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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Four densities seen on radiograph: |
1. bone 2. water/soft tissue 3. fat 4. air |
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What is the bone density color? |
white |
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What is the water/soft tissue density color? |
gray |
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What is the fat density color? |
dark gray |
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What is the air density color? |
black |
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What is the esophogram technique? |
1. scout film (before contrast) 2. double contrast (effervescent granules or air + thick barium = MUCOSAL COATING. 3. single contrast: thin barium = distended lumen |
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Esophogram has what type of evaluation? |
real time evaluation - motility, G-E reflux, barium pill |
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What two things do you evaluate on a single and double contrast esophogram? |
1. lumen (single) 2. mucosa (double) |
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What do you look for in evaluating the lumen in single contrast esophogram? |
1. strictures 2. obstruction 3. outpouching (diverticula) 4. masses/ mass effect |
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What do you look for in evaluating the mucosa in double contrast esophogram? |
1. ulceration 2. inflammation 3. masses/polyps |
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What is a filling defect? |
a space occupying structure where barium tracks around it *polypoid- "stalk looking" *sessile- "broad-based" |
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What is "Apple Core" lesion? |
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What is Napkin ring lesion? |
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What are the out-pouchings? |
1. ulcer 2. diverticulum |
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What is mass effect or extrinsic compression? |
something from the outside pushing on it **i.e. lymphoma or ovarian cystadenoma |
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What is extravasation? |
"leaking" of contrast |
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What is a fistula? |
abnormal connection between 2 structures |
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What is a sinus tract? |
blind ending |
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What is an upper GI series? |
includes espophogram plus stomach and duodenum in a single and double contrast |
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What are the prep and indications for Upper GI Series? |
prep: NPO after midnight......Indications: 1. epigastric pain r/o gastric or duodenal ulcer...2. gastric outlet obstruction |
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What is a Small Bowel SerieS? |
done aftr an UGIS>..."S.B. follow-through"...give 2 cups of barium (single contrast)....serial overhead and fluoroscopic images until contrast in colon..... **prep: NPO after midnight |
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What are the indications for a small bowel series? |
1. abdominal pain 2. r/o IBD or Crohn's 3. malabsoroption 4. GI bleed with negative endoscopy 5. intestinal obstruction (Now CT scan) |
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What is Enteroclysis? |
double contrast small bowel study
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What are the indications for enteroclysis? |
1. intermittenet SBO 2. Crohn's disease pre-op |
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What is the technique for enteroclysis? |
NG tube inserted into duodenum under fluoro: 1. barium instilled into Small Bowel then methylcellulose (clear) fluoroscopic and overhead imaging |
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What are the indications for barium enema? |
1. screening for polyps, colon cancer 2. evaluated IBD 3. large bowel obstruction |
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What is bowel prep for barium enema? |
clears x 24 hours, NPO after midnight....cathartic (MG citrate)....laxative.....enema/suppository in AM |
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What are the biliary contrast studies? |
1. ERCP 2. intraoperative cholangiogram 3. T-tube cholangiogram |
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What is ERCP? |
endoscopic retrograde....endoscope is inserted through the mouth into the duodenum basket and baloon? |
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What are the indications for intravenous pyelogram? |
1. "painful hematuria" - flank pain and renal colic 2. "painless hematuria" 3. h/o transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, r/o upper tract disease |
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What is the technique for IVP? |
1. preliminary scout film of abdomen....contrast given IV.....contrast filtered out of blood by kidneys....excreted into collecting system....serial radiographs (and tomographs) |
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Intravenous contrast...what happens if patient has a contrast allergy? |
- mild moderate or severe reactions...obtain history (prior contract reaction, multiple allergies, severe asthma)....premedicate with steroids, consider an MRI with gadnolinium or a non-contrast scan |
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Nephrotoxicity risk in IV contrast? |
-risk factors for renal disease, HTN, diabetes, older patients...check the renal function and serum creatinine levels....try newer contrast agents....consider a non contrast scan....consider an MRI with gadnolinium |
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What is the problem with gadnolinium and nephrotoxicity? |
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In a renal colic you suspet? |
"painful hematuria"....obstructive uropathy which comes with hydronephrosis (dilatation of collecting system / ureter), diminished enhancement and delayed excretion |
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IVP has been replaced for these three symptoms: what is IVP replaced by for "painful hematuria?" |
non-contrast CT |
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IVP has been replaced for these three symptoms: what is IVP replaced by for "painless hematuria?" |
CT Urogram (CTU) |
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IVP has been replaced for these three symptoms: what is IVP replaced by for h/o transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder r/o upper tract disease? |
CTU |
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What can be done with a painless hematuria with no renal mass? |
evaluate the lower urinary tract via retrograde pyelogram....contrast instilled directly into ureters and collecting systems via cystoscopy |
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What should you look for in pediatric UTI/ |
1.r/o vesicoureteral reflux (voiding cystourethrogram) 2. evaluate for renal scarring via US or nuclear medicine 3. r/o structural abnormality (US/VCUG) |
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What is VSUG? |
contrast instilled into bladder via catheter monitor with fluoroscopy for during filling and voiding |
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what is a hysterosalpingogram? |
infertility evaluation....evaluate endometrial cavity (congenital anomalies or intraluminal abnormalities)....and evaluate the fallopian tubes (patency) |
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What is the hysterosalpingogram technique? |
catheter inserted through cervix...contrast injected under fluoroscopic observation |
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What is IVP being replaced by? |
CT Urography |
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What is small bowel series being replacedby? |
multidetector CT |
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Barium enema is being replaced by? |
virtual colonography |
