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94 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
In radiology, directional terminology designates the direction of the x-ray beam, What does the first and last word designate?
first- where the beam is coming from to enter the body
second- where the plate is so that when the x-ray beam exits the body it will strike the plate
DV=Dorsal ventral, where will the beam enter and exit the animal
enters dorsal aspect, exits ventral aspect
DP=dorsopalmar/dorsoplantar, where will the beam enter and exit the body
enters dorsal aspect, exits palmar or plantar aspect
what are 7 of the positioning aids in radiology
sandbags, foam blocks, wedges, wood blocks, tape, gauze, rope
If taking a CrCd view, the marker should be on the _________ aspect of the film
lateral
when taking a lateral of an abdomen or throax, the marker should indicate the side that is __________
down on the cassette
when taking a lateral projection of an extremity, the marker should be _______ of the limb.
in front
what is required when performing radiographs of the skull
heavy sedation or GA
what are the most common views of the skull
lateral and ventrodorsal
to perform a lateral skull radiograph, place the animal in lateral recumbency, and pad under ______ of ______ and pull front limbs ________
ramus of mandible
caudally
when performing a lateral view skull radiograph, the beam center should be poistioned
at the lateral canthus of the eye
when performing a lateral view skull radiograph, the collimation points should be
tip of the nose, top of the head, base of the skull and the mandible
how do you know that you had the correct position in a lateral skull radiograph after the film has been developed?
tympanic bulla and the rami of the mandibles should be superimposed.
what is the technique for a lateral skull xray
measure at the widest point of the cranium
when performing a ventrodorsal position skull x-ray, how should the patient be positioned
extend front limbs caudally with patient in dorsal recumbency, hard palate should be parallel with the table
when performing a v/d radiograph on a skull where is the beam center placed
longitudinal is at lateral canthus of the eye
when performing v/d radiograph of the skull, what are the collimation hallmarks?
tip of nose and base of skull
when performing v/d radiograph of the skull, how do you know you have the right position
when there are equal right and left halves of the skull
how is the animal postioned with open mouthed VD skull radiographs
dorsal recumbency, hard palate should be in parallel alignment with the cassette, tape across maxillary canines and secure to the sides of the table. Place tape across or behind the mandibular canines and pull mandible along with the tongue and ET tube to open the mouth, forlimbs are pulled caudally
where is the beam centered with open mount VD skull radiographs
tilt tube head caudally about 15 degrees, centering on back of the palate (if tube doesnt tilt, patient must be maneuvered to compensate the angle)
what are the collimation hallmarks with open mouth VD skull radiographs
collimate to the zygomatic arches, and from the tip of the maxilla to the back of the palate
what is the technique for open mouth VD skull radiographs
measure at the thickest area near the commissure of the lip
rostrocaudal (frontal 90degree) radiographs of the frontal sinus, how should the patient be positioned
dorsal recumbency with front limbs extended caudally, hard palate perpendicular to the table, nose pointed upward
where is the beam center with rostrocaudal skull radiographs
through the center of the frontal sinuses, between the eyes
what is the technique for rostrocaudal skull radiographs
measure midpoint at the level of the eyes
where do you collimate for rostrocaudal skull radiographs
include zygomatic arches and occipital crest
on a frontal skull radiograph, what are we viewing
cranial vault, calvarium, and saggital crest
how is the patient poistioned for frontal skull radiographs
dorsal recumbency, pull hard palate caudally 15-20 degrees from perpendicular, watch for ET tube crimping
where is the beam center for frontal skull radiographs
midpoint between the eyes
where do you collimate a frontal skull radiograph
entire cranium is included
how is the patient positioned for an open mouthed tympanic bulla radiograph
dorsal recumbency with mouth open, tympanic bulla with minimal superimposition of the petrous temporal bone, for cats use 10degrees from perpendicular
where is the beam center for open mouth tympanic bulla radiograph
at commisure of lips
where do you collimate for open mouth tympanic bulla radiograph
entire nasopharyngeal region of the skull
how is the animal positioned for nasal cavity radiographs
dorsal recumbency with mouth open
where is the beam center for nasal cavity radiographs
through the level of the upper third premolar
where do you collimate for nasal cavity radiographs
entire maxilla from the tip of the nose to the pharyngeal region
what is the most common problem with vertebral column radiographs
false narrowing especially if the animal is not heavily sedated
what are the most common views for vertebral column radiographs
lateral, DV, and VD views
what are the landmarks for cervical neck-lateral radiographs
cranial-base of skull, caudal-spine of the scapula
what is the technique for cervical neck (lateral) radiographs
measure at the area of the C4-C5 intervertebral space
how is the animal positioned for VD/DV cervical neck radiographs
VD-dorsal recumbency with front limbs extended caudally, DV-sternal recumbency, pad under the head to keep vertebrae parallel with the table
what is the technique for VD/DV cervical neck radiographs
measure at the C4-C5 intervertebral space
where is the beam center for VD/DV cervical neck radiographs
over C4-C5 intervertebral space
where do you collimate for VD/DV cervical neck radiographs
base of skull, entire cervical spine and first few thoracic vertebrae
in lateral thoracic spine radiographs how should the patient be positioned
lateral recumbency, front legs extended cranially and back legs caudally
what are the collimation landmarks for lateral thoracic spine radiographs
cranial-spine of scapula
caudal-spine of scapula, halfway between the xiphoid and the last rib and dorsal to the vertebrae including C7-T1
what is the technique for lateral thoracic spine radiographs
at the highest point of the thorax
where is the beam center for lateral thoracic spine views
over the 7th thoracic verteral body
how is the animal positioned for VD thoracic spine
dorsal recumbency, front limbs cranially, hind limbs caudally.
where is the beam center for VD thoracic spine
caudal border of scapula at approximately 6th or 7th thoracic vertebrae
where do you collimate a VD thoracic spine
same as lateral
what is the technique for VD thoracic spine
measure at the highest, thickest point of sternum
how is the patient positioned for thoracolumbar vertebrae views
in dorsal recumbency with forelimbs extended slightly cranially, hindlimbs slightly caudally.
where is the beam center for thoracolumbar vertebrae views
halfway between collimation points
where do you collimate for throacolumbar vertebrae
xiphoid to last rib
what is the technique for throacolumbar vetebrae views
measure at the midpoint of the xiphoid or the highest point of the thorax
lateral lumbar vertebrae veiws how is the patient positioned
lateral recumbency, pull hind legs caudally, wings of ilium should be superimposed, use padding to prevent sagging and enema if needed
what is the collimation landmarks for lateral lumbar vertebrae views
cranial-halfway between the xiphoid and last rib, caudal-wings of the ilium
where is the beam center in lateral lumbar vertebral views
over level of the 4th lumbar vertebrae
VD lumbar spine, how is the patient positioned
dorsal recumbency, front limbs slightly cranially, hindlimbs extended slightly caudally, wings of ilium shoudl be in a plane parallel with the table, use V-trough in the thoracic region
where is beam center for VD lumbar spine
4th lumbar vertebral body (palpate xiphoid and the wing of the ilium, place center halfway between those two points)
where do you collimagte VD lumbar spine
T13 to the first sacral vertebral body
VD sacrum how is the patient positioned
dorsal recumbency
beam center for VD sacrum views
over level of the sacrum
where do you collimate VD sacrum
6th lumbar vertebral body to the iliac crest, tube head should be directed at a 30 degree angle toward the head
what is the positioning for VD sacrum radiographs
dorsal recumbency
where is the beam center for VD sacrum
over the level of the sacrum
where do you collimate for VD sacrum
6th lumbar vertebral body to the iliac crest tube head should be directed at a 30 degree angle toward the head
what is the technique for VD sacrum
measure at the wing of the ilium
how do you position for lateral scapula
lateral recumbency- affected limb closest to casette, affected leg pushed dorsally, unaffected leg pulled ventrally
beam center for lateral scapula
middle of scapula
where do you collimate for lateral scapula
entire scapula including the shoulder joint
CrCa scapula positioning
dorsal recumbency with limb of interest extended cranially, rotate patient sternum 10-20 degrees away from the scapula
where is the beam center for CrCa scapula
middle of scapula
where do you collimate CrCa scapula views
entire scapula including shoulder joint
how do you position the patient for shoulder joint lateral and CaCr veiws
Caudal cranial view in dorsal recumbency
Pull front limbs cranial
Rotate slightly
Lateral recumbency with affected side down and pulled cranially
Extend head dorsal and caudal to prevent superimposition of the trachea
what is the beam center for shoulder joint lateral and CaCr views
Shoulder joint
where do you collimate CaCr views
Proximal 1/3 of humerus and distal aspect of scapula
how do you position the patient for humerus radiographs in the lateral and CaCr views
Caudalcranial in dorsal recumbency
Front limbs extended
Lateral in lateral recumbency with affected side down and limb extended
where is the beam center for lateral and CaCr humerus views
: Middle of humerus
where do you collimate lateral and CaCr humerus views
Include shoulder joint proximally and elbow joint distally
where do you place the markers for CaCr and lateral humerus views
Place appropriate marker on the cranial aspect of the lateral projection and the lateral aspect of the CaCr view
how do you position CrCa, lateral, and flexed lateral elbow views
CrCa in sternal recumbency
Lateral and flexed lateral in lateral recumbency with affected side down
where is the beam center for elbow views
Over elbow joint
where do you collimate elbow views
Distal 1/3 of the humerus and proximal 1/3 of radius
Olecranon should be between medial and lateral humeral epicondyles
how do you position lateral and CrCa radius and ulna views
Sternal recumbency for the CrCd
Lateral recumbency with affected limb down
where is the beam center for CrCa and lateral radius and ulna views
Middle of the radius and ulna
where do you collimate for CrCa and lateral radius and ulna views
: Include elbow joint proximal and carpus distally
Place olecranon between the humeral condyles
how do you position lateral and DP carpus patients
Lateral recumbency with affected limb down.
Sternal recumbency for the DP
where is the beam center for lateral and DP carpus patients
Over distal row of carpal bone. Make sure to collimate appropriately
what else needs to be done with lateral and DP carpus radiographs besides positioning
Place a foam wedge under the elbow to prevent the carpus from moving away from the cassette
Oblique views are taken at 45 angles off of the dorsopalmar
where is the beam center for metacarpus and phalanges with lateral and DP views
center of the digit
where do you collimate for lateral and DP metacarpus and phalanges
Distal end of the radius/ulna to the tip of the paw (include entire paw)
what do you need to do to the digits with lateral and DP metacarpus and phalanges views
Use adhesive tape to flatten and spread the digits if necessary