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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In radiology, directional terminology designates the direction of the x-ray beam, What does the first and last word designate?
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first- where the beam is coming from to enter the body
second- where the plate is so that when the x-ray beam exits the body it will strike the plate |
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DV=Dorsal ventral, where will the beam enter and exit the animal
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enters dorsal aspect, exits ventral aspect
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DP=dorsopalmar/dorsoplantar, where will the beam enter and exit the body
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enters dorsal aspect, exits palmar or plantar aspect
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what are 7 of the positioning aids in radiology
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sandbags, foam blocks, wedges, wood blocks, tape, gauze, rope
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If taking a CrCd view, the marker should be on the _________ aspect of the film
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lateral
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when taking a lateral of an abdomen or throax, the marker should indicate the side that is __________
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down on the cassette
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when taking a lateral projection of an extremity, the marker should be _______ of the limb.
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in front
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what is required when performing radiographs of the skull
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heavy sedation or GA
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what are the most common views of the skull
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lateral and ventrodorsal
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to perform a lateral skull radiograph, place the animal in lateral recumbency, and pad under ______ of ______ and pull front limbs ________
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ramus of mandible
caudally |
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when performing a lateral view skull radiograph, the beam center should be poistioned
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at the lateral canthus of the eye
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when performing a lateral view skull radiograph, the collimation points should be
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tip of the nose, top of the head, base of the skull and the mandible
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how do you know that you had the correct position in a lateral skull radiograph after the film has been developed?
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tympanic bulla and the rami of the mandibles should be superimposed.
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what is the technique for a lateral skull xray
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measure at the widest point of the cranium
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when performing a ventrodorsal position skull x-ray, how should the patient be positioned
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extend front limbs caudally with patient in dorsal recumbency, hard palate should be parallel with the table
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when performing a v/d radiograph on a skull where is the beam center placed
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longitudinal is at lateral canthus of the eye
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when performing v/d radiograph of the skull, what are the collimation hallmarks?
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tip of nose and base of skull
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when performing v/d radiograph of the skull, how do you know you have the right position
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when there are equal right and left halves of the skull
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how is the animal postioned with open mouthed VD skull radiographs
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dorsal recumbency, hard palate should be in parallel alignment with the cassette, tape across maxillary canines and secure to the sides of the table. Place tape across or behind the mandibular canines and pull mandible along with the tongue and ET tube to open the mouth, forlimbs are pulled caudally
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where is the beam centered with open mount VD skull radiographs
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tilt tube head caudally about 15 degrees, centering on back of the palate (if tube doesnt tilt, patient must be maneuvered to compensate the angle)
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what are the collimation hallmarks with open mouth VD skull radiographs
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collimate to the zygomatic arches, and from the tip of the maxilla to the back of the palate
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what is the technique for open mouth VD skull radiographs
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measure at the thickest area near the commissure of the lip
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rostrocaudal (frontal 90degree) radiographs of the frontal sinus, how should the patient be positioned
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dorsal recumbency with front limbs extended caudally, hard palate perpendicular to the table, nose pointed upward
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where is the beam center with rostrocaudal skull radiographs
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through the center of the frontal sinuses, between the eyes
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what is the technique for rostrocaudal skull radiographs
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measure midpoint at the level of the eyes
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where do you collimate for rostrocaudal skull radiographs
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include zygomatic arches and occipital crest
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on a frontal skull radiograph, what are we viewing
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cranial vault, calvarium, and saggital crest
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how is the patient poistioned for frontal skull radiographs
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dorsal recumbency, pull hard palate caudally 15-20 degrees from perpendicular, watch for ET tube crimping
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where is the beam center for frontal skull radiographs
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midpoint between the eyes
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where do you collimate a frontal skull radiograph
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entire cranium is included
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how is the patient positioned for an open mouthed tympanic bulla radiograph
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dorsal recumbency with mouth open, tympanic bulla with minimal superimposition of the petrous temporal bone, for cats use 10degrees from perpendicular
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where is the beam center for open mouth tympanic bulla radiograph
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at commisure of lips
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where do you collimate for open mouth tympanic bulla radiograph
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entire nasopharyngeal region of the skull
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how is the animal positioned for nasal cavity radiographs
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dorsal recumbency with mouth open
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where is the beam center for nasal cavity radiographs
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through the level of the upper third premolar
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where do you collimate for nasal cavity radiographs
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entire maxilla from the tip of the nose to the pharyngeal region
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what is the most common problem with vertebral column radiographs
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false narrowing especially if the animal is not heavily sedated
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what are the most common views for vertebral column radiographs
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lateral, DV, and VD views
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what are the landmarks for cervical neck-lateral radiographs
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cranial-base of skull, caudal-spine of the scapula
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what is the technique for cervical neck (lateral) radiographs
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measure at the area of the C4-C5 intervertebral space
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how is the animal positioned for VD/DV cervical neck radiographs
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VD-dorsal recumbency with front limbs extended caudally, DV-sternal recumbency, pad under the head to keep vertebrae parallel with the table
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what is the technique for VD/DV cervical neck radiographs
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measure at the C4-C5 intervertebral space
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where is the beam center for VD/DV cervical neck radiographs
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over C4-C5 intervertebral space
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where do you collimate for VD/DV cervical neck radiographs
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base of skull, entire cervical spine and first few thoracic vertebrae
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in lateral thoracic spine radiographs how should the patient be positioned
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lateral recumbency, front legs extended cranially and back legs caudally
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what are the collimation landmarks for lateral thoracic spine radiographs
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cranial-spine of scapula
caudal-spine of scapula, halfway between the xiphoid and the last rib and dorsal to the vertebrae including C7-T1 |
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what is the technique for lateral thoracic spine radiographs
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at the highest point of the thorax
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where is the beam center for lateral thoracic spine views
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over the 7th thoracic verteral body
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how is the animal positioned for VD thoracic spine
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dorsal recumbency, front limbs cranially, hind limbs caudally.
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where is the beam center for VD thoracic spine
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caudal border of scapula at approximately 6th or 7th thoracic vertebrae
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where do you collimate a VD thoracic spine
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same as lateral
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what is the technique for VD thoracic spine
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measure at the highest, thickest point of sternum
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how is the patient positioned for thoracolumbar vertebrae views
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in dorsal recumbency with forelimbs extended slightly cranially, hindlimbs slightly caudally.
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where is the beam center for thoracolumbar vertebrae views
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halfway between collimation points
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where do you collimate for throacolumbar vertebrae
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xiphoid to last rib
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what is the technique for throacolumbar vetebrae views
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measure at the midpoint of the xiphoid or the highest point of the thorax
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lateral lumbar vertebrae veiws how is the patient positioned
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lateral recumbency, pull hind legs caudally, wings of ilium should be superimposed, use padding to prevent sagging and enema if needed
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what is the collimation landmarks for lateral lumbar vertebrae views
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cranial-halfway between the xiphoid and last rib, caudal-wings of the ilium
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where is the beam center in lateral lumbar vertebral views
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over level of the 4th lumbar vertebrae
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VD lumbar spine, how is the patient positioned
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dorsal recumbency, front limbs slightly cranially, hindlimbs extended slightly caudally, wings of ilium shoudl be in a plane parallel with the table, use V-trough in the thoracic region
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where is beam center for VD lumbar spine
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4th lumbar vertebral body (palpate xiphoid and the wing of the ilium, place center halfway between those two points)
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where do you collimagte VD lumbar spine
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T13 to the first sacral vertebral body
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VD sacrum how is the patient positioned
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dorsal recumbency
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beam center for VD sacrum views
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over level of the sacrum
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where do you collimate VD sacrum
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6th lumbar vertebral body to the iliac crest, tube head should be directed at a 30 degree angle toward the head
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what is the positioning for VD sacrum radiographs
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dorsal recumbency
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where is the beam center for VD sacrum
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over the level of the sacrum
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where do you collimate for VD sacrum
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6th lumbar vertebral body to the iliac crest tube head should be directed at a 30 degree angle toward the head
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what is the technique for VD sacrum
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measure at the wing of the ilium
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how do you position for lateral scapula
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lateral recumbency- affected limb closest to casette, affected leg pushed dorsally, unaffected leg pulled ventrally
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beam center for lateral scapula
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middle of scapula
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where do you collimate for lateral scapula
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entire scapula including the shoulder joint
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CrCa scapula positioning
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dorsal recumbency with limb of interest extended cranially, rotate patient sternum 10-20 degrees away from the scapula
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where is the beam center for CrCa scapula
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middle of scapula
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where do you collimate CrCa scapula views
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entire scapula including shoulder joint
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how do you position the patient for shoulder joint lateral and CaCr veiws
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Caudal cranial view in dorsal recumbency
Pull front limbs cranial Rotate slightly Lateral recumbency with affected side down and pulled cranially Extend head dorsal and caudal to prevent superimposition of the trachea |
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what is the beam center for shoulder joint lateral and CaCr views
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Shoulder joint
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where do you collimate CaCr views
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Proximal 1/3 of humerus and distal aspect of scapula
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how do you position the patient for humerus radiographs in the lateral and CaCr views
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Caudalcranial in dorsal recumbency
Front limbs extended Lateral in lateral recumbency with affected side down and limb extended |
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where is the beam center for lateral and CaCr humerus views
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: Middle of humerus
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where do you collimate lateral and CaCr humerus views
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Include shoulder joint proximally and elbow joint distally
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where do you place the markers for CaCr and lateral humerus views
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Place appropriate marker on the cranial aspect of the lateral projection and the lateral aspect of the CaCr view
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how do you position CrCa, lateral, and flexed lateral elbow views
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CrCa in sternal recumbency
Lateral and flexed lateral in lateral recumbency with affected side down |
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where is the beam center for elbow views
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Over elbow joint
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where do you collimate elbow views
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Distal 1/3 of the humerus and proximal 1/3 of radius
Olecranon should be between medial and lateral humeral epicondyles |
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how do you position lateral and CrCa radius and ulna views
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Sternal recumbency for the CrCd
Lateral recumbency with affected limb down |
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where is the beam center for CrCa and lateral radius and ulna views
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Middle of the radius and ulna
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where do you collimate for CrCa and lateral radius and ulna views
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: Include elbow joint proximal and carpus distally
Place olecranon between the humeral condyles |
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how do you position lateral and DP carpus patients
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Lateral recumbency with affected limb down.
Sternal recumbency for the DP |
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where is the beam center for lateral and DP carpus patients
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Over distal row of carpal bone. Make sure to collimate appropriately
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what else needs to be done with lateral and DP carpus radiographs besides positioning
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Place a foam wedge under the elbow to prevent the carpus from moving away from the cassette
Oblique views are taken at 45 angles off of the dorsopalmar |
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where is the beam center for metacarpus and phalanges with lateral and DP views
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center of the digit
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where do you collimate for lateral and DP metacarpus and phalanges
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Distal end of the radius/ulna to the tip of the paw (include entire paw)
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what do you need to do to the digits with lateral and DP metacarpus and phalanges views
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Use adhesive tape to flatten and spread the digits if necessary
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