Radsci 350 Ch. 1 Pathology

Front 1

Disease

Back 1

The pattern of the body's response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from or variation of normal conditions.

Front 2

Pathology/Pathogenesis

Back 2

Pathology is the study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems. Pathogenesis is the origin and course of the disease process.

Front 3

Lesion

Back 3

Any kind of cellular change

Front 4

Sign

Back 4

Represents the measurable or objective manifestations of the disease process. Anything that an observer can see, attest to without experiencing it. Ex: cough, fever, redness

Front 5

Symptom, Acute vs. Chronic

Back 5

The experience that the patient feels and describes, subjective. Ex: sore throat, achy.
Acute: quick onset of symptoms, short-lived
Chronic: ongoing and long-lasting

Front 6

Syndrome

Back 6

A group of signs and symptoms that characterize a specific abnormal disturbance. These symptoms commonly occur together and are related to a single cause.

Front 7

Etiology

Back 7

The study of disease causes.

Front 8

Manifestation

Back 8

The observed changes throughout the course of the disease.

Front 9

Test

Back 9

The process of gathering some "specimen" from the patient. Ex: lumbar puncture/aspiration.

Front 10

Procedure

Back 10

Manipulation of the body. Ex: hand x-ray

Front 11

Prognosis

Back 11

The expected or predicted course or outcome of a disease process.

Front 12

Diagnosis

Back 12

The process of giving a name to the disease that an individual is believed to have.

Front 13

Degenerative Disease

Back 13

The breakdown of tissue within the body. Ex: osteoporosis, osteoarthritis. Need to know the disease process to determine change in technical factors.

Front 14

Metabolic Disease

Back 14

A disturbance in the normal physiological function, involves hormones. Ex: endocrine disorders like hyperparathyroidism, fluid/electrolyte imbalance.

Front 15

Traumatic Disease

Back 15

Some outside force causing tissue damage and/or disturbance in function of the effected anatomical part. Can be mechanical force (external or internal), environmental factors. Ex: radiation dermatitis, frostbite, fractured bones.

Front 16

Neoplastic Disease

Back 16

New growth or formation. An abnormal proliferation of cells that are no longer controlled by the factors that govern the growth of normal cells.

Front 17

Penetrability of x-rays

Back 17

Many disease processes alter the density of the structures being radiographed and therefore require changes in technique

Front 18

Additive diseases

Back 18

These require a greater technique in order to penetrate. Increase KVP.
Ex: Acromegaly, Paget's disease, Sclerosis, bronchiectasis, edema, empyema

Front 19

Destructive diseases

Back 19

These are easier to penetrate due to the breakdown of the tissues. Decrease KVP.
Ex: Emphysema, Pneumothorax, active osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, multiple myeloma

Front 20

Inflammation

Back 20

The initial response of body tissues to local injury.

Front 21

The inflammatory response (4 events)

Back 21

1. Alterations in blood flow and vascular permeability.
2. Migration of circulating WBC to the interstitium of the injured tissue.
3. Phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion of dead cells and tissue elements.
4. Repair of injury by regeneration of normal parenchymal cells or proliferation of granulation tissue and scar formation.

Front 22

Cardinal signs of acute inflammation

Back 22

1. rubor (redness)
2. calor (heat)
3. tumor (swelling)
4. dolor (pain)
5. loss of function

Front 23

Edema

Back 23

The accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular spaces or body cavities.

Front 24

Localized edema

Back 24

Occurs from an inflammatory reaction, local injury. Ex: broken wrist, elephantitis

Front 25

Generalized edema

Back 25

Occurs with pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body. Occurs most frequently in pts with CHF, cirrhosis of the liver and certain forms of renal disease.

Front 26

Infection

Back 26

Invasion of a foreign body--bacteria or virus.

Front 27

Ischemia

Back 27

Refers to an interference with the blood supply to an organ or part of an organ, depriving the organ's cells and tissues of oxygen and nutrients. May be caused by a narrowing of arterial structures (atherosclerosis) or by thrombotic/embolic occlusion.

Front 28

Infarction

Back 28

A localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of either its arterial supply or its venous drainage.

Front 29

Hemorrhage

Back 29

Implies rupture of a blood vessel causing bleeding outside the vessel. Rupture of a large artery or vein usually is the result of injury, trauma, atherosclerosis, or inflammatory or neoplastic erosion of the vessel wall..

Front 30

Hematoma

Back 30

Hemorrhage trapped in body tissues.

Front 31

Neoplasm

Back 31

An abnormal proliferation of cells that are no longer controlled by the factors that govern the growth of normal cells. These cells act as parasites, competing with normal cells and tissues for their metabolic needs.

Front 32

Atrophy

Back 32

Refers to a reduction in the size of cells in an organ or tissue with a corresponding decrease in function.

Front 33

Hypertrophy

Back 33

Increase in the size of the cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function. Occurs most often in cells that cannot multiply. Ex: biceps.

Front 34

Hypoplasia

Back 34

Decrease in the number of cells, which may cause decreased function.

Front 35

Hyperplasia

Back 35

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ. Ex: proliferation of granulation tissue in the repair of injury, increased cellularity of bone marrow in pts with hemolytic anemia or after hemorrhage.

Front 36

Dysplasia

Back 36

A loss of the uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation. Typically associated with prolonged chronic irritation or inflammation. The cells lack their original "map" and cannot rebuild themselves.

Front 37

Metaplasia

Back 37

Change in the shape of a cell to meet a function.

Front 38

Benign tumors

Back 38

These tumors closely resemble their cells of origin in structure and function with well-defined borders. They remain localized without spreading to other sites and can usually be surgically removed with minimal damage. These tumors do not destroy tissue, but may put pressure on surrounding structures.

Front 39

Fibroma

Back 39

Benign tumors of fibrous tissue.

Front 40

Adenoma

Back 40

Benign epithelial neoplasms that grow in glandlike patterns.

Front 41

Cystadenoma

Back 41

Benign tumors that form large cystic masses.

Front 42

Malignant tumors

Back 42

These neoplasms invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize). These are poorly differentiated and do not represent the original tissue often making it impossible to determine the organ of origination. Malignant tumors are referred to as cancers.

Front 43

Carcinoma

Back 43

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin. Carcinomas effect epithelial tissues, skin and mucous membranes lining the body.

Front 44

Adenocarcinoma

Back 44

Refers to malignancies of glandular tissue such as the breast, liver and pancreas and cells lining the GI tract.

Front 45

Squamous cell carcinoma

Back 45

Denotes a cancer in which the tumor cells resemble stratified squamous epithelium, such as in the lung, head and neck regions.

Front 46

Sarcoma

Back 46

Highly malignant tumors arising from connective tissue, such as bone, muscle and cartilage. These are less common than carcinomas, but they spread more rapidly.

Front 47

Grading

Back 47

Grading of a malignant tumor assesses the aggressiveness or degree of malignancy. The grade usually indicates its biologic behavior and may allow prediction of its responsiveness to treatment. Grades I-IV

Front 48

Staging

Back 48

This refers to the extensiveness of a tumor at its primary site and the presence or absence of metastases to lymph nodes and distant organs. Staging aids in determining the most appropriate treatment.
T=tumor size
N=node involvement
M=metastasis
*use 0-4 to distinguish

Front 49

Hereditary diseases

Back 49

These diseases pass from one generation to the next through the genetic information contained in the nucleus of each cell. They reflect an abnormality in the DNA. Ex: enzyme deficiency, albinism

Front 50

Congenital diseases

Back 50

A disease that an individual was born with, where something skewed from normal during the development of the fetus resulting in a disease process, structural changes. Ex: "hole in the heart," Down Syndrome

Front 51

Curative treatment

Back 51

Treatment designed to fix the problem and rid the body of the disease. Ex: antibiotics.

Front 52

Palliative treatment

Back 52

Treatment designed to ease the symptoms caused by the disease, but will not rid the body of the underlying problem. Used with chronic diseases. Ex: pain meds, steroids, high blood pressure meds.