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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the major organizations responsible for?
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They evaluate the relationship between radiation dose equivalent and induced biologic effects.
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What types of risk estimates do they formulate?
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Risk estimates of somatic and genetic effects after irradiation.
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Define Stochastic.
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1. The probability of the effect occurring depends on the dose of the radiation.
2. As the dose increases, the probability of the effect increases. 3. These effects are entirely random. 4. There is no threshold dose for stochastic effects. |
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Define Non-Stochastic.
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1. Effects in which the severity of the effect increases as the radiation dose increases.
2. There is a threshold associated with nonstochastic effects. 3. Below this threshold the given effect will not be manifested. |
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Give examples of Stochastic effects.
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Cancer or genetic effects
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Give examples of Non-stochastic effects.
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Cataracts, erythema, epilation.
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deterministic effects.
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Define 'Threshold Dose'.
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Threshold definition: the point at which a response to an increasing stimulation first occurs. A dose below which an individual has a negligible chance of sustaining specific biologic damage.
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Name the major international organisations.
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ICRP: International Commission on Radiologic Protection
UNSCEAR: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation RERF: Radiation Effects Research Foundation NAS/NRC-BEIR: National Academy of Science/National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation ICRU: International Commission on Radiologic Units and Measurements |
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What does the ICRP do?
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Responsible for providing clear and consistent radiation protection guidance
Makes recommendations on occupational and public dose limits Does not function as an enforcement agency |
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What does UNSCEAR do?
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Formulates radiation protection guidelines
Evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposures |
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What does RERF do?
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Studies the survivors of the atomic bomb explosions at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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What does NAS/NRC-BEIR do?
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Studies the biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment
Studies groups of people who were either routinely or accidentally exposed to ionizing radiation Early radiation workers, atomic bomb survivors, evacuees from the Chernobyl |
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What does the ICRU do?
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Establishes radiation quantities and units, measurement procedures, and the use of data to ensure uniform reporting
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What do ALL the international agencies do?
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Make recommendations for EDE (effective dose equivalents) limits
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Name the National Organizations.
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USFDA: United States Food and Drug Administration
NCRP: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements CDRH: Center for Devices and Radiologic Health EPA: Environmental Protection Agency OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration NRC: Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
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What does the USFDA do?
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The design and manufacture of x-ray equipment
Performance specifications of x-ray equipment |
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What does the NCRP do?
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radiation protection issues.
to collect, analyze, develop, and disseminate information Protection against radiation Radiation measurements, quantities and units |
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What does the CDRH do?
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Responsible for all medical devices including radiation producing equipment
Assumes regulatory control of the performance of x-ray equipment |
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What does the EPA do?
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Development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment
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What does OSHA do?
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Monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry
Regulates occupational exposure Responsible for regulations concerning the “right to know” of employees Oversees regulations involving the need for training programs in the work place |
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What does the NRCdo?
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Oversees the nuclear energy industry
Enforces radiation protection standards Manufacture and use of radioactive substances used in research, nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy Does NOT regulate or inspect diagnostic x-ray imaging facilities |
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What are Agreement States?
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States in the USA have entered into agreements with the NRC to assume the responsibility for enforcing
Hospitals comply with state regulations and are inspected by state officials |
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What are Non-Agreement States?
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Both the state and the NRC enforce radiation protection regulations
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Define the term 'SHALL'.
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SHALL: adherence to the recommendation is considered necessary
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Define the term 'SHOULD'.
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Used to indicate a prudent practice to which exceptions may occasionally be made
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What does the RSO do?
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Radiation Safety Officer
Duties are to ensure that internationally accepted guidelines are followed by the institution |
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What is Public Law 90-602?
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Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968
Passed to protect the public from the hazards of unnecessary radiation exposure from electronic equipment |
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Whose jurisdiction is Public Law 90-602 under?
What does it do? |
The FDA
Conducts ongoing electronic product radiation control programs Sets up standards for manufacture, installation, assembly and maintenance of machines used for radiography |
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What is the Consumer Health and Safety Act of 1981?
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Provides establishment of minimal standards for the accreditation of educational programs
Requires that personnel be certified Ensures standards are the same everywhere |
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What are the objectives of Radiation Protection?
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To prevent clinically important radiation induced non-stochastic effects from occurring by adhering to absorbed dose limits that are beneath the threshold limits
To limit the risk of stochastic responses to a conservative level |
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What is the current Radiation Protection Philosophy?
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Linear, Non-threshold, relationship between radiation dose and biologic effect
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What does the term Risk imply?
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The probability of injury, ailment or death resulting from an activity
The probability of inducing a radiogenic cancer or genetic defect after irradiation |
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What is NIRL?
What is its limit? |
Negligible Individual Risk Level
A type of threshold level which is used for the lower limit of ALARA 1mrem |
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UNIT 4
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DOSE LIMITS
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What are the two main classifications of populations regarding radiation exposure?
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Group 1: Occupationally exposed, or radiation workers
Group 2: The General Public |
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What is the EDE?
What does it use? |
EFFECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENT
Equates the risk of cancer and genetic effects to the tissues and organs that are exposed to radiation An organ weighting factor (Wt) |
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Why do we have dose limits?
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The NCRP dose limits are set so that radiation workers have the same risk as everyone working in “Safe Industries”.
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What is TEDE?
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TOTAL EFFECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENT
Equal to annual effective dose limit of 50mSv or 5rem (year). |
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What is the lifetime TED?
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Equal to cumulative effective dose limit
Can also be called the Cumulative Whole Body Effective Dose Equivalent 10mSv x age OR 1rem x age |
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What is not included in the EDE formulations?
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Do not include exposure from natural background radiation
Or exposure acquired if the worker is having a medical imaging procedure or radiation therapy |
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Why is the embryo/fetus considered so sensitive?
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The cells are constantly dividing and growing
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What are the embryo/fetus EDEs and who else do they pertain to?
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The monthly equivalent dose limit is 0.5mSv or 0.05rem
This dose limit refers to pregnant occupational workers as well |
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What does the term 'Declared' represent?
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When an occupational worker becomes pregnant, she should notify her supervisor
The pregnancy then becomes Declared |
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What protection limits apply to the pregnant worker?
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The monthly dose equivalent of 0.5mSv (embryo/fetus) is used for this person
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What is the resposibility of the RSO toward the pregnant worker?
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The RSO now needs to review the pregnant workers previous radiation exposure record to help decide what protection measures are necessary
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How should a pregnant worker be protected?
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Wrap around lead aprons are preferable for pregnant workers
Pregnant workers wear a second radiation monitor at their waste under their apron The exposure of the second monitor is kept separate and is recorded as dose to the fetus |
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What are the guidelines for students in a Rad Tech program?
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EDE should not exceed 1mSv (.1rem)annually
If the student is under the age of 18, they should receive no occupational exposure at all |
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What is the formula used to calculate EDE?
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E = Radiation Weighting Factor (Wr) x Tissue weighting Factor (Wt) x absorbed dose
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What is the 'fluoro conversion factor?
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0.3
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What is the Management's understanding of radiation protection?
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The understanding is that the probability of getting any damaging effects from medical exposures is extremely slim
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What should be included in their three step program?
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1. New Employee Training
Familiarize them with radiation protection guidelines 2. In-Service Training. Once or twice a year. In-service training should be on radiation protection 3. Counseling During Pregnancy People who declare their pregnancy should be counseled as soon as possible. Should review guidelines, making sure the technician understands that guidelines and dose limits are different for the Fetus |
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What are the current thoughta on EDE coming from the ICRP and NCRP?
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They are considering the possibility of reducing exposure standards due to the following:
1. recent re-evaluations of studies on Risk estimates done on atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki 2. the appearance of increased numbers of solid tumors in the survivor population 3. ionizing radiation is now thought to be 3 times more damaging than previously thought 4. The recommendations from the ICRP and NRCP is that the annual EDE limit be reduced to 10 or 20mSv instead of the current 50mSv |
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What is Radiation Hormesis?
Who has studied itL |
Low levels of radiation may be actually beneficial
BEIR and RERF |
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Give the different Tissue Weighting Factors.
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Gonads .2
Active Bone Marrow .12 Colon .12 Lung .12 Stomach .12 Bladder .05 Breast .05 Esophagus .05 Liver .05 Thyroid .05 Bone Surface .01 Skin .01 |
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