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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is in the joint space?
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-articular cartilage
-synovial fluid -menisci -intra-articular ligaments -infra-patellar fat pad |
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Normal anatomy of subchondral bone
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-thin
-sclerotic |
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When is subchondral bone smooth?
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-mature animals
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When is subhondral bone roughened?
-why is it roughened |
-growing animls
-the chondral bone is ossifying and becoming bone |
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Types of joint disease
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-noninflammatory
-inflammatory -neoplastic |
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Noninflammatory types of joint disease
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-degenerative (primary or secondary)
-developmental -traumatic |
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Inflammatory types of joint disease
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-infectious
-immunologic (erosive or nonerosive) |
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Degenerative Joint Disease
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Degenerative Joint Disease
-aka |
-osteoarthrosis
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Degenerative Joint Disease
-causes |
-Primary: wear and tear, aging
-Secondary: predisposing factor (trauma, obesity, developmental, conformational) |
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Degenerative Joint Disease
-Radiographic signs |
-periarticular osteophytes
-shape change -joint space narrowing -sunchondral sclerosis -capsular distension -displaced fascial plane |
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Osteophytes
-definition |
-periarticular new bone
-osseous proliferations at the osteochondral margin inside the joint |
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Hallmark sign of Osteoarthrosis
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-osteophyte production
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Osteoarthrosis
-flaring of the acetabular rim due to joint laxity |
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subchondral change
-sclerosis |
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-sclerosis of subchondral change
-osteophyte formation |
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What other change can mimic subchondral sclerosis?
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excessive periarticular bone
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Subchondral sclerosis is a response to...
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-loss of articular cartilage
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What is the shape change of articular surfaces indicative of?
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-chronicity
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Wolffs law
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-bone in a healthy animal will change under the loads with which it is placed
-remodling |
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Indication of articular cartilage loss
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-joint space thinning
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Changes that occur to soft tissue
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-synovial distension
-capsulitis -synovial mineralization and loose bodies |
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Synovial distension can be due to...
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-thickened synovium (membrane)
-increased synovia (fluid) |
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-lesion
-signs of lesion |
Synovial distension
-thickened synovial membrane or increased fluid (same opacity) |
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Capsular distension is due to...
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-synovial mass either from joint effusion or thickening
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Loose bodies in the joint space
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What can loose bodies in the joint space represent?
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-tear in the ligament
-evulsion of the ligament (ligament tears away from the bone and takes a part of the bone with it) |
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stages of cartilage loss
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-left: eroded
-right: dramatic erosion |
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Dysplasia causing erosion of cartilage on the femoral heads
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Septic arthritis
-causes |
-infectious
-hematogenous -penetrating wound -extension from a bone or soft tissue |
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Hematogenous septic arthritis typically occurs in what animals?
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-young animals
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Septic Arthritis
-radiographic signs |
Early
-capsular distension -mild joint widening Later -narrowed joint spaces periosteal proliferation -subchondral osteolysis |
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Why is it typically difficult to evaluate if there is joint widening present?
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-animals are typically not standing when radiographs are taken
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Immune Mediated Arthritis
-due to |
-systemic disease causing direct or indirect destruction of the joint
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Direct vs. Indirect immune mediated arthritis
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-direct: erosive
-indirect: non-erosive |
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Immune mediated arthritis
-types |
-rheumatoid arthritis
-lupus erythematosis |
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Immune mediated arthritis
-signalment |
-chronic lameness of multiple joints
-effusion of multiple joints -moves in a distal to proximal direction -progression of disease from join instability to subluxation |
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Immune Mediated Arthritis
-over-represented dog breeds |
-shelties
-collies -beagles -poodles |
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Immune Mediates Arthritis
-radiographic findings |
-joint effusion
-loss of joint spaces -subluxation -focal areas of osteolysis -osteoporosis -severe degenerative changeqq |
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Why would the trabecular pattern in bone get more coarse?
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-disuse atrophy
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