Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the most common microbe found in the mature female vagina?
|
Lactilobaccillus
|
|
|
This type of exotoxins cause the skin blisters of "scalded skin syndrome".
|
exfoliatins
|
|
|
This type of agar is used to isolate potential skin pathogens.
|
MSA
|
|
|
This is a causative agent of Hansen's disease.
|
Mycobacterium leprae
|
|
|
This is the causative agent of necrotizing fascitis.
|
Streptococcus pyogenes
|
|
|
This is the causative agent of dandruff.
|
Pityrosporum
|
|
|
This is the causative agent of tooth decay.
|
Streptococcus mutans
|
|
|
These are enlarged lymph nodes characteristic of a Yersinia pestis infection.
|
buboes
|
|
|
Deer ticks are vectors of _______ which causes this disease.
|
Borrelia, Lyme disease.
|
|
|
This group of obligate intracellular parasites cause human typhus fever.
|
rickettsias
|
|
|
Microbes that cause bubonic plague are transferred to humans by these arthropods.
|
fleas
|
|
|
Hemorrhagic diarreah is caused by a virulent strain of this microbe.
|
E. coli
|
|
|
Giardia and Entamoeba are these types of microbes.
|
Protists
|
|
|
Hepatitis is caused by this type of microbe.
|
Virus
|
|
|
Hepatitis A is caused by ________
|
RNA piconavirus
|
|
|
Hepatitis B is caused by ___________
|
DNA hepadnavirus
|
|
|
Hepatitis C is caused by ______________
|
RNA flavivirus
|
|
|
Hepatitis D is caused by ____________
|
delta viroid
|
|
|
Hepatatis E is caused by ______________
|
calici virus
|
|
|
A fungus that grows in guano-enriched soils causes this lung disease.
|
histoplasmosis
|
|
|
This is an accumulation of fluid in the lungs.
|
Pulmonary edema
|
|
|
This genus of bacteria causes diphtheria
|
Corynebacterium
|
|
|
This genus of bacteria causes whooping cough (pertussis).
|
Bordetella
|
|
|
This is an infection of the urinary bladder.
|
Cystitis.
|
|
|
This is an infection of the kidneys.
|
Pyelonephritis
|
|
|
Chancres and gummas are lesions associated with this disease.
|
Syphilis
|
|
|
Pharyngeal gonorreah is caused by this genus of bacteria.
|
Neisseria
|
|
|
Pharyngitis is caused by _____________ (5 types)
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Stahpylococcus aureus and/or Branhamella catarrhalis.
|
|
|
The common cold is caused by ________ (3 types)
|
Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses or adenoviruses.
|
|
|
Laryngitis occurs when the _________ tissue of the larynx becomes inflamed by ____________ (3 types)
|
epithelial
Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae. |
|
|
Corynebacterium diphtheriae has the classic look of __________ and is a Gram ____ microbe, with a ______ shape.
|
picket fence (palisades)
+ rod |
|
|
Diphtheria can cause this side reaction that can lead to death, especially in children.
|
A pseudomembrane is formed by the death of the epithelial cells in the throat, which can detach and cause suffocation.
|
|
|
Pneumonia can be caused by these strains of microbes (4 types).
|
Strepotococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
|
|
|
Legionnaire's disease is caused by _______, a Gram ___ microbe that exists in ___________.
|
Legionella pneumophilla
negative obligate aerobe A/C systems, pipes, heaters and vents with water leakage. |
|
|
Legionella pneumophilla is actually a _________ within ________.
|
parasite
amoebas |
|
|
Tuberculosis is caused by __________
|
Mycrobacterium tuberculosis
|
|
|
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is caused by _________ and is obtained by ________
|
Hantavirus
fleas from the deer mouse |
|
|
SARS stands for ____ _______ ______ ______
|
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
|
|
|
SARS is caused by _______
|
coronavirus
|
|
|
Pyelonephritis (infected kidney) is caused by ________
|
E. coli
|
|
|
Cystitis (infected urinary bladder) is caused by ________
|
E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella or Pseudomonas (4 types).
|
|
|
Pseudomonas are very ________ to antibiotics and are _________ to treat.
|
resistant
difficult |
|
|
Urethritis (infected urethra) is caused by ______________ (4 types).
|
E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella or Pseudomonas.
|
|
|
Cystitis can cause ________, which is painful urination, and ______, which is leucocytes in the urine.
|
dysuria
pyuria |
|
|
Vaginitis occurs when _______ pathogens become established.
|
Gardnerella
|
|
|
Toxic shock syndrome occurs when this microbe, _________ grows as a result of too much __________, caused by tampons that are left in place too long.
|
Staphylococcus aureus
magnesium |
|
|
Toxic shock syndrome is dangerous because of _________, which is produced by the microbe that causes it.
|
Exotoxin C
|
|
|
Gonorreah is caused by ___________, a _________ type of coccus.
|
Neisseria gonorrhea
diplococcus |
|
|
Gonorrhea and syphilis are not transmitted by __________
|
fomites
|
|
|
Syphilis has ___ stages
|
3
|
|
|
Syphillis is caused by _________
|
Treponema pallidum
|
|
|
In the primary stage of syphillis, one of the symptoms is the development of _________ on the face, genitals and lips.
|
chancres
|
|
|
In the secondary stage of syphillis, what happens?
|
Symptoms come and go, rashes and lesions appear randomly, shedding active spirochetes. Damage to internal organs are occuring.
|
|
|
During the third stage of syphillis, what happens?
|
Gummas occurs internally and externally. Damage occurs to the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Paralysis, seizures and insanity are common.
|
|
|
What happens to pregnant woman who contracts or has syphillis?
|
Severe congenital birth defects can result.
|
|
|
What microbe causes chlamydia and how is it transmitted?
|
Chlamydia trachomatis, through sex
|
|
|
What causes syphilis?
|
Sexual contact and saliva
|
|
|
How can syphilis be treated?
|
With penicillin, tetracycline or erythromycin.
|
|
|
What works against gonorreah?
|
Penicillin, tetracycline
|
|
|
What causes candidiasis?
|
Candida albicans, a yeast
|
|
|
What causes trichomoniasis?
|
Trichimonas vaginalis, a protist
|
|
|
How can someone get trichomoniasis?
|
Through sex and fomites
|
|
|
What microbe is the cause of AIDS?
|
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I
|
|
|
What does the HIV type 1 virus do to cause AIDS?
|
It injects its RNA into the helper and cytotoxic T cells and macrophages, which are disabled from activating B cells.
|
|
|
How is HIV contracted?
|
sex, dirty needles, blood transfusions, saliva.
|
|
|
Name some microbes that causes meningitis (6 types).
|
Naegleria fowleri, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium leprae.
|
|
|
What microbe causes leprosy (Hansen's disease)?
|
Mycobacterium leprae.
|
|
|
What type of virus is rabies caused by?
|
Rhabdovirus
|
|
|
What are prions?
|
Non-cellular, non-viral, naked pieces of protein. Infectious agents.
|
|
|
What causes kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
|
prions
|
|
|
What causes mad cow disease and how do humans get it?
|
Prions. When an infected cow's meat is released for consumption and humans eat it.
|
|
|
What is kuru?
|
A disease caused by eating brains infected by prions.
|
|
|
Give three examples of non-specific immune response.
|
Mechanical barriers: ex: human skin
Chemical barriers: ex: skin acids, salts. Interferons. Inflammation barriers: ex: phagocytosis by neutrophils in blood, macrophages in lymph nodes. |
|
|
What kinds of cells are targeted toward specific immune response?
|
Cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, Plasma B cells, memory B cells.
|
|
|
What is immunity?
|
The ability to produce antibodies to neutralize antigens.
|
|
|
What is a vaccine?
|
Attenuated or killed microbes or components of their cells walls or capsules or membranes or other component such as an isolated protein.
|
|
|
What is antisera and what is it for?
|
Ready-made antibodies directly injected, such as that for snake bite. These do not produce memory B cells.
|
|
|
Whta microbe causes typhus fever and how is it transmitted?
|
Rickettsia prowazekii. Transmitted by human body lice.
|
|
|
What microbe causes murine typhus fever and how is it transmitted?
|
Rickettsia typhii, transmitted by fleas from rats and mice.
|
|
|
What is another name for Bartonella, and where does it come from?
|
"Cat scratch fever" in humans, from cat fleas.
|
|
|
What is the microbe that causes The Plague?
|
Yersinia pestis, a gram (-) rod.
|
|
|
What two microbes can cause extensive tissue damage in burn victims?
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens.
|
|
|
What is the name for substances excreted by microbes that are dangerous to humans?
|
Exotoxins.
|
|
|
What are two microbe types that can cause endocarditis?
|
Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus.
|
|
|
Are normal microflora of the integument Gram (+) or Gram (-)?
|
Gram (+)
|
|
|
What kind of microbe causes acne?
|
Propionibacterium acnes
|
|
|
What is the normal acidic level of the skin?
|
3 to 5 pH
|
|
|
What are pathogens?
|
Disease-causing agents.
|
|
|
What are antigens?
|
Any form of protein or substance in the form of venom, ingested toxins or microbial surface by-products such as exotoxins, endotoxins or enterotoxins.
|
|
|
How does the HIV virus infect the body?
|
The HIV particle enters a leucocyte by merging its outer envelope of lipids with the phospholipid membranes of the target cell. The genome (RNA) of the virus then enters and disables the cell.
|
|
|
Helper T cells do what?
|
Activate the cytotoxic T cells and B cells.
|
|
|
B cells do what?
|
Produce the antibodies that neutralize specific antigens.
|
|
|
Plasma B cells perform what function?
|
Actively produce antobodies
|
|
|
What are B cells and where are they found?
|
Lymphocytes that have been modified in the lymph nodes and spleen for specific immune functions.
|
|
|
What are memory B cells?
|
B cells that remain in the lymph nodes to be reactivated in the future when needed.
|
|
|
Define septicemia.
|
A massive proliferation of microbes in the bloodstream.
|
|
|
Define sepsis.
|
A toxic accumulation of microbial waste in the blood stream.
|
|
|
Define septic shock.
|
Extreme body-wide inflammation response involving clotting or hemorrhaging, dilation of blood vessels
|
|
|
What happens when a human is infected with transmissible spongiform encephalopathic diseases such as kuru?
|
The brain becomes riddled with holes and unusual protein deposits.
|
|
|
What are lymphocytes?
|
White blood cells, part of the immune system.
|
|
|
Where do T cells form and from what do they form?
|
In the thymus gland, from lymphocytes.
|
|
|
How do cytotoxic, or killer, T cells, work?
|
They destroy invading microbes by disrupting their plasma membranes or by destroying the cells that they have invaded.
|
|
|
What microbe causes genital herpes?
|
Herpes simplex type 2
|
|
|
Where do genital herpes virus cells reside in the body during their latent period?
|
In the sacral ganglia at the base of the spinal cord.
|
|
|
What are the two types of food poisoning and what makes them different?
|
1. Food infection - when microbes invade the digestive tract from ingested food.
2. Food intoxication - when microbes contaminate the food before it has been ingested. |
|
|
What microbes cause food infection (5 types)?
|
Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, Campylobacter, E.coli.
|
|
|
What microbes cause food intoxication? (2 types)
|
Clostridium and Staphylococcus
|
|
|
What microbe causes botulism and where is it found?
|
Clostridium botulinum, found in canned foods.
|
|
|
What microbes can infect eggs, dairy products and meat that have not been refridgerated? (2 types)
|
E. coli and Staph. aureus.
|
|
|
What disease is caused by Entamoeba histolytica?
|
Amoebic dysentery
|
|
|
Which disease is especially bad for a pregnant woman to get, that can be transmitted by cats?
|
Toxoplasmosis
|
|
|
What type of microbe is Toxoplasma?
|
A protist
|
|
|
What microbe produces aflatoxins?
|
Aspergillus
|
|
|
What crazy microbe produces ergotism?
|
Claviceps
|
|
|
Which microbes infect grains, nuts, peanuts, etc.
|
Aspergillus, Claviceps
|
|
|
Which microbes cause sinusitis? (4 types)
|
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus.
|
|
|
What microbe strains cause strep throat scarlet fever or rheumatic fever?
|
beta-hemolytic group A Streptococcus pyogenes
|
|
|
What does pyogenes mean?
|
"pus forming"
|
|
|
What causes chicken pox and shingles?
|
Varicella zoster
|
|
|
Which virus causes measles?
|
Rubeola
|
|
|
What microbe causes German measles?
|
Rubella
|
|
|
If you get a cold sore or fever blister, what microbe could be causing it?
|
Herpes simplex type 1
|
|
|
What microbe causes warts?
|
Papilloma virus
|
|
|
What is usually a microbe found in the venom of spiders and snakes with hemotoxic venom?
|
Mycobacterium
|
|
|
Which structures are part of the oral cavity and oropharynx?
|
Mucus membranes of mouth
Upper pharynx Teeth Gums Tongue Salivary glands Tonsils |
|
|
What is the antimicrobial substance found in the saliva called and how does it affect microbes?
|
Lysozyme. It tears bacterial cell walls.
|
|
|
Which microbes remain attached in large numbers to the mucus membranes of the mouth, tongue and on tooth surfaces?
|
Staphylococcus aureus and Staph. epidermidis
|
|
|
Which microbes cause bad breath?
|
alpha hemolytic streptococci such as Branhamella catarrhalis and Corynebacterium
|
|
|
What microbe causes tooth decay?
|
Streptococcus mutans
|
|
|
What component produced by microbes causes dental caries?
|
Lactid acid
|
|
|
Name four types of microbes that reside on the teeth?
|
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus sanguis Streptococcus sobrinus Lactobacillus |
|
|
What genus causes Pyorrhea (gum abscess)?
|
Veillonella
|
|
|
What two microbes cause Gingivitis (gum inflammation)?
|
Fusobacterium and Actinomyces
|
|
|
What microbe causes Trenchmouth?
|
Treponema
|
|
|
What type of virus can cause mumps?
|
Paramyxovirus
|
|
|
What type of yeast causes candidiasis (thrush)?
|
Candida
|
|
|
What causes esophagitis?
|
Candida
|
|
|
What microbe causes peptic ulcers?
|
Helicobacter pylori
|
|
|
What is a ruminant animal?
|
An animal such as a cow, that have "fermentation chambers" that make up the stomach.
|
|
|
What is the concentration of microbes found in human fecal matter? What is the percentage of human fecal matter that has microvial cells?
|
10 to the 12th power/gram.
1/3. |
|
|
The colon is a type of what?
|
chemostat
|
|
|
What 6 types of aerobic microbes are facultative in the colon?
|
Escherichia
Enterobacter Lactobacillus Proteus Streptococcus Staphylococcus |
|
|
What are the 4 types of obligate anaerobes that live in the colon?
|
Bacteroides
Clostridium Fusobacterium Peptococcus |
|
|
What type of microbe produces "Beaver fever"?
|
Giardia, a protist
|
|
|
How does Entamoeba histolytica enter the body and what disease does it cause?
|
Fecally contaminated water or raw vegetables. It causes amoebic dysentery.
|
|
|
What type of microbe is Naegleria fowleri and what disease does it cause? How does it enter the body?
|
It is a protist. It causes meningitis. It comes through the nasal passages.
|
|
|
Name the sections of the upper respiratory tract.
|
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx Throat to larynx Eustachian tubes Middle ear cavity sinuses |
|
|
Name the parts of the lower respiratory tract.
|
Larynx
trachea bronchii bronchioles alveolar ducts alveoli of lungs |
|
|
What protects the respiratory tract?
|
Cilia, mucus of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and macrophages.
|
|
|
What microbe causes "spelunker's disease"?
|
Histoplasmosis
|
|
|
What microbes are found in the length of the male urethra?
|
Normally, none. At the end may be Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium smegmatitis.
|
|
|
What microbes are found along the length of the female urethra?
|
Enterobacters, escherichias, neisserias, mycobacters, candidas, Gram (-) anaerobes.
|
|
|
What is leptospirosis and what does it affect?
|
A disease caused by spirochetes, causing kidney infection. The microbe, Leptospira, is transmitted by the urine of infected rodents.
|
|
|
What microbes are found in pre-pubescent female vaginas?
|
Lactobacilli
Staphylococci Streptococci Diphtheroids Yeasts |
|
|
Name 5 types of bacteria that affect the nervous system.
|
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae Streptococcus pneumoniae Listeria monocytogenes Mycobacterium leprae |
|
|
What are three types of immune cells?
|
Neutrophils in the blood
Lymphocytes in the blood Macrophages in the lymph system |
|
|
What are interferons?
|
Antiviral proteins produced by cells that have been affected by a virus.
|
|
|
What is the meaning of life?
|
Trying to remember to relax during microbiology exams!
|
