|
Transfer iron from gut epithelium and macrophages to transferrin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes a decrease in serum ferritin? What causes an increase
|
|
|
|
|
Decrease: Iron deficiency
|
|
|
|
Increase: Hemolytic anemia, iron overload, acute and chronic inflammation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Iron is stored where and in what forms?
|
|
|
|
|
Macrophages
|
|
|
|
Ferritin, hemosiderin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is the RBC lifespan for the following species?
|
|
|
|
Dog:
|
110 days
|
|
|
Cat:
|
70
|
|
|
Cow:
|
160
|
|
|
Horse:
|
145
|
|
|
Pig:
|
86
|
|
|
Sheep:
|
150
|
|
|
Mouse:
|
20-45
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is the pathway of normal RBC destruction?
|
|
|
|
|
Erythrophagia > Released hemoglobin > Heme > Iron released > heme oxygenase > carbon monoxide + biliverdin > biliverdin reductase > bilirubin > blood > binds w/albumin > liver
|
|
|
|
> Globin > Amino acids > reused
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is the pathway of intravascular RBC destruction?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is the size and red cell morphology for the following species?
|
|
|
|
Dog:
|
7um. Uniform size, central pallor, biconcave disk
|
|
|
Cat:
|
5.8um. Mild anisocytosis, slight central pallor, crenation common, 1% Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remants)
|
|
|
Cow:
|
5.5um. Anisocytosis common, slight central pallor, crenation common
|
|
|
Horse:
|
5.7um. Rouleaux common. NO central pallor
|
|
|
Pig:
|
6um. NO central pallor
|
|
|
Sheep:
|
4.5um. Anisocytosis common, slight central pallor, crenation common
|
|
|
Goat:
|
4um. Anisocytosis & poikilocytosis common
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
When do you see the following changes in erythrocytes? What the cell feature?
|
|
|
|
Macrocytosis:
|
Poodle macrocytosis, FeLV. Large cells
|
|
|
Microcytosis:
|
Iron & pyridoxine deficiency anemias. Small cells (types: spherocytes, cells remnants in Heinz body anemia
|
|
|
Polychromasia:
|
Regenerative anemia, w/increased erythropoiesis. Residual RNA
|
|
|
Hypochromasia:
|
Iron deficiency. Increased central pallor, insufficienct Hb
|
|
|
Poikilocyte:
|
Various dzs. Abnormal shaped RBC
|
|
|
Echinocytes:
|
Artifact or seen with uremia. Crenated cells
|
|
|
Keratocytes:
|
Trauma (DIC, Dz. w/intravascular fibrin > membrane trauma). Ruptured vesicle > one or two projections
|
|
|
Schistocytes:
|
Trauma. Irregular RBC fragments
|
|
|
Acanthocytes:
|
Hemangiosarcoma, liver dz. Spiculated cells with 2 or more irregular, blunted projections
|
|
|
Leptocytes:
|
Portosystemic shunts. Thin cells w/increased membrane to volume ratio resemble targets (target cells)
|
|
|
Spherocytes:
|
Dogs w/immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Small cell, no central pallor d/t partial phagocytosis
|
|
|
Stomatocytes:
|
Hereditary stomatocytosis of Alaskan malamutes & schnauzers. Oval shaped central pallor
|
|
|
Basophilic stippling:
|
Anemia in sheep, cattle, occ. cats; lead poisoning w/metarubricytosis. Indicates regen anemia. Residual RNA (punctate aggregates)
|
|
|
Howell-Jolly bodies:
|
Accelerated erythropoiesis or postsplenectomy. Basophilic DNA nuclear remnants
|
|
|
Heinz bodies:
|
Oxidation > denatured Hb d/t: Copper toxicity (sheep), onion toxicity, tylenol (cats), Kale & other Brassica spp. (ruminants), red maple leaves (horses), St. Augustine grass, intravascular hemolysis. Round structures on internal RBC membrane. Normal finding in nonanemic cats.
|
|
|
Eccentrocytes:
|
Oxidative injury. Hb condensed in one portion of RBC, remaining cell clear or blister-like area
|
|
|
Nucleated erythrocytes:
|
Erythroid hyperplasia, lead poisoning, hemangiosarcoma (liver, spleen), EMH, myelophthisis, intervertebral disc syndrome, schnauzers, bone marrow trauma. Metarubricyte or earlier ciruculating cells
|
|
|
Rouleaux formation:
|
Seen with fibrinogen increase, change in serum globulins. Parallels RBC sediment rate. Disappears w/saline
|
|
|
Agglutination:
|
Antibody-mediated anemia. Doesn't disappear w/saline
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What conditions have normochromic macrocytes
|
|
|
|
|
Macrocytosis of Poodles
|
|
|
|
FeLV infections
|
|
|
|
Preleukemia in dogs & cats
|
|
|
|
Erythroid aplasia in cats
|
|
|
|
Vitamin B12 deficiency of Giant Schnauzers
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the ascarid(s) in the following species
|
|
|
|
Swine:
|
Ascaris suum var suis
|
|
|
Dog:
|
Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina
|
|
|
Felid:
|
Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina
|
|
|
Cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo:
|
Toxocara vitulorum
|
|
|
Horse, zebra:
|
Parascaris equorum
|
|
|
Chickens, turkeys:
|
Ascaridia galli (enteritis, diarrhea)
|
|
|
Fox:
|
Toxascaris leonina
|
|
|
Rodents:
|
Baylisascaris procyonis (cerebrospinal)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the important hookworm(s) for the following species
|
|
|
|
Cattle:
|
Bunostomum phlebotomum
|
|
|
Dog:
|
Ancylostoma caninum, A. braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala, Baylisascaris columnaris
|
|
|
Fox:
|
Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinara criniformis
|
|
|
Cat:
|
Ancylostoma tubaeforme, A. braziliense
|
|
|
Sheep, goats:
|
Bunostomum trigonocephalum
|
|
|
Swine:
|
Globocephalus urusubulatus
|
|
|
Fur seal:
|
Uncinaria lucasi
|
|
|
Monkeys:
|
Necator americanus
|
|
|
Deer:
|
Bunostomum trigonocephalum
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the Physaloptera species that affect the following species (Signs: mucosal eroded, inflamed, increased mucus production)
|
|
|
|
Dog:
|
P. canis (stomach), P. rara (stomach, duodenum)
|
|
|
Cat:
|
P. felidis (stomach, intestines), P. canis (stomach), P. pseudopraeputialis (stomach, larynx), P. praeputialis (stomach)
|
|
|
Macaque monkeys:
|
P. tumefaciens (stomach)
|
|
|
New World monkeys:
|
P. dilitata (stomach)
|
|
|
Old World monkeys:
|
P. caucasia (esophagus, stomach, intestines), P. poicilometra
|
|
|
Raccoons, skunks, badgers, weasels:
|
P. maxillaris
|
|
|
Wild canid and felid:
|
P. rara (stomach, duodenum)
|
|
|
Doves, other birds:
|
P. alata (gizzard, intestines)
|
|
|
Fowl:
|
P. gemina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the important vascular schistosoma in the following species & local
|
|
|
|
Monkey:
|
S. mansoni - mesenteric & portal veins
|
|
|
Cattle, sheep, goat, horse, mule, antelope, baboon:
|
S. bovis - mesenteric veins
|
|
|
Dog, raccoon, bobcat, rabbit:
|
Heterobilharzia - mesenteric veins
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Give the definition for the following terms
|
|
|
|
Agyria (lissencephaly):
|
Too few or no gyri,; poor cerebral cytologic organization
|
|
|
Amyelia:
|
Absence of spinal cord
|
|
|
Anencephaly:
|
Absence of brain
|
|
|
Anophthalmos:
|
Absence of both eyes
|
|
|
Arnold-Chiari syndrome:
|
Caudal shift of medulla & sometimes cerebellum
|
|
|
Arrhinencephaly:
|
Absence of rhinencephalon
|
|
|
Cerebellar hyposplasia (aplasia):
|
Failure of cerebellum to develop to normal size & cellularity
|
|
|
Cranioschisis:
|
Gap in skull (cranium bifidum) often w/brain substance or meningeal herniation
|
|
|
Cyclopia:
|
Only one eye
|
|
|
Dysraphia:
|
Syringomyelia, midline defect in spinal cord
|
|
|
Encephalocele:
|
Herniation of brain through a cranial defect
|
|
|
Exencephaly:
|
Brain outside cranial cavity
|
|
|
Hydranencephaly:
|
Cerebral hemispheres are empty sacs d/texcessive cerebrospinal fluid, hydrocephalus
|
|
|
Hydrocephalus:
|
Ventricles are dilated by excess cerebrospinal fluid
|
|
|
Hydromyelia:
|
Cerebrospinal fluid is retained in dilated central canal of spinal cord
|
|
|
Macroencephaly:
|
Brain enlarged
|
|
|
Macrogyria:
|
Cerebral gyri enlarged
|
|
|
Megaloencephaly:
|
Brain extremely enlarged
|
|
|
Meningocele:
|
Herniation of meninges through bony defects in the skull
|
|
|
Microencephaly:
|
Small brain
|
|
|
Microgyria:
|
Gyri abnormally small
|
|
|
Myelocele:
|
Spinal cord herniated through a bondy defect in the vertebral column
|
|
|
Myeloschisis:
|
Spinal cord is cleft b/c of incomplete formation of neural tube
|
|
|
Pachygyria:
|
Reduction in number of secondary gyri & increased depth of grey matter
|
|
|
Polygyria:
|
Increased number of gyri
|
|
|
Porencephaly:
|
Cavities in the brain
|
|
|
Rachischisis:
|
Spina bifida w/herniation; spina bifida occulta w/o herniation
|
|
|
Spina bifida:
|
Absence of vertebral arches > producing a defect through which spinal membranes w/ or w/o spinal cord, protrude
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the viral-induced CNS congenital anomaly & species affected for the following viruses
|
|
|
|
Bluetongue (Orbivirus, Reovirus):
|
Hydranencephaly & porencephaly; Sheep
|
|
|
Border disease (Pestivirus, Flavivirus):
|
Hypomyelinogenesis; Sheep
|
|
|
Bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease (Pestivirus, Flavivirus):
|
Cerebellar hypoplasia; Cattle & sheep
|
|
|
Feline panleukopenia (Parvovirus, Parvovirus):
|
Cerebellar hypoplasia; Cats & ferrets
|
|
|
Classical swine fever (Pestivirus, Flavivirus)
|
Cerebellar hypoplasia, microscephaly & hypomyelinogenesis; Swine
|
|
|
Influenza A (Influenzavirus, Orthomyxovirus)
|
Microcephaly, myeloschisis; Chick embryos
|
|
|
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (Arenavirus, Arenavirus):
|
Cerebellar hypoplasia; Rats
|
|
|
Minute virus of mice (Parvovirus, Parvovirus)
|
Cerebellar hypoplasia; Mice
|
|
|
Mumps (Rubalovirus, Paramyxovirus); Parainfluenza 2 (Respirovirus, Paramyxovirus); Reovirus 1:
|
Aqueductal stenosis & hydrocephalus: Hamsters, mice, rats, ferrets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some causes of rhinitis for the following species
|
|
|
|
Viral
|
|
|
|
Canine:
|
Canine distemper virus (Morbillivirus, Paramyxovirus)
|
|
|
Equine:
|
Equine HV-1 (Alphaherpesvirus, Herpesvirus)
|
|
|
Bovine:
|
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (Bovine HV-1, Alphaherpesvirus, Herpesvirus); Bovine malignant catarrhal fever (alphaherpesvirus, Herpesvirus)
|
|
|
Feline:
|
Feline viral rhinotracheitis (H. felis; Alphaherpesvirus, Herpesvirus)
|
|
|
Swine:
|
Inclusion body rhinitis (Porcine cytomegalovirus, Betaherpesvirus, Herpesvirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bacterial
|
|
|
|
Equine:
|
Streptococcus equi
|
|
|
Canine:
|
Brucella brocnieseptica
|
|
|
Rabbit:
|
Pasteurella multocida
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fungal
|
|
|
|
Feline:
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Helminths & arthropods
|
|
|
|
Ovine:
|
Oestrus ovis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some infectious causes of myocarditis for the following categories
|
|
|
|
Viral
|
|
|
|
|
Encephalomyocarditis virus (Cardiovirus, Picornavirus)
|
|
|
|
Canine parvovirus (Parvovirus, Parvovirus)
|
|
|
|
Foot and mouth disease virus (Aphthovirus, Picornavirus)
|
|
|
|
Canine distemper virus (Morbillivirus, Paramyxovirus)
|
|
|
|
Canine herpesvirus (H. canis)
|
|
|
|
Pseudorabies virus (H. suis)
|
|
|
|
Malignant catarrhal fever virus (Alphaherpesvirus, Herpesvirus)
|
|
|
|
Bluetongue virus (Orbivirus, Reovirus)
|
|
|
|
Coxsackie virus (Enterovirus, Picornavirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protozoal
|
|
|
|
|
Toxoplasma gondii
|
|
|
|
Trypanosoma cruzi
|
|
|
|
Sarcosporidia spp. (Sarcocyst)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Metazoan
|
|
|
|
|
Trichinella spiralis
|
|
|
|
Echinococcus spp.
|
|
|
|
Cestode larvae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bacterial
|
|
|
|
|
Mycobacterium spp.
|
|
|
|
Listeria monocytogenes
|
|
|
|
Actinobacilllus equuli
|
|
|
|
Clostridium spp.
|
|
|
|
Haemophilus somnus
|
|
|
|
Streptococcus spp.
|
|
|
|
Bacillus piliformis
|
|
|
|
Rickettsia spp.
|
|
|
|
Chlamydia spp.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fungal
|
|
|
|
|
Aspergillus spp.
|
|
|
|
Coccidioides immitis
|
|
|
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
|
|
|
Blastomyces immitis
|
|
|
|
Mucor group
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some dysmyelinating diseases for the following species
|
|
|
|
Swine, cattle:
|
Hereditary hypomyelinogenesis in swine (congenital tremor) & cattle
|
|
|
Dogs, sheep, cats, rhesus:
|
Globoid cell leukodystrophy
|
|
|
Mice:
|
Sudanophilic leukodystrophy in "quaking" & "jumping" mice
|
|
|
Calves:
|
Hereditary cerebellar ataxia of calves
|
|
|
Cats:
|
Feline neuroaxonal dystrophy
|
|
|
Lambs:
|
Swayback (enzootic ataxia) of lambs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some demyelinating diseases for the following categories
|
|
|
|
Allergic encephalomyelitis
|
|
|
|
|
Postrabies vaccination
|
|
|
|
Postinfectious
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Polyradiculoneutritis
|
|
|
|
|
Coonhound paralysis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Viral
|
|
|
|
|
Canine distemper virus (Morbillivirus, Paramyxovirus)
|
|
|
|
Visna (Lentivirus, Retrovirus)
|
|
|
|
Mouse hepatitis (Coronavirus, Coronavirus)
|
|
|
|
Infectious leukoencephalomyelitis of goats
|
|
|
|
Bluetongue - fetal (Orbivirus, Reovirus)
|
|
|
|
Border disease - fetal lambs (Pestivirus, Flavivirus)
|
|
|
|
Classical swine fever - fetal (Pestivirus, Flavivirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Toxic
|
|
|
|
|
Arsenic
|
|
|
|
Hexachlorophene
|
|
|
|
Organic phosphates
|
|
|
|
Yellow-star thistle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Name the spirochete agent and disease in the following species
|
|
|
|
Swine:
|
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae; Swine dysentery
|
|
|
Rabbit:
|
Treponema paraluiscuniculi; Venereal spirochaetosis in rabbits (rabbit spirochaetosis)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What does Pasteurella multocida cause in the following species?
|
|
|
|
Cattle:
|
Pneumonia
|
|
|
Rabbit:
|
Snuffles, otitis media, pneumonia, septicemia
|
|
|
Swine:
|
Atrophic rhinitis; pneumonia
|
|
|
Fowl:
|
Fowl cholera
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What does Mannheimia haemolytica cause in the following species?
|
|
|
|
Cattle:
|
Shipping fever; pneumonia
|
|
|
Sheep:
|
Pneumonia; septicemia; mastitis (blue-bag)
|
|
|
Goat:
|
Pneumonia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pasteurella pneumotropica causes pneumonia in what species?
|
Rats, mice and rabbits
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is the agent in Crotalaria poisoning?
|
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 predisposing factors to thrombi formation of Virchow's triad?
|
|
|
|
|
Endothelial cell damage
|
|
|
|
Hypercoaguability
|
|
|
|
Disruption of laminar blood flow
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Answer the following questions about joint fluid
|
|
|
|
Normal consistency :
|
Viscous
|
|
|
Composition:
|
Hyaluronic acid
|
|
|
Suppurative inflammation:
|
Decreased viscosity d/t degradation of hyaluronic acid by bacterial hyaluronidaseilution
|
|
|
Effusion:
|
Decreased viscosity d/t dilution
|
|
|
Severe synovitis:
|
Decreased viscosity d/t decreased production & incomplete polymerization of hyaluronic acid by synovial cells
|
|
|
DJD:
|
Normal viscosity
|
|
|
What test is used for joint fluid & what happens to the fluid if normal or abnormal?
|
Normal - mucin clot that's tight & ropy w/clear sol'n; abnormal - loose, friable w/flecks in the sol'n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Name the stomach worm for the following species
|
|
|
|
Horse:
|
Trichostrongylus axei
|
|
|
Cow:
|
Ostertagia ostertagi
|
|
|
Pig:
|
Hyostrongylus rubidus
|
|
|
Sheep:
|
Ostertagia circumcincta
|
|
|
Monkey:
|
Nochtia nochti
|
|
|
Cat:
|
Ollulanus tricuspis
|
|
|
Dog:
|
Physaloptera canis
|
|
|
Oppossum:
|
Physaloptera sp.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Name the pinworm(s) for the following species:
|
|
|
|
Monkey:
|
Enterobius vermicularis
|
|
|
Horse:
|
Oxyuris equi
|
|
|
Rat:
|
Syphacia obvelata; S. muris; Aspicularis tetraptera
|
|
|
Mouse:
|
Syphacia obvelata; Aspicularis tetraptera
|
|
|
Rabbit:
|
Passalurus ambiguus
|
|
|
Hamster:
|
Syphacia mesocriceti, S. obvelata
|
|
|
Gerbil:
|
Dentostomella translucida; S. obvelata; S. muris
|
|
|
Sheep, goats:
|
Skrjabinema ovis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the coccida for the following species
|
|
|
|
Dog:
|
Isopora canis
|
|
|
Cat:
|
I. Felis
|
|
|
Pig:
|
I. Suis
|
|
|
Cow:
|
Eimeria bovis
|
|
|
Horse:
|
E. leuckarti
|
|
|
Chicken:
|
E. tenella (cecum); E. acervulina (duodenum, jujenum)
|
|
|
Rabbit:
|
E. stiedae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the chlamydial agents
|
|
|
|
|
C. trachomatis
|
|
|
|
C. muridanum
|
|
|
|
C. suis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the chlamydophila agents
|
|
|
|
|
C. pneumoniae
|
|
|
|
C. psittaci
|
|
|
|
C. abortus
|
|
|
|
C. felis
|
|
|
|
C. caviae
|
|
|
|
C. pecorum
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the tracheal worms for the following species
|
|
|
|
Sheep:
|
Gonglyonema pulchrum
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the abortion agents for the following species
|
|
|
|
Sheep:
|
Chlamydophila abortus; Campylobacter jejuni; Toxoplasma gondii; Coxiella burnetti
|
|
|
Ox:
|
Brucella abortus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the positive acute phase reactive proteins
|
|
|
|
|
Fibrinogen (Factor I)
|
|
|
|
Factor V
|
|
|
|
Factor VIII
|
|
|
|
C-reactive protein
|
|
|
|
Serum amyloid A
|
|
|
|
Serum amyloid P
|
|
|
|
Haptoglobin
|
|
|
|
Ceruloplasmin (copper xport protein)
|
|
|
|
C3
|
|
|
|
Alpha 1-antitrypsin
|
|
|
|
Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein
|
|
|
|
Alpha 2-macroglobulin
|
|
|
|
Porcine major acute protein
|
|
|
|
TNF-alpha (cats)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the negative acute phase proteins
|
|
|
|
|
Albumin
|
|
|
|
Transferrin (iron xport protein)
|
|
|
|
Prealbumin (transthyretin)
|
|
|
|
Alpha 2-macroglobulin (cattle)
|
|
|
|
Insulin like growth factor
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What enzyme in apoptosis causes the following:
|
|
|
|
Protein cleavage
|
Caspases (cysteine proteases)
|
|
|
Protein cross-linking
|
Transglutaminase
|
|
|
DNA breakdown to base pairs
|
Ca2+ & Mg2+ dependent endonucleases
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the biochemical features (modifications) of apoptosis
|
|
|
|
|
Protein cleavage
|
|
|
|
Protein cross-linking
|
|
|
|
DNA breakdown
|
|
|
|
Phagocytic recognition
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What do apoptotic bodies express on surface for MO & PMN recognition
|
|
|
|
|
Phosphatidylserine (primary) or thrombospondin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the 4 main events that result in apoptosis
|
|
|
|
|
Signaling pathways: Transmembrane - (1) CTL's (2) Ligand/receptor (3) blocking growth hormones & cytokines; Intracellular (1) Heat, radiation, xenobiotics, hypoxia, viruses (2) glucocorticoids bind nuclear receptors
|
|
|
|
Control & integration: adapter proteins, Bcl-2 proteins
|
|
|
|
Common-execution phase: Caspases (Initiators 8, 9, 10; Executor: 3, 7)
|
|
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the regulators of mitochondrial function in apoptosis
|
|
|
|
Inhibit:
|
Bcl-2, Bcl-XL
|
|
|
Promote:
|
Bax, Bad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What does execution caspases target
|
|
|
|
|
Nuclear transcription proteins
|
|
|
|
DNA replication proteins
|
|
|
|
DNA repair proteins
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What activates the following caspases
|
|
|
|
8
|
Ligand/receptor binding
|
|
|
9
|
Apaf-1/cytochrome c/procaspase 9 complex
|
|
|
10
|
Granzyme B
|
|
|
3
|
Initiator caspases, adaptor proteins w/death domain, Bax, Bad, p53
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
How does Fas/FasL differ from TNF/TNFR1
|
|
|
|
|
TNF/TNFR1 can lead to cell survival if NF-kB is activated
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What disorders decrease apoptosis
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer: p53 mutation; hormone dependent tumors
|
|
|
|
Autoimmune: decreased removal of autoreactive lymphocytes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What disorders increase apoptosis
|
|
|
|
|
Neurodegenerative dz.
|
|
|
|
Ischemic injury
|
|
|
|
Virus induced lymphoid depletion
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What 2 ways doe lysosomes phagocytose material
|
|
|
|
|
Heterophagy: MO's & PMN's for bacterial removal
|
|
|
|
Autophagy: damaged organelles, cytosolic remodeling, during atrophy
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What makes up the cytoskeleton
|
|
|
|
|
Microtubules (25 nm)
|
|
|
|
Thick-myosin filaments (15)
|
|
|
|
Intermediate filaments (10)
|
|
|
|
Thin-actin filaments (7)
|
|
|
|
Nonpolymerizxed & nonfilamentous contractile proteins
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are thin filaments involved in
|
|
|
|
|
Leukocyte mvmt
|
|
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What do microtubule defects lead to
|
|
|
|
|
Inhibits sperm motility
|
|
|
|
Immobilize respiratory epithelial cilia
|
|
|
|
Leukocyte mvmt
|
|
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
|
|
|
Mitotic spindle > affects cell division
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the intermediate filaments
|
|
|
|
|
Keratin (epithelial)
|
|
|
|
Desmin (muscle)
|
|
|
|
Vimentin (connective tissue)
|
|
|
|
Glial filaments (astrocytes)
|
|
|
|
Neurofilaments (neurons)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the mechanisms of irreversible cell injury
|
|
|
|
|
Mitochondrial dysfunction
|
|
|
|
Loss of membrane phospholipids
|
|
|
|
Cytoskeletion abnormalities
|
|
|
|
Reactive oxygen species
|
|
|
|
Lipid breakdown products
|
|
|
|
Loss of intracellular amino acids
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What 4 intracellular systems are most vulnerable to cell injury & necrosis
|
|
|
|
|
Maintaining cell membrane integrity
|
|
|
|
Aerobic respiration (oxydative phosphorylation, ATP production)
|
|
|
|
Protein synthesis
|
|
|
|
Genetic aparatus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What ways is ATP produced
|
|
|
|
|
Oxidative phosphorylation of ADP > oxygen reduction
|
|
|
|
Glycolytic pathway in absence of oxygen
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What biochemical mechanisms are important in cell death by necrosis
|
|
|
|
|
ATP depletion
|
|
|
|
Oxygen & oxygen derived free radicals
|
|
|
|
Intracellular calcium & loss of calcium homeostasis
|
|
|
|
Defects in membrane permeability
|
|
|
|
Irreversible mitochondrial damage
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the enzymes activated by increased intracellular calcium
|
|
|
|
|
Phosphlipases: damages membrane
|
|
|
|
Proteases: breakdown membrane & cytoskeleton
|
|
|
|
ATPases: increased ATP depletion
|
|
|
|
Endonucleases: chromatin fragmentation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the causes of myocarditis in dogs
|
|
|
|
|
Borelia burgdorferi
|
|
|
|
Toxoplasma gondii
|
|
|
|
Neospora sp.
|
|
|
|
Parvovirus
|
|
|
|
Citrobacter koseri
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the enzymes in the eosinophil granules
|
|
|
|
|
Major basic protein
|
|
|
|
Eosinophilic specific peroxidases
|
|
|
|
Acid hydrolases
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are in the basophil granules
|
|
|
|
|
Histamine
|
|
|
|
Heparin
|
|
|
|
Sulfated mucopolysaccharides
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Causes of brain abscesses
|
|
|
|
|
Listeria monocytogenes
|
|
|
|
Haemophilus sominus
|
|
|
|
Arcanobacter pyogenes
|
|
|
|
Fusobacterium necrofrum
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Causes of hypertrophic gastritis in the following species:
|
|
|
|
NHP:
|
Nochtia nocti
|
|
|
Sheep:
|
Ostertagia circumcincta
|
|
|
Cattle:
|
Ostertagia ostertagi
|
|
|
Horse:
|
Trichostrongylus axei; Habronema sp.
|
|
|
Pig:
|
Hyostrongylus rubidus
|
|
|
Cat:
|
Ollulanus tricuspis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Causes of pancreatitis in the following species:
|
|
|
|
Horse:
|
Migrating strongyles
|
|
|
Calves & sheep:
|
Zinc toxicosis
|
|
|
Pigs:
|
Cassia occidentalis intoxication; T-2 (trichothecene mycotoxin) toxicosis
|
|
|
New World monkey:
|
Trichospirura leptostoma in pancreatic ducts (roach is intermediate host)
|
|
|
Cat:
|
Acute: similar to dogs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Causes of hypercalcemia:
|
|
|
|
|
Hyperadrenocorticism - Cushings
|
|
|
|
Hypoadrenocorticism - Addisons
|
|
|
|
Renal disease
|
|
|
|
Primary hyperparathyroidism
|
|
|
|
Neoplasia: malignant lymphoma; multiple myeloma; metastatic bone tumors; adenenocarcinoma of the apocrine gland of the anal sac. Hepatoid gland adenoma, parathryroid tumors, urinary tract tumors
|
|
|
|
Granulomatous dz. (blastomycosis)
|
|
|
|
Hypervitaminosis D; Calciferol rodenticides; Vit. D glycoside plants (Solanum malacoxylon; Cestrum diurnum; Trisetum flavescens)
|
|
|
|
Renal failure in horses only
|
|
|
|
Spurious
|
|
|
|
Idiopathic in cats
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List cryptosporidial organism in following species:
|
|
|
|
Ruminant:
|
C. parvum (intestine); C. Andersoini (abomasum)
|
|
|
Other mammals:
|
C. parvum (intestine); C. Andersoini (abomasum)
|
|
|
Bird:
|
C. baileyi (chickens, turkeys; intestinal (cloacal & bursal infections) & respiratory infections
|
|
|
Reptile:
|
C. serpentis
|
|
|
Fish:
|
C. nasorum
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the stomach worms in the following domestic species:
|
|
|
|
Dog:
|
Physaloptera sp.; Gnathostoma sp.
|
|
|
Cat:
|
Physaloptera sp.; Gnathostoma sp.; Ollulanus tricuspis; Cylicospirura felineus
|
|
|
Horse:
|
Trichostrongylus axei; Gastrophilus sp.; Draschia megastoma
|
|
|
Swine:
|
Hyostrongylus rubidus; Ascarops sp.; Physocephalus sp.
|
|
|
Cattle:
|
Haemonchus contortus; Ostertagia ostertagia
|
|
|
Sheep, Goat:
|
Ostertagia circumscinta
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List acanthocephalans in following species:
|
|
|
|
Great apes:
|
Moniliformis moniliformis (roach intermediate host)
|
|
|
Swine:
|
Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (dung beetle intermediate host)
|
|
|
Fox, wolves:
|
Macracanthorhynchus catalinum; M. ingens
|
|
|
Dog:
|
Oncicola (arthropod intermediate host; armadillo paratenic host
|
|
|
Domestic cat:
|
Oncicola campanulutus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the features of plasma cell myeloma required for Dx (at least 2)?
|
|
|
|
|
Radiographic evidence of osteolysis
|
|
|
|
> 30% plasma cells in bone marrow
|
|
|
|
Monoclonal gammopathy
|
|
|
|
Bence-Jones proteinuria
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Causes of eosinophilic lesion in the skin of horses:
|
|
|
|
|
Habronema sp.; Draschia megastoma
|
|
|
|
Equine sarcoid
|
|
|
|
Mast cell tumor
|
|
|
|
Nodular collagenolytic granuloma
|
|
|
|
Pythium sp.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parasitic, viral or bacterial agents associated w/neoplastic formation
|
|
|
|
|
Spirocerca lupi: fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma (dogs)
|
|
|
|
Helicobacter pylori: gastric lymphoma & carcinoma (ferrets)
|
|
|
|
Hepadnavirus: hepatocellular carcinoma (woodchuck)
|
|
|
|
Opisthorchid flukes: cholangiocarcinoma (cats)
|
|
|
|
Cysticercus fasciolaris (Taenia taeniaeformis): hepatic sarcoma (rats)
|
|
|
|
Clonorchis sinensis: cholangiocarcinoma (cats)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the fluke for the following species:
|
|
|
|
Sheep:
|
Fasciola hepatica (bile ducts); Fascioloides magna (liver parenchyma); Dicrocoelium dendriticum
|
|
|
Cattle:
|
Fasciola hepatica (bile ducts); Fascioloides magna (liver parenchyma); Dicrocoelium dendriticum
|
|
|
Swine:
|
Eurytrema pancreaticum (pancreatic ducts; +/- bile ducts & gallbladder)
|
|
|
Cats:
|
Platynosomum fastosum (bile ducts); Paramethorchis complexus
|
|
|
Dog:
|
Opisthorchis tenuicollis (pancreatic & bile ducts); Metorchis albidis (Alaskan dogs)
|
|
|
NWM:
|
Asthemia foxi
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dimorphic fungi:
|
|
|
|
|
Cryptococcus
|
|
|
|
Histoplasma
|
|
|
|
Blastomyces
|
|
|
|
Sporothrix
|
|
|
|
Coccidia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What conditions cause decreased serum iron
|
|
|
|
|
Iron deficiency
|
|
|
|
Acute and chronic inflam of dz (anemia of inflam dz)
|
|
|
|
Hypoproteinemia
|
|
|
|
Hypothyroidism
|
|
|
|
Renal dz
|
|
|
|
Glucocorticoids excess in cattle (increased in horse and dog)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What conditions cause increased serum iron
|
|
|
|
|
Hemolytic anemia
|
|
|
|
Hemolysis
|
|
|
|
Glucocorticoid excess in dog and horse (decreased in cattle)
|
|
|
|
Iron overload (Acquired - iron toxicity; Hereditary - Hemochromatosisi in Salers cattle; +/- hereditary in mynahs & toucans)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes increased serum ferritin concentration
|
|
|
|
|
Hemolytic anemia
|
|
|
|
Iron overload
|
|
|
|
Acute & chronic inflam
|
|
|
|
Liver dz
|
|
|
|
Neoplasia (lymphoma, malignant histiocytosis)
|
|
|
|
Malnutrition (cattle)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes decreased serum ferritin concentration
|
|
|
|
|
Iron deficiency
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What does each of the following do to MCV (Increase or decrease)
|
|
|
|
Reticulocytosis
|
Increase
|
|
|
Immature animal erythrocytes
|
Decrease (small RBCs)
|
|
|
Iron deficiency
|
Decrease (microcytosis)
|
|
|
Portosystemic shunt
|
Decrease (microcytosis)
|
|
|
Healthy Asian canine breed (Akita, Chow Chow, Shar Pei, Shiba Inu)
|
Decrease (microcytic RBCs are normal)
|
|
|
Greyhound
|
Increase
|
|
|
Inherited intestinal malabsorption of cobalamine (Vit B12) in Giant Schnauzer
|
Increase (macrocytic anemia)
|
|
|
Interference with nucleic acid synthesis
|
Increase (inhibited cell division)
|
|
|
Congenital macrocytosis in Poodle
|
Increase
|
|
|
Hereditary stomatocytosis in Alaskan Malamutes, Drentse-Partrijshond, Miniature Schnauzers
|
Increase (macrocytosis)
|
|
|
FeLV-infected cats
|
Increase (macrocytic RBCs)
|
|
|
Erythrocyte agglutination
|
Increase (false)
|
|
|
Hypnatremia
|
Decrease (microcytosis)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What affect do the following have on MCHC
|
|
|
|
Hemolysis
|
Increase
|
|
|
Reticulocytosis
|
Decrease
|
|
|
Iron deficiency
|
Decrease (hypochromia)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What conditions cause metarubricytosis
|
|
|
|
|
Lead toxicosis
|
|
|
|
Iron deficiency
|
|
|
|
Copper deficiency
|
|
|
|
Hemangiosarcoma
|
|
|
|
EMH
|
|
|
|
Myelophthisis
|
|
|
|
Intervertebral disc syndrome
|
|
|
|
Hereditary macrocytosis of Poodles
|
|
|
|
Endotoxemia
|
|
|
|
Bone marrow trauma or necrosis
|
|
|
|
Metastatic neoplasia of marrow cavity
|
|
|
|
Myelofibrosis
|
|
|
|
FeLV infection
|
|
|
|
Myelodysplastic syndrome
|
|
|
|
Leukemia (esp. erythremic myelosis in cats)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the intraerythrocytic parasite(s) in the following species
|
|
|
|
Birds:
|
Hemoproteus sp., Leukocytozoon sp., Plasmodium sp.
|
|
|
Cats:
|
Cytauxzoon felis, Babesia cati, B. felis
|
|
|
Cattle:
|
Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale, Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, Theileria mutans, T. annulata
|
|
|
Deer, elk:
|
Theileria cervi
|
|
|
Dogs:
|
Babesia canis, B. gibsoni
|
|
|
Horses:
|
Babesia equi, B. caballi
|
|
|
Sheep:
|
Babesia ovis, B. motasi
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the epicellular erythrocytic parasite (s) for the following species
|
|
|
|
Birds:
|
Trypanosoma johnbakeri
|
|
|
Cats:
|
Mycoplasma haemofelis
|
|
|
Dogs:
|
Mycoplasma haemocanis
|
|
|
Pigs:
|
Mycoplasma haemosuis
|
|
|
Cattle:
|
Eperythrozoon wenyoni
|
|
|
Llama:
|
Eperythrozoon sp.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the extracellular (plasma) parasites (s) for the following species
|
|
|
|
Dogs:
|
Dipetalonema reconditum, Dirofilaria immitis, Trypanosoma cruzi
|
|
|
Horse:
|
Setaria sp., Trypanosoma brucei, T. evansi
|
|
|
Cattle
|
Trypanosoma theileri, T. congolense, T. vivax
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the acanthocephala for the following species
|
|
|
|
Pig:
|
Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
|
|
|
NHP:
|
Prosthenorhis elegans
|
|
|
Turtle:
|
Neoechinorhynchus sp.
|
|
|
Trout:
|
Acanthocephalus jacksoni
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What indications warrant a bone marrow exam
|
|
|
|
|
Nonregen or nonresponding anemia
|
|
|
|
Persistent neutropenia
|
|
|
|
Unexplained thrombocytopenia
|
|
|
|
Suspected hematopoietic neoplasia
|
|
|
|
Suspected osteomyelitis, infiltrative, or proliferative bone marrow dz
|
|
|
|
Fever of unknown origin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What features denote erythrocyte regeneration
|
|
|
|
|
Polychromasia
|
|
|
|
Reticulocytosis w/anisocytosis & increased RDW
|
|
|
|
Macrocytosis & hypochromasia w/reticulocytosis
|
|
|
|
Basophilic stippling of ruminant RBCs
|
|
|
|
Hypercellular bone marrow w/decreased M:E ration d/t erythroid hyperplasia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of acute hemorrhage blood loss
|
|
|
|
|
GI ulcers
|
|
|
|
Hemostasis defects: Bracken
|
|
|
|
: DIC
|
|
|
|
: Factor X deficiency
|
|
|
|
: Hemophilia A and B
|
|
|
|
: Rodenticide toxicosis
|
|
|
|
: Sweet clover tosicosis
|
|
|
|
Neoplasia: Splenic hemangioma/hemangiosarcoma
|
|
|
|
Thrombocytopenia
|
|
|
|
Trauma
|
|
|
|
Surgery
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of chronic hemorrhage blood loss
|
|
|
|
|
GI ulcers
|
|
|
|
Neoplasia: GI or vascular
|
|
|
|
Hemophilia
|
|
|
|
Parasitism: Ancylostomiasis
|
|
|
|
: Coccidiosis
|
|
|
|
: Ectoparasites (Fleas, ticks, lice)
|
|
|
|
: Hemonchosis
|
|
|
|
: Strongylosis
|
|
|
|
Vit. K deficiency
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What can cause aplastic anemia
|
|
|
|
|
Drug rxns: Late estrogen toxicosis in dogs, chloramphenicol toxicosis in cats, phenylbutazone, trimethoprim-sulfa
|
|
|
|
Chemical exposure
|
|
|
|
Plant toxicosis (bracken fern: ruminants, horses)
|
|
|
|
Infectious agents: FeLV, Ehrlichiosis
|
|
|
|
Irradiation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What infectious agents can cause reduced erythropoiesis
|
|
|
|
|
Ehrlichia sp.
|
|
|
|
FeLV
|
|
|
|
Feline panleukopenia virus
|
|
|
|
Parvovirus
|
|
|
|
Trichostrongyles (nonblood sucking)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What agents can cause lack of erythropoietin > reduced erythropoiesis
|
|
|
|
|
Chronic renal dz
|
|
|
|
Hypoadrenocorticism
|
|
|
|
Hypoandrogenism
|
|
|
|
Hypopituitarism
|
|
|
|
Hypothroidism
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What disorders of heme synthesis > defective erythropoiesis
|
|
|
|
|
Chloramphenicol toxicity
|
|
|
|
Copper deficiency
|
|
|
|
Iron deficiency
|
|
|
|
Lead poisoning
|
|
|
|
Molybdenum poisoning (causes secondary hypocuprosis, hair depigmentation)
|
|
|
|
Pyridoxine (B6) deficiency
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes reduced erythropoiesis
|
|
|
|
|
Anemia of chronic dz.
|
|
|
|
Cytotoxic bone marrow damage
|
|
|
|
Erythropoietin lack
|
|
|
|
Immune-mediated (pure red cell aplasia)
|
|
|
|
Infectious
|
|
|
|
Myelophthisis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes defective erythropoiesis
|
|
|
|
|
Abnormal maturation
|
|
|
|
Disorders of heme synthesis
|
|
|
|
Disorders of nucleic acid synthesis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the worms found in the urinary system of the following species and what is the location
|
|
|
|
Rat:
|
Trichosomoides crassicauda (urinary bladder, renal pelvis)
|
|
|
Dog:
|
Dioctophyma renale (renal pelvis) - Giant kidney worm
|
|
|
|
Capillaria plica; Capillaria feliscati (renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder)
|
|
|
Cat:
|
Capillaria plica; Capillaria feliscati (renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder)
|
|
|
Pig:
|
Stephanuras dentatus (perirenal fat, can invade renal pelvis and ureter)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the components of bovine respiratory dz. complex
|
|
|
|
|
Mannheimia hemolytica
|
|
|
|
Haemophilus somnus
|
|
|
|
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (Bovine herpesvirus type 1/Alphaherpesvirus)
|
|
|
|
Parainfluenza virus 3 dz. (Respirovirus/Paramyxovirus)
|
|
|
|
Bovine respiratory synctial dz. (Pneumovirus/Pneumovirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the components of shipping fever complex (Fibrinous bronchopneumonia)
|
|
|
|
|
Mannheimia hemolytica
|
|
|
|
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (Bovine herpesvirus type 1/Alphaherpesvirus)
|
|
|
|
Parainfluenza virus 3 dz. (Respirovirus/Paramyxovirus)
|
|
|
|
Bovine respiratory synctial dz. (Pneumovirus/Paramyxovirus)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the agent of ringworm in the following species
|
|
|
|
Cattle:
|
Trichophyton verrucosum
|
|
|
Dog:
|
Trichophyton mentagrophytes; Microsporum canis
|
|
|
Cat:
|
Trichophyton mentagrophytes; Microsporum canis
|
|
|
Rabbit:
|
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
|
|
|
Horse:
|
Trichophyton equinum; T. mentagrophytes
|
|
|
Monkey:
|
Trichophyton simii; Microsporum distortum; M. fulvum
|
|
|
Poultry:
|
Microsporum gallinae; Trichophyton simii
|
|
|
Sheep:
|
Trichophyton verrucosum
|
|
|
Goat:
|
Trichophyton verrucosum; Microsporum fulvum
|
|
|
Pig:
|
Microsporum nanum; M. fulvum
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What can cause neutrophil nuclear hypersegmentation
|
|
|
|
|
Prolonged blood transit time w/corticosteroid Tx
|
|
|
|
Hyperadrenocorticism
|
|
|
|
Chronic inflammatory dz.
|
|
|
|
Idiopathic (horse, goat)
|
|
|
|
Cobalt deficiency (cattle)
|
|
|
|
Herediatry macrocytosis (Poodles)
|
|
|
|
Abnormal Vit B12 uptake (Giant Schnauzers)
|
|
|
|
Myelodysplastic syndrome
|
|
|
|
Leukemia (some forms)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Causes of neutrophilia in mammals & heterophilia in birds
|
|
|
|
|
Physiologic
|
|
|
|
Corticosteroids
|
|
|
|
Inflammation - infectious & noninfectious
|
|
|
|
Hemorrhage & hemolysis
|
|
|
|
Chemical & drug poisonings (including estrogen toxicosis in dogs & ferrets)
|
|
|
|
Toxemia/toxicosis
|
|
|
|
Neoplasia
|
|
|
|
Genetic disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some of the infectious causes of inflammation
|
|
|
|
|
Bacteria
|
|
|
|
Rickettsia
|
|
|
|
Viruses
|
|
|
|
Fungi
|
|
|
|
Parasites
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some of the noninfectious causes of inflammation
|
|
|
|
|
Burns
|
|
|
|
Infarction
|
|
|
|
Immune-mediated dz.
|
|
|
|
Necrosis
|
|
|
|
Post-op
|
|
|
|
Thrombosis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some causeses of toxemia/toxicosis
|
|
|
|
|
Blue-green algal toxicosis
|
|
|
|
Botulism
|
|
|
|
Endotoxemia
|
|
|
|
Uremia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What can cause arthrogryposis
|
|
|
|
|
Akabane virus (bunyavirus) - cattle, sheep w/intrauterine infection
|
|
|
|
Bluetongue (orbivirus, reovirus) - cattle, sheep w/intrauterine infection
|
|
|
|
Lupine poisoning in cattle (maternal ingestion)
|
|
|
|
Poison hemlock in swine (maternal ingestion)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List causes of neutropenia in mammals or heteropenia in birds
|
|
|
|
|
Increased tissue demand
|
|
|
|
Shift from CNP to MNP
|
|
|
|
Reduced production
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List causes of increased tissue demand
|
|
|
|
|
Bacterial
|
|
|
|
Endotoxemia
|
|
|
|
Immune-mediated dz.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List causes for decrease production
|
|
|
|
|
Chemo, radiation
|
|
|
|
Idiosyncratic drug rxns (Antibiotics, antimycotics, Estrogens, NSAIDs)
|
|
|
|
Infectious (Viral, Rickettsia, Disseminated mycoses
|
|
|
|
Toxicoses (Bracken fern poisoning, Estrogen toxicity, Drug rxns (chloramphenicol, griseofulvin, estrogen toxicosis, phenylbutazone)
|
|
|
|
Myelophthisis (Bone marrow necrosis, Myelofibrosis, Myelodysplastic syndrome)
|
|
|
|
Genetic (K-9 cyclin hematopoiesis - grey collies; Familial neutropenia (Stdbred horses, Belgian Tervuren dogs)
|
|
|
|
Neoplasia (Hematologic or metastatic)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In birds heterophenia is associated with what infections
|
|
|
|
|
Circovirus
|
|
|
|
Herpesvirus
|
|
|
|
Polyomavirus
|
|
|
|
Reovirus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the causes of eosinophilia
|
|
|
|
|
Parasitism (ecto- & endoparasites)
|
|
|
|
Immediate or delayed hypersensitivity
|
|
|
|
Neoplasia (primary & paraneoplastic)
|
|
|
|
Infections
|
|
|
|
Drug reactions
|
|
|
|
Misc.: Hypereosinophilic syndrome (cats, Rottweilers); Hypoadrenocorticism (sometimes); Hyperthyroidism (cats)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of immediate or delayed hypersensitivity > eosinophilia
|
|
|
|
|
Asthma
|
|
|
|
Dermatitis
|
|
|
|
Eosinophilic granuloma
|
|
|
|
Feline eosinophilic keratitis
|
|
|
|
Gastroenteritis
|
|
|
|
Pneumonitis
|
|
|
|
Milk hypersensitivity in cattle
|
|
|
|
Canine panosteitis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What types of paraneoplasic syndromes > eosinophilia
|
|
|
|
|
Mast cell tumor
|
|
|
|
T-cell lymphoma
|
|
|
|
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
|
|
|
|
Various carcinomas
|
|
|
|
Fibrosarcoma
|
|
|
|
Thymoma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What types of infections > eosinophilia
|
|
|
|
|
Viral (FeLV)
|
|
|
|
Bacterial (Staph, strep)
|
|
|
|
Fungi (Crypto)
|
|
|
|
Slime molds (Pythosis)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of basophilia
|
|
|
|
|
Parasitism
|
|
|
|
Allergic dz.
|
|
|
|
Drug rxns
|
|
|
|
Stress
|
|
|
|
Neoplastic dz.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What types of parasites > basophilia
|
|
|
|
|
Dirofilaria immitis (dog, cat)
|
|
|
|
Dipetalonema reconditum
|
|
|
|
Hepatozoonosis
|
|
|
|
Ancylostomiasis (dog)
|
|
|
|
Schistosomes
|
|
|
|
Ticks
|
|
|
|
Air sac mites (bird)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What types of neoplastic dz > basophilia
|
|
|
|
|
Mast cell tumor
|
|
|
|
Myeloproliferative dz.
|
|
|
|
Thymoma
|
|
|
|
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
|
|
|
|
Essential thrombocythemia
|
|
|
|
Basophilic leukemia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of lymphocytosis
|
|
|
|
|
Physiologic
|
|
|
|
Chronic antigenic stimulation
|
|
|
|
Hypoadrenocorticism
|
|
|
|
Lymphoid neoplasia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes an antigenic stimulation > lymphocytosis
|
|
|
|
|
Bacterial infection
|
|
|
|
Rickettsial infection
|
|
|
|
Viral infection
|
|
|
|
Deep mycosis
|
|
|
|
Protozoal infection
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of lymphopenia
|
|
|
|
|
Drug induced
|
|
|
|
Acute systemic infection (Septicemia, endotoxemia, Viruses - early)
|
|
|
|
Therapy induced (Immunosuppressive drugs, chemo, radiation)
|
|
|
|
Loss of lymphocyte-rich lymph (efferent, afferent)
|
|
|
|
Disruption of lymphoid tissue architecture w/altered lymphocyte recirculation (Granulomatous dz., multicentric lymphoma)
|
|
|
|
Hereditary disorders (Selective T-lymphocytes deficiency; SCID: Arabian foals, Basset hounds, Jack Russell Terriers; Thymic aplasia: Black-Pied Danish cattle)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What types of drugs > lymphopenia
|
|
|
|
|
Corticosteroids (Exogenous, endogenous (hyperadrenocorticism)
|
|
|
|
Interleukin (rhIL-2)
|
|
|
|
Colony stimulating factor (rcG-CSF)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What can result in loss of efferent (E) or afferent (A) lymphocyte-rich lymph
|
|
|
|
|
Chylothorax (E)
|
|
|
|
Feline cardiac dz. (E)
|
|
|
|
Alimentary lymphoma (A)
|
|
|
|
Enteric neoplasia (A)
|
|
|
|
Granulomatous enteritis (A)
|
|
|
|
Protein losing enteropathy (A)
|
|
|
|
Lymphangiectasia (A)
|
|
|
|
Ulcerative enteritis (A)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the types of membrane bound cytoplasmic granules found in platelets
|
|
|
|
|
Alpha
|
|
|
|
Dense
|
|
|
|
Lysosome - hydrolases
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is found in platelet alpha granules
|
|
|
|
|
Coagulation and growth factors
|
|
|
|
Platelet-specific adhesion and repair proteins (eg. Factor V, Factor VIII:vWF complex, Thrombospondin, Platelet factor 4, PDGF)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What's found in platelet dense granules
|
|
|
|
|
Adenine nucleotides
|
|
|
|
Calcium
|
|
|
|
Magnesium
|
|
|
|
Serotonin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What's found in avian thrombocyte-specific granules
|
|
|
|
|
Serotonin
|
|
|
|
Thromboplastin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the activators of platelet biosynthesis and aggregation
|
|
|
|
|
Collagen
|
|
|
|
TXA2
|
|
|
|
ADP
|
|
|
|
Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
|
|
|
|
Thrombin
|
|
|
|
Endotoxin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What induces the aggregation of avian thrombocytes
|
|
|
|
|
Thrombin
|
|
|
|
Collagen
|
|
|
|
Serotonin
|
|
|
|
Arachidonic acid
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some endothelial antithrombotic agents
|
|
|
|
|
Negative membrane charge
|
|
|
|
PGI2
|
|
|
|
Nitric oxide
|
|
|
|
Thrombomodulin
|
|
|
|
tPA
|
|
|
|
Heparan sulfate
|
|
|
|
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
|
|
|
|
ectoADPase
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some endothelial prothrombotic agents
|
|
|
|
|
Tissue factor
|
|
|
|
vWF
|
|
|
|
PAI-1
|
|
|
|
Factor V
|
|
|
|
Damaged endothelium
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes proloned buccal mucosa bleeding time (BMBT)
|
|
|
|
|
Thromboctyopenia
|
|
|
|
Platelet dysfunction: vWF dz., DIC, liver dz., fdp's (bind to GPIIb-IIIa sites), uremia
|
|
|
|
Vitamin C deficiency in guinea pigs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are causes of congenital instrinsic platelet disorders
|
|
|
|
|
Chediak-Higashi syndrome (no dense granules)
|
|
|
|
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (defect/deficiency GPIIb-IIIa)
|
|
|
|
Canine thrombopathia (Abnormal fibrinogen receptor, impaired dense granule release
|
|
|
|
Bovine thrombopathia
|
|
|
|
Platelet-dense granule defect
|
|
|
|
Cyclic hematopoiesis of grey Collies
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are causes of acquired hyporesponsive platelet disorders
|
|
|
|
|
Drugs (NSAIDS, aspirin, B-lactam antibiotics, Ca++ channel blockers)
|
|
|
|
Uremia (impairs adhesion)
|
|
|
|
DIC
|
|
|
|
Liver dz. (doesn't clear FDPs)
|
|
|
|
Infectious/Misc. agents (FeLV; E. canis; Paraproteins (multiple myeloma); leukemia or myeloproliferative disorders; snake venom
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of enhanced platelet function
|
|
|
|
|
Nephrotic syndrome (d/t hypoalbuminemia)
|
|
|
|
Erythropoietin
|
|
|
|
Infectious (FIP; Heartworm dz.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of decreased platelet production
|
|
|
|
|
Pure megakaryocytic hypoplasia
|
|
|
|
Bone marrow panhypoplasia (d/t: drugs, chemicals, mycotoxins, ionizing radiation, FeLV, parvo)
|
|
|
|
Myelophthisis (neoplastic or no marrow cells filling BM)
|
|
|
|
Infectious agents (Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, FeLV, FIV, EIA, ASF, BVD)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of increased platelet consumption/destruction
|
|
|
|
|
Immune-mediated (attacks GP receptors)
|
|
|
|
Drug induced
|
|
|
|
Increased removal: IV parasites (Plasmodium, Dirofilaria); DIC; Infectious (Bacterial, viral, rickettsial)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes excess consumption of platelets
|
|
|
|
|
Hemorrhage
|
|
|
|
Trauma
|
|
|
|
Rodenticide toxicosis
|
|
|
|
Neoplasia
|
|
|
|
DIC: doesn't have concurrent thrombocytosis )
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes platelet sequestration
|
|
|
|
|
Splenic congestion
|
|
|
|
Neoplasia
|
|
|
|
DIC
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the enzymatic coagulation factors
|
|
|
|
|
Prekallikrein (Fletcher factor)
|
|
|
|
XIII (Fibrin stabalizing factor)
|
|
|
|
XII (Hageman factor)
|
|
|
|
XI (Plasma thromboplastin antecedent)
|
|
|
|
X (Stuart factor)
|
|
|
|
IX (Christmas factor, Antihemophilic factor B)
|
|
|
|
VII (Proconvertin)
|
|
|
|
II (Prothrombin)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the nonenzymatic coagulation factors
|
|
|
|
|
VIII (Antihemophilic factor A)
|
|
|
|
V (Proaccelerin)
|
|
|
|
I (Fibrinogen)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the Vit K and calcium dependent factors
|
II, VII, IX, X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What does Vit K do
|
Carboxylation of glutamic acid residues
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What does calcium do
|
Allows factors to bind platelet phospholipid and tissue factor
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes an acquired Vit K. deficiency
|
|
|
|
|
Rodenticide toxicosis
|
|
|
|
Bile insufficiency
|
|
|
|
Liver failure
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What can cause a hypercoagulable state
|
|
|
|
|
Heat stroke
|
|
|
|
Viremia
|
|
|
|
Endotoxemia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What does thrombin activate
|
|
|
|
|
XIII
|
|
|
|
VIII
|
|
|
|
V
|
|
|
|
Platelets
|
|
|
|
Protein C when bound to thrombomodulin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the plasminogen activators
|
|
|
|
|
Kallikrein
|
|
|
|
tPA
|
|
|
|
uPA
|
|
|
|
XII
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the plasmin inhibitors
|
|
|
|
|
Alpha 2 antiplasmin
|
|
|
|
Alpha 2 macroglobin
|
|
|
|
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
|
|
|
|
C1-esterase inhibitor
|
|
|
|
PAI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What does plasmin inactivate
|
|
|
|
|
Prekallikrein
|
|
|
|
HMWK
|
|
|
|
VIII
|
|
|
|
V
|
|
|
|
I
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes prolonged ACT
|
|
|
|
|
Deficiency: Intrinsic factors (prekallikrein, HMWK, XII, XI, IX, VIII)
|
|
|
|
Deficiency: Common factors (X, V, II, I)
|
|
|
|
Excess FDPs
|
|
|
|
Anticoagulants (Heparin, EDTA)
|
|
|
|
Marked thrombocytopenia (<5%)
|
|
|
|
DIC
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes prolonged APTT
|
|
|
|
|
Deficiency: Intrinsic factors or common factors (< 30% of normal)
|
|
|
|
DIC
|
|
|
|
Acquired Vit K deficiency (Rodenticide toxicosis, bile insufficiency, liver failure)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes prolonged PT
|
|
|
|
|
VII deficiency (< 30 % of normal)
|
|
|
|
DIC
|
|
|
|
Acquired Vit K deficiency (Rodenticide toxicosis, bile insufficiency, liver failure)
|
|
|
|
NOT prolonged by thrombocytopenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes a prologned TT
|
|
|
|
|
Hypofibrinogenemia
|
|
|
|
Inhibitors (Heparin, FDPs, dysproteinemia)
|
|
|
|
NOT prolonged by Vit K deficiency
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes increased FPDs
|
|
|
|
|
DIC
|
|
|
|
Severe liver dz.
|
|
|
|
Severe internal bleeding
|
|
|
|
Severe thrombosis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes increased D-dimers
|
|
|
|
|
Thrombosis
|
|
|
|
Hemorrhage
|
|
|
|
DIC
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes decreased ATIII
|
|
|
|
|
DIC
|
|
|
|
PLE
|
|
|
|
PLN
|
|
|
|
Ischemic bowel disorders
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes a hypertonic rumen
|
|
|
|
|
Urea toxicity
|
|
|
|
Propylene glycol toxicity
|
|
|
|
Grain overload
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes an increased anion gap
|
|
|
|
|
Lactic acidosis (lactate)
|
|
|
|
Diabetic ketoacidosis (ketones)
|
|
|
|
Renal dz. (uremic acids)
|
|
|
|
Toxicities (ethylene glycol)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes a decrease in the anion gap
|
|
|
|
|
Hemodilution
|
|
|
|
Hypoalbuminemia
|
|
|
|
Increased cations (Ca++)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes a decrease in the Na+/K+ ration
|
|
|
|
|
Hypoaldosteronism (Addisons dz.)
|
|
|
|
Renal dz.
|
|
|
|
Gastroenteritis tx'd w/low sodium fluid
|
|
|
|
Diarrhea d/t Trichuris vulpis
|
|
|
|
Repeated drainage of chylothorax
|
|
|
|
Large volume peritonitis and pleuritis
|
|
|
|
Illness during late-term pregnancy
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of hyponatremia with decreased ECF (hypotonic dehydration)
|
|
|
|
|
Diarrhea
|
|
|
|
Hypoaldosteronism (Aldosterone retains sodium, excretes potassium)
|
|
|
|
Loss Na+ rich fluids
|
|
|
|
Osmotic diuresis - Diabetes mellitus (renal excretion of glucose & sodium follows glucose
|
|
|
|
Renal dz.
|
|
|
|
Salmonellosis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of hyponatremia with normal ECF
|
|
|
|
|
Dietary salf deficiency
|
|
|
|
Psychogenic polydipsia (compensatory PU > sodium loss)
|
|
|
|
Ruptured urinary bladder (sodium equilibrates between ECF and 3rd space
|
|
|
|
Saliva loss (horse)
|
|
|
|
Sustained exercise (sodium loss w/water uptake or ADH > dilution of remaining sodium)
|
|
|
|
Loss of Na+ rich fluid & tx w/low sodium fluids
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of hyponatremia with increased ECF
|
|
|
|
|
Edema, ascites, hydrothorax or peritoneal effusion
|
|
|
|
Repeated drainage of chylothorax
|
|
|
|
Renal failure & tx w/excessive low Na+ fluids
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of hypernatremia with decreased ECF
|
|
|
|
|
Adipsia
|
|
|
|
Diabetes insipidus w/water restriction (central or nephrogenic unresponsiveness to ADH > water loss but Na+ retention (PCT
|
|
|
|
Panting
|
|
|
|
Sweating
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of hypernatremia with normal ECF
|
|
|
|
|
High salt diet w/restricted water
|
|
|
|
Salt poisoning (Na+ intake w/water restriction > water intake > edema (meningeal & cerebral edema, laminar necrosis)
|
|
|
|
Shift of water into GI tract in ruminants d/t: Grain overload, propylene glycol toxicosis, urea toxicosis (shift of water from ECF to rumen > hypernatremia in ECF)
|
|
|
|
Shift of water to 3rd space (bile peritonitis)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of hypernatremia with increased ECF
|
|
|
|
|
Edema, ascites, hydrothorax
|
|
|
|
Renal failure & concurrent tx w/hypernatremic fluids
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of hyperkalemia with increased ECF
|
|
|
|
|
Decreased urinary excretion (anuric, oliguric, post renal blockage, ruptured bladder)
|
|
|
|
Hypoaldosteronism
|
|
|
|
Drainage of chylothorax
|
|
|
|
Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole
|
|
|
|
Potassium admin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of hyperkalemia with K+ mvmt from ICF > ECF
|
|
|
|
|
Acidemia (ICF K+ switched w/H+)
|
|
|
|
Secretory diarrhea
|
|
|
|
Hyperosmolality (K+ from ICF > ECF)
|
|
|
|
Cell membrane damage (K+ efflux)
|
|
|
|
Tissue necrosis
|
|
|
|
Oleander toxicosis (Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase)
|
|
|
|
Insulin deficiency (needed to get K+ into cell)
|
|
|
|
Diabetes (renal loss & mvmt from ICF > ECF)
|
|
|
|
Inherited periodic increased K+ paralysis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes hypokalemia
|
|
|
|
|
Decreased intake
|
|
|
|
K+ deficient acidifying diet
|
|
|
|
Increased GI loss (vomiting, diarrhea)
|
|
|
|
Increased urinary loss (kaliuresis): Polyuria, metabolic acidosis or alkalosis; increased mineralcorticoids, renal tubular acidosis, diuretics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What causes hypokalemia with ECF K+ > ICF K+
|
|
|
|
|
Alkalemia (Low ECF H+ > ECF K+ exchanging w/ICF H+)
|
|
|
|
ICF K+ depletion (ECF K+ > ICF to replace ICF K+ loss; Insulin or HCO3 therapy > K+ into ICF)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are causes of HCO3 loss
|
|
|
|
|
Saliva
|
|
|
|
GI and pancreatic secretions
|
|
|
|
Diarrhea
|
|
|
|
Urine d/t renal tubular acidosis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are examples of alpha or beta globulins
|
|
|
|
|
Lipoproteins
|
|
|
|
Acute phase proteins
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are examples of gamma globulins
|
|
|
|
|
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are causes of polyclonal gammopathy
|
|
|
|
|
Inflammatory dz.
|
|
|
|
Immune-mediated dz.
|
|
|
|
Liver dz.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are causes of monoclonal gammopathy
|
|
|
|
|
Plasma cell myeloma
|
|
|
|
Lymphoma
|
|
|
|
CLL
|
|
|
|
Macroglobulinemia
|
|
|
|
Canine amyloidosis
|
|
|
|
Canine ehrlichiosis
|
|
|
|
Canine visceral leishmania
|
|
|
|
FIP
|
|
|
|
Plasmacytic gastroenteritis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of hypoalbuminemia
|
|
|
|
|
High protein effusions
|
|
|
|
Intestinal parasites
|
|
|
|
Nephrotic syndrome
|
|
|
|
Proteinuria d/t renal dz.
|
|
|
|
Exudative skin dz.
|
|
|
|
Burns
|
|
|
|
Hemorrhage
|
|
|
|
PLE
|
|
|
|
Malabsorption
|
|
|
|
Malnutrition
|
|
|
|
Cachexia
|
|
|
|
Chronic liver dz
|
|
|
|
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
|
|
|
|
Pregnancy
|
|
|
|
Lactation
|
|
|
|
Horses w/liver dz. (+/-)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are causes of hypoglobulinemia with an increased A/G ratio
|
|
|
|
|
Failure passive xfer
|
|
|
|
Colostral deprivation
|
|
|
|
SCID
|
|
|
|
Agammaglobulinemia
|
|
|
|
Selective IgM, IgA, IgG deficiencies
|
|
|
|
Transient hypogammaglobulinemia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are causes of hypoglobulinemia with a normal A/G ration
|
|
|
|
|
Hemorrhage
|
|
|
|
Exudation
|
|
|
|
PLE
|
|
|
|
Deficient protein synthesis d/t severe malnutrition, maldigestion or malabsorption
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the 5 major types of lipid in plasma
|
|
|
|
|
Cholesterol
|
|
|
|
Cholesterol esters
|
|
|
|
Triglycerides
|
|
|
|
Phospholipids
|
|
|
|
Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA - long chain fatty acids; reserve when starving)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What can cause increased lipoproteins
|
|
|
|
|
Endocrine dz.
|
|
|
|
Hepatic dz.
|
|
|
|
Renal dz.
|
|
|
|
Disorder of cholesterol metabolism (Min. Schnauzers)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What conditions can occur with lipoprotein lipase deficiency
|
|
|
|
|
Xanthomas
|
|
|
|
Granulomas
|
|
|
|
Lipemia retinalis
|
|
|
|
Peripheral neuropathies
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List the insulin antagonists
|
|
|
|
|
Glucagon
|
|
|
|
Growth hormone
|
|
|
|
Cortisol; Corticosterone
|
|
|
|
Corticosteroids
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is the renal glucose threshold for the following:
|
|
|
|
Cow:
|
100
|
|
|
Dog:
|
180
|
|
|
Cat:
|
280
|
|
|
Bird:
|
600
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the ketone bodies
|
|
|
|
|
Acetoacetone
|
|
|
|
B-hydroxybutyrate
|
|
|
|
Acetone
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some causes of hypoglycemia (pg 187)
|
|
|
|
|
Excess admin of or secretion of insulin or insulin analogs
|
|
|
|
Reduction of hormones that maintain glucose homeostasis
|
|
|
|
Reducted hepatic storage of glycogen
|
|
|
|
Increased glucose use
|
|
|
|
Reduced glucose intake or inadequate gluconeogenesis
|
|
|
|
Drugs causing hypoglycemia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the types of ALP isozymes
|
|
|
|
|
Liver
|
|
|
|
Corticosteroid (dogs)
|
|
|
|
Bone
|
|
|
|
Intestinal
|
|
|
|
Placental
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Which ALP isoenzymes are levamisole resisitant
|
|
|
|
|
Corticosteroids
|
|
|
|
Intestinal
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Which ALP isoenzymes are levamisole sensitive
|
|
|
|
|
Hepatic
|
|
|
|
Bone
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are some causes of hyperamylasemia
|
|
|
|
|
Renal dz.
|
|
|
|
GI dz.
|
|
|
|
Hepatobiliary dz.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 forms of lipase
|
|
|
|
|
Pancreatic lipase
|
|
|
|
Colilipase
|
|
|
|
Lipoprotein lipase
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some mediators of leukocyte activation
|
|
|
|
|
LTB4
|
|
|
|
C5a
|
|
|
|
PAF
|
|
|
|
Cytokines
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some mediators of increased vascular permeability
|
|
|
|
|
Histamine
|
|
|
|
Serotonin
|
|
|
|
Bradykinin
|
|
|
|
C3a
|
|
|
|
C5a
|
|
|
|
LTC4
|
|
|
|
LTD4
|
|
|
|
LTE4
|
|
|
|
IL-1
|
|
|
|
TNF alpha
|
|
|
|
PAF
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some mediators of vasodilation
|
|
|
|
|
PGD2
|
|
|
|
PGF2
|
|
|
|
PGI2
|
|
|
|
Nitric oxide
|
|
|
|
Bradykinin
|
|
|
|
Histamine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some mediators of vasoconstriction
|
|
|
|
|
LTC4
|
|
|
|
LTD4
|
|
|
|
LTE4
|
|
|
|
PAF
|
|
|
|
PGF2 alpha
|
|
|
|
TXA2
|
|
|
|
Bradykinin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Locations for amyloid in the following species
|
|
|
|
Cat:
|
Pancreatic islet cells; Renal interstitium
|
|
|
Dog (Shar Pei):
|
Renal interstitium
|
|
|
Dog:
|
Glomeruli
|
|
|
Primate:
|
Pancreatic islet cells
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some causes of white muscle dz.
|
|
|
|
|
Monensin
|
|
|
|
Coffee senna (Cassia sp.)
|
|
|
|
Vit E/Se deficiency
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
List some causes of valvular endocarditis in the following species
|
|
|
|
Horse:
|
Strongylus vulgaris larval migration
|
|
|
Bovine:
|
Arcanobacter pyogenes
|
|
|
Pig:
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Streptococcus sp.; Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
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Dog, Cat:
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Streptococcus sp.; E. coli
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List some vascular parasites for the following species
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Mammals, Bird:
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Schistosoma; Heterobilharzia; Orientobilharzia - Blood flukes
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Cattle, Buffalo, Goat:
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Onchocerca sp. (aortic wall)
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Dog:
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Dirofilaria immitis; Angiostrongylus vasorum
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List some causes of vasculitis w/hemorrhage under the following categories
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Viral:
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Equine: Equine viral arteritis (Arterivirus; Arteriviridae); Equine herpesvirus 1- spinal cord (Alphaherpesvirus; Herpesviridae); Equine infectious anemia (Lentivirus; Retroviridae); Ruminant: Malignant catarrhal fever (Ovine herpesvirus 2; Gammaherpesvirus; Herpesviridae); Bluetongue (Orbivirus; Reoviridae); Bovine virus diarrhea (Bovine pestivirus; Flaviviridae); Border Dz. (Ovine pestivirus; Flaviviridae); Cat: Feline infectious peritonitis (Coronavirus; Coronaviridae); Pig: African swine fever (Asfivirus; Asfarviridae); Classical swine fever (Porcine pestivirus; Flaviviridae)
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Bacterial:
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Salmonella sp.; Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; Hemophilus sp. (H. suis, H. somnus, H. parasuis); Streptococcus sp.
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Fungal:
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Zygomycetes; Aspergillus
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Metazoan:
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Strongylus vulgaris; Dirofilaria immitis; Spirocera lupi; Elaphora schneideri; Aelurostrongylus abstrusus; Angiostrongylus vasorum; Schistosoma sp.; Elaeophora schneideri; Onchocerca armillata
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Immune-mediated:
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SLE; Rheumatoid arthritis; Aleutian dz (Mink parvovirus)., Polyarteritis nodosa; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (Arenavirus; Arenaviridae); Drug-induced hypersensitivity
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List diseases that cause myocarditis by the following categories
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Viral:
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Dog: Canine parvovirus (Parvovirus; Paroviridae); Canine distemper (Morbillivirus; Paramyxoviridae); Rodent: Encephalomyocarditis (Cardiovirus; Picornaviridae); Ruminant: FMD (Aphthovirus; Picornaviridae); Pig: Pseudorabies (Porcine herpesvirus 1; Alphaherpesvirus; Herpesviridae); Cytomegalovirus (Porcine herpesvirus 2; Betaherpesvirus; Herpesviridae); Bird: Newcastle disease (Rubulavirus; Paramyxoviridae); Avian encephalomyelitis (Enterovirus; Picornaviridae); Horse: EEE, WEE (Alphavirus; Togaviridiae)
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Bacterial:
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Clostridium chavoei (Blackleg); Listeria monocytogenes; Clostridium piliforme (Tyzzer's Dz.); Fusobacterium necrophorum (Necrobacillosis); Mycobacterium sp. (TB); Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Caseous lymphadenitis); Actinobacillus equuli; Staphylococcus sp.; Corynebacterium kutscheri; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Protozoal:
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Toxoplasma gondii; Sarcocystis sp.; Encephalitozoon cuniculi; Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas' Dz.)
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Parasitic:
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Cysticercus cellulosae (Swine; T. solium); C. bovis (Cattle; T. saginata) Trichinella sp.
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Idiopathic:
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Eosinophilic myocarditis (d/t parasites)
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Causes of secondary cardiomyopathy
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Heritable: Duchenne (dystrophin)
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Nutritional: Taurine (cat, fox, fish)
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Toxic: Drugs; NaCl
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Physical injury, shock
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Endocrine: Hyperthyroid; Hypersomatotropin (acromegaly); Hypothyroid; Glucocorticoid excess; Diabetes mellitus; Pheochromocytoma (functional)
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Infections
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Neoplasia
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Systemic hypertension (cat): Chronic renal dz.; Hyperthyroid; Diabetes mellitus; Acromegaly, Aldosteronism (primary)
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Causes of myocardial necrosis
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Nutritional deficiencies: Vit E/Se; Potassium; Copper; Thiamine; Magnesium
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Toxic: Cobalt; Catecholamine; Monensin; Vit. D; Calcinogenic plants; Blister beetles; Gossypol; Uremia; Cassia; T-2 mycotoxin
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Physical injury/Shock: CNS lesion & trauma (heart-brain syndrome); Hemorrhagic shock
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List causes of polyarthritis in goats
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CAE
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Mycoplasma sp.
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Bacteria: Arcanobacterium pyogenes, E. coli, Salmonella, Staph, Strep, E. rhusiopathiae
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Causes of pododermatitis is cats
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Phemigus folliaceous
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Plasma cell tumor
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Eosinophilic collagenolytic granuloma
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Lesions in species d/t Pasteurella multocida
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Chickens, turkeys: Fowl cholera, otitis media
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Pigs: Atrophic rhinitis, pneumonia
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Cattle: Pneumonia
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Water buffalo: Hemorrhagic septicemia
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Deer, rabbit: Infections
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R/O for vasculitis in a horse
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Equine arteritis virus
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Equine herpesvirus 1
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African horse sickness (orbivirus)
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Hendra virus (morbillivirus)
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EEE, VEE, WEE (alphavirus, togavirus)
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Purpura hemorrhagica
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Listeria monocytogenes (foals)
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R/O for eosinophils in horses
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Collagenolytic granuloma
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Habronemiasis
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Mast cell tumor
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Phythium
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Causes of bursal lymphoid necrosis
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Newcastles dz. (Rubulavirus, Paramyxovirus)
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Duck plaque virus (Anatid alphaherpesvirus)
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Psittacine beak & feather dz (Circovirus)
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Causes of bursal atrophy
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Marek's dz (Gallid herpesvirus type 2)
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Chicken anemia virus (circovirus)
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Causes for GN in the following species:
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Dog
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Infectious canine hepatitis, Pyometra, Borrelia, Chronic hepatitis, Dirofilaria, SLE, AIHA, Polyarteritis, Prostatitis, Pyoderma, Neoplasia
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Cat
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FeLV, FIV, FIP, Progressive polyarteritis, Neoplasia
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Horse
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EIA, Strep.
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Cow
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BVD, Trypanasoma
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Pig
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CSF, ASF
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Sheep
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Hereditary hypocomplementia in Finnish Landrace lambs
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Causes of necrotizing enterocolitis in NHP
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Shigella dysenteriae; S. flexneri
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Campylobacter jejuni
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Salmonella enteritidis; S. typhimurium
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Yersinia enterocolitica; Y. pseudotuberculosis
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E. coli (enteropathogenic)
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Balantidium coli
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Entamoeba histolytica (necrohemorrhagic & ulcerative colitis, fibrinonecrotic membrane, flask-shaped ulcers)
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