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265 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Our dental x-rays really necessary?
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Yes. There are many diseases and conditions, like tooth decay, gum disease, cysts, and tumors, that cannot be detected simply by looking into your mouth. If these conditions progress extensive damage and pain may occur. Space some oral diseases can even affect your general health or become life-threatening.
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How often should I have dental x-rays?
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The dentist decides how often you should have x-rays. X-rays are prescribed on individual need.
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How often should children have dental x-rays?
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The dentist decide how often you should have x-rays. X-rays are prescribed on individual need
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Can I refuse x-rays and be treated without them?
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No. When you refuse dental x-rays the dentist cannot treat you. Treatment without necessary radiographs is considered negligent.
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Instead of taking x-rays, can use the x-rays from my previous dentist?
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Yes. Providing that they are recent and of acceptable diagnostic quality.
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How are x-rays measured?
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The radiation that reaches the surface of the skin is measured in our roentgen units.
The amount of energy absorbed is measured in RAD radiation absorbed dose. |
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How much radiation will I receive from dental x-rays?
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No amount of radiation is considered safe, so we follow strict guidelines to limit the amount of ex-radiation you receive. We make sure it's using thyroid collar and lead apron and fast film. We make sure we use good technique and careful processing of the x-ray. asked on the same interest in politics with F speed film a single intraoral film results any surface can exposure of 125 milliroentgens. For dental x-rays to produce permanent skin damage, such as skin cancer, exposure in the range of thousands of roentgens are needed. Such exposure are inconceivable in dental radiography.
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Why do you use a lead apron?
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To protect the reproductive, blood forming, and thyroid tissues from secondary radiation.
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Should dental x-rays be taken during pregnancy?
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Although scientific evidence indicates that dental x-ray procedures can be formed during pregnancy, many dentists elect to postpone such x-ray procedures because of the concern of the patient.
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Why do you leave the room when x-rays are used?
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When you are exposed to x-rays, you receive the diagnostic benefit of the dental radiograph; I do not receive any benefit.
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Our dental x-rays safe?
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All x-rays are harmful to living tissue the amount of ex-radiation used in dental radiography is small but biological damage does occur.
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While dental x-rays cause cancer?
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There is not one single recorded case of the patient developing cancer from diagnostic x-rays. The potential risk of dental radiography inducing a fatal cancer has been estimated to be three in 1 million. The risk of a person developing cancer spontaneously is much higher or 3300 in 1 million.
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Can a panoramic x-ray be taken instead of a complete series?
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No. The panoramic radiograph is useful for showing the general condition of the patient's teeth and bone. It does not clearly reveal changes in teeth like tooth decay or the details of the supporting bone.
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Who owns my dental radiographs?
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All your dental records, including the dental radiographs, or the property of the dentist. However you have the privilege of reasonable access to your dental records.
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Who outlines for choir meds for the safe use of dental x-ray equipment?
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Consumer – patient radiation health and safety act.
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Patients seeking healthcare services have the right to make choices about the care they received, including the opportunity to consent to or to refuse treatment. This is called?
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Self – determination
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The process of informing the patient about the particulars of exposing radiographs is called?
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Disclosure
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Consent given by patient following complete disclosure is called?
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Informed consent
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Results when the dental practitioner is negligent in the delivery of care.
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Malpractice
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Occurs when the diagnosis made with the dental treatment delivered falls below the standard of care.
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Negligence
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The quality of care that is provided by dental practitioners in a similar locality under the same or similar conditions.
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Standard of care
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Why are complete records important?
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They and short continuity of patient care and he provide legal documentation of the patient's condition.
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What must documentation include?
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Informed consent
number and type of radiographs exposed rationale for exposing radiographs diagnostic information |
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What must be disclosed to the patient before attaining informed consent?
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The purpose of the procedure and who will perform it
the potential benefits of receiving the procedure the possible risks in having the procedure performed the possible risk of not having the procedure performed |
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Who is responders overprescribing and diagnosing radiographs?
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The dentist
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Who is most often responsible for exposing and processing radiographs, and for disclosing the requested information and attaining informed consent from the patient?
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The dental radiographer
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Refers to the policies and procedures that should be followed by the dental radiographer to reduce the chances that a patient will file legal action?
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Risk management
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Consent given by a patient following complete disclosure.
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Informed consent
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Lack of informed consent may be shown by the following
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Complete lack of consent from the patient
consent attained from an individual has no legal right to give it consent of teens from an individual who is under the influence of drugs or alcohol consent obtained by misrepresentation or forge a length means consent obtained from an individual under duress consent attained after incomplete disclosure |
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The duration of time during which a patient may bring a malpractice action against the done test or the assistant.
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Statute of limitations
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How long should dental records be kept?
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Indefinitely
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The study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living tissue, to understand the harmful effects of ex-radiation.
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Radiation biology
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Total transfer of energy from the x-ray photon to patient tissues.
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Absorption
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What x-rays strike patient tissues, this results.
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Ionization
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X radiation was the cell damage primarily through the formation of these.
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Free radicals
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And uncharged atom or molecule that exists with a single, unpaired electron in the outermost shell. It is highly reactive and unstable.
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Free radical
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How do free radicals achieve stability?
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They may recombine
they may combine with other free radicals and course changes they may recombine with ordinary molecules to form a toxin such as hydrogen peroxide |
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What are the two theories of radiation injury?
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The direct theory
the indirect theory |
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This theory suggests that cell damage results from ionizing radiation directly hits critical areas or targets within the cell.
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Directs theory
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Which type of radiation shall write us DNA, occurs infrequently, most x-ray photons pass through the cell and was little or no damage.
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Direct theory
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This theory of radiation injury suggests that x-ray photons are absorbed within the cell and cores the formation of toxins, which in turn damage the cell
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Indirect theory
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In this theory of radiation injury photons are absorbed by water within a cell, free radical formation result, occurs frequently because of the high water content of the cell.
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Indirect theory
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With radiation exposure this can be used to correlate the response or damage of tissues with the dose or amounts of radiation received.
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Dose response curve
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This results is a direct function of dose, the probability of occurrence increases with increasing absorbed dose however, the severity of the facts does not depend on the magnitude of the absorbed dose. They do not have a dose threshold.
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Stochastic effects
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Cancer, tumor, are examples of which type of effect?
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Stochastic effects
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These are facts are somatic effects that had a threshold and increase with severity with increasing absorbed dose.
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Non-stochastic effects
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Erythema, loss of hair, cataract formation, and decreased fertility, are all examples of which type of radiation affect?
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Non-stochastic effects
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The time that elapses between exposure to ionizing radiation in the appearance of observable clinical signs is called?
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Latent period
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After the latent period, this occurs. It includes the following.
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Period of injury
cell death, changes in cell function, wreaking or clumping of chromosomes, formation of giant cells, cessation of mitotic activity, and abnormal mitotic activity. |
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What is the last event in the sequence of radiation injury?
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Recovery period
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Are all cellular radiation injuries permanent?
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No. Cellular damage is followed by repair.
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Term used to describe additive effect's of radiation exposure which may lead to health problems such as cancer cataract formation and birth defects.
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Cumulative effect's
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What are the factor is used to determine the degree of radiation injury?
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Total dose
dose rate amount of tissue irradiated cells sensitivity age |
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Quantity of radiation received, or the total amount of radiation energy absorbed.
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Total dose
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Rate at which exposure to radiation occurs and absorption takes place.
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Dose rate
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Areas of the body exposed to radiation.
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Amount of tissue irradiated
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Who are more susceptible to radiation damage?
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Children
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A facts that are seen within minutes, days, or weeks are called?
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Short-term effect's
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Exposure to a nuclear accident or the atomic bomb are examples of?
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Short term effects
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Is a short term effect and includes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, and hemorrhage.
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ARS acute radiation syndrome
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Effects that appear after years, decades, or generations are?
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Long-term effects
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These fats are associated with small amounts of radiation absorbed repeatedly over a long period.
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Long-term effect's
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Cancer, birth at normality's, and genetic defects are examples of which type of radiation effects.?
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Long-term effects
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Cells in the body except the reproductive cells are called?
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Somatic cells
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The reproductive cells are called?
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Genetic cells
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These type of effect's are seen in the person radiographed.
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Somatic fax
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Major somatic effects of radiation exposure include?
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Cancer, leukemia, and cataracts
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These types of effects are not seen in the person irradiated, but rather are passed on to future generations.
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Genetic effects
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Which part of the cell is more sensitive to radiation?
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The nucleus
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A cell that is sensitive to radiation is?
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Radio sensitive
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A cell that is resistant to radiation is called
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Radio resistant
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The response of the cell to radiation exposure is determined by the following.
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Mitotic activity
cell differentiation cell metabolism |
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Cells that divide frequently or undergo many divisions over time are more sensitive to radiation.
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Mitotic activity
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Sells better image for or are not highly specialized are more sensitive to radiation.
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cell differentiation
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Cells that have a higher metabolism are more sensitive to radiation
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Cell metabolism
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Which cells are radio sensitive?
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Blood cells
immature reproductive cells young bone cells |
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Which cell is the most sensitive to radiation
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Lymphocyte
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Radio resistant cells include?
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Cells of bone
muscle nerve |
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Radio sensitive organs include?
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Lymphoid tissues
bone marrow testes intestines |
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Radio resistant tissues include?
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Salivary glands
kidney liver |
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An organ that, if damaged, diminishes the quality of a person's life.
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Critical organ
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Critical organs include.
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Skin
thyroid gland lens of the eye bone marrow |
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Who has established special units for the measurement of radiation?
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International commission on radiation units and measurement
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Which units are used to define three quantities of radiation?
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Exposure
dose dose equivalent |
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What is the name of the older system used to define radiation measurements?
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Traditional system
standard system |
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The newer system used to define radiation measurements is called?
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SI system or
international system of units |
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The traditional units are radiation measurement include?
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The roentgen R
the radiation absorbed dose RAD the roentgen equivalent REM |
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The SI units of radiation measurement include?
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Coulombs/kilogram
gray sievert |
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Refers to the measurement of ionization in error produced by x-ray's.
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Exposure
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The traditional unit of exposure for x-rays is the?
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Roentgen R
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A way of measuring radiation exposure.
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roentgen
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This is a unit of electrical charge. It measures the number of electrical charges, or the number of ion pairs, in 1 kg of air.
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The coulomb
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Defined as the amount of energy absorbed by a tissue.
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Dose
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The traditional unit of dose.
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Radiation absorbed dose RAD
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The SI unit equivalent to the capital are the rad?
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Gray GY
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Used to compare the biologic effects of different types of radiation.
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Dose equivalent measurement
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The traditional unit of the dose equivalents is the?
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Roentgen equivalent REM
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Rodda of absorbed dose and a qualifying factor this effect for the type of radiation.
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Rem
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DSI unit equivalent of the rem is the?
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Sievert
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The qualifying factor is equal to?
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One
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In dental radiography, what units of measure are considered equal?
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The gray and sievert are equal
The Roentgen, rad, and rem are considered equal. |
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What type of radiation are humans exposed to daily?
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Background radiation
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What type of radiation originates from the stars and son?
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Cosmic radiation
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Exposure to cosmic radiation depends on what?
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Altitude
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This type of radiation occurs naturally and is emitted from radioactive materials present in the earth and air.
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Terrestrial radiation
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Give two examples of terrestrial radiation.
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Potassium 40
uranium |
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The average dose of background radiation received by an individual ranges from
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150 to 300 mrads per year.
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Wrist watches television, atomic weapons, nuclear fuel cycle, are all examples of which type of radiation?
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Artificial, or man-made radiation
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The greatest contributor to artificial radiation exposure is?
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Medical radiation
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What estimated dose is necessary to produce cancer in the Bayreuth gland?
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6000 mrads
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The average dose of radiation that the thyroid gland absorbs during dental radiography is?
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Six mrads
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Leukemia induction is most likely at doses of blank or more. In dental radiography the average bone marrow dose from periapical radiography is approximately blank.
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5000 mrads
1 to 3 mrads |
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How many rads in a 14 day causes erythema? How many dental films in that amount to time would have to be exposed?
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250 rads
500 dental films |
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How many mrads are necessary to induce cataract formation in the eyes? What is the average surface does to the cornea of the eye
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200,000 mrads
60 mrads |
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The amount of exposure varies depending on the following.
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Film speed
collimation technique exposure factors |
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The use of at speed film instead of D speed reduces the absorbed dose by how much?
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60%
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Radiation exposure can be limited by using which type of collimation? This type reduces the resort does by how much?
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Rectangular collimation
60 to 70% |
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What type of that Nick should be used to reduce radiation exposure?
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Use a longer source to film distance
use a long cone paralleling technique |
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What are the exposure factor's?
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Radiation exposure can be limited by using a higher K voltage peak
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A single intraoral radiographs using D speed film results in a mean surface exposure of? What about using an F speed film?
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D speed film – 250 MR
F speed film – 100 MR |
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Which type of relationship describes the response of tissues to radiation?
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Linear, non-threshold
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The quality factor is used to determine which radiation unit
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The rem
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Which unit of measure does not have an SI equivalent?
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Roentgen
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Which unit of measure is used only for x-rays?
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Roentgen
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What is the average dose of background radiation received by an individual and the United States?
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150-300 mrads
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List pathogens that are present in the oral or respiratory secretions that can be exposed to a dental professional or patient.
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Cold and flu viruses and bacteria
cytomegalovirus hepatitis B virus hepatitis C virus herpes simplex virus human immunodeficiency virus mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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What are the recommended infection control practices for radiology?
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Protective clothing
gloves masks and protective eyewear |
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A substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria. This term is often used to describe handwashing or wound cleansing procedures.
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Antiseptic
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The app sense of pathogens, or disease causing microorganisms. This term is used to describe procedures that prevent infection.
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A sepsis
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The use of chemical or physical procedure to inhibit or destroy pathogens.
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Distant fact
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Waste that consists of blood, blood products, contaminated sharps, or other microbiologic products.
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Infectious waste
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Contact with blood or other infectious materials it involves the skin, eye, or mucous membranes and that results from procedures performed by the dental professional.
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Occupational exposure
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Exposure to blood or other infectious materials that results from piercing war puncturing the skin barrier.
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Parenteral exposure
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The use of a physical or chemical procedure to destroy all pathogens, including the highly resistant bacterial and mycotic spores.
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Sterilize
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A method of the shim control and which all human blood and certain body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, and other blood borne pathogens.
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Universal proportions
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Instruments that are used to penetrate soft tissue or bone a considered blank and must be sterilized after each use.
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Critical instruments
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Instruments that contact but do not penetrate soft tissue or bone are classified as blank. These devices must also be sterilized after each use.
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Semi-critical instruments
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In dental radiography and example of semi-critical and judgment is?
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X-ray film holding devices
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In dental radiography and example of noncritical instruments include?
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PID
x-ray tube had exposure button control panel lead apron |
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Before exposure the following must be covered or disinfected.
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X-ray machine
dental chair work area lead apron |
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Before exposure supplies any Quitman such as the following need to be prepared prior to seeding the patient.
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Film
film holding devices cotton rolls paper towels patient cop |
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Before exposure the following must be formed before placing gloves.
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adjust chair
adjust headrest place lead apron remove objects |
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Before exposure the following should be completed in regards to radiograph for preparation.
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Watching and
put on gloves prepare film holding device |
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What are the four infection control measures to be taken before exposure?
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Prepare treatment area
prepare supplies and equipment prepare the patient prepare the radiographer |
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During exposure what procedures must be completed in regards to film handling
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After exposure, dry film with paper towel
place dried film in a patient cup |
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During exposure devices must be handled as follows.
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Transfer film holding device from work area to mouth and back to work area
never place film holding devices on uncovered countertop |
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After exposure and before removing your gloves what should you do?
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Dispose of all contaminated items
placed film holding devices in patient cup |
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What should you do after glove removal
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Wash hands
remove lead apron |
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Infection control procedures used for film processing
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Place contaminated films and empty paper cup in daylight loader compartment
push hands through openings and put on gloves opened film packet, feed into processor and disposed of film wrappings into paper cup after all film packet have been opened, remove gloves and face and cock remove hands from daylight loader washer hands lift daylight loader lid to remove and discard cup with contaminated wrappings and container that held contaminated films |
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The dense outer layer of bone that of peers radiopaque in radiographs.
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Cortical bone
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How does cortical bone appear on radiographs?
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Radiopaque
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How does cancellous bone appear on a radiograph?
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Radio Lucent
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Soft spongy bone located between two layers?
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Cancellous bone
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Composed of numerous bony trabecular that form a lattice – like network of spaces filled with bone marrow.
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Cancellous bone
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What are the five terms that can be used to describe the bony prominences seen in maxillary and mandibular periapical radiographs? How did they appear on radiographs?
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Radio Lucent
process Ridge spine tubercle tuberosity |
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A marked prominence or projection of bone; an example is the coronoid process of the mandible.
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Process
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A linear projection of bone; an example is the internal oblique ridge of the mandible.
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Ridge
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A sharp, thorn like projection of bone; an example is the interior nasal spine of the maxilla.
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Spine
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A small bump or nodule of bone; an example is the genial tubercle of the mandible.
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Tubercle
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A rounded prominence of bone.
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Tuberosity
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Spaces and depression in bone appear blank in radiographs.
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Radio Lucent
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List the spaces and depressions in bone.
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Canal
foramen fossa sinus |
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A tubelike passageway through bone that contains nerves and blood vessels.
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Canal
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An opening or hole in Bolan that permits the passage of nerves and blood bustles
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Foramen
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A broad, shallow, scooped out or depressed area of bone.
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Fossa
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A hollow , cavity, or recess and bone.
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Sinus
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A bony wall or partition that divides to spaces were cavities. This is truck sure appears blank in radiographs.
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Septum
radiopaque |
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An immortal bone joint that represents a line of union between ad joining bones of the skull. This structure appears blank and radiographs.
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Suture
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Is an opening or whole in bone located at the midline of the anterior portion of the hard palate directly posterior to the maxillary central incisors.
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Incisive foramen
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How does the incisor foramen appear on radiographs?
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Small round radio Lucent area between the roots of the maxillary central incisors.
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The nasopalatine nerve exits the maxilla through this whole. And it enters the maxilla through this whole.
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Enters the superior foramina of the incisive canal
Exits the incisive foramen |
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Two tiny openings or holes in bone that are located on the floor of the nasal cavity.
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Superior foramina of the incisive canal
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What is the appearance of the superior foramina in radiographs?
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Two small round radiolucencies located superior to the APCs of the maxillary central incisors.
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The immovable joint between the two palatine processes of the maxilla. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Median palatal suture
then radio Lucent line between the maxillary central incisors |
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Smooth deep rest area of the maxilla located just inferior and medial to the infra orbital foramen between the canine and lateral incisors. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Lateral fossa also known as
canine fossa radio Lucent area between the maxillary canine and lateral incisors |
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Pear-shaped compartment of bone located superior to the maxilla. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Nasal cavity or
nasal fossa large radio Lucent area above the maxillary incisors |
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Vertical bony wall or partition that divides the nasal cavity into the right and left nasal fossa. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Nasal septum
vertical radiopaque per Titian that divides the nasal cavity |
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What two bones formed the nasal septum?
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vomer
portion of the ethmoid bone and cartilage |
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Bony wall forms by the palatal processes of the maxilla and a horizontal portions of the Palatino bones. What is a radiographic appearance?
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Floor the nasal cavity
dense radiopaque band the bone about the maxillary incisors |
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Sharp projection of the Maxwell eight it at the NT rear end in inferior portion of the nasal cavity. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Anterior nasal spine
V-shaped radiopaque area located at the intersection of the floor of the nasal cavity and the nasal septum. |
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Wafer thin, curved plates of bone that extend from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Inferior nasal conchae
diffuse radiopaque mass or projection within the nasal cavity |
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Paired cavities of bone located within the maxilla. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Maxillary sinuses
radio Lucent area located above the APCs of the maxillary premolars and molars. |
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Expansion of sinus wall into bone usually where teeth have been lost prematurely, increases with age.
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pneumatization
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Bony walls or partitions that peer to divide the maxillary sinus into compartments. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Septa
radiopaque lines within the maxillary sinus |
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Tiny, tubelike passageways through bone that contain blood vessels and nerves that supply the maxillary teeth and interdental areas; may be seen within the maxillary sinuses. What is the radio graphic appearance?
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Nutrient canals
narrow radio Lucent band bounded by two then radiopaque lines. |
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Refers to the intersection of the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity as viewed on a dental radiograph what is the radiographic up here and it's?
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The inverted Y
radiopaque upside down Y formed by the intersection of the lateral wall of the nasal fossa and the anterior border of the maxillary sinus. |
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Depression anterior to canine eminence?
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Canine fossa or
lateral fossa |
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Rounded prominence of bone that extends posterior to the third molar region. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Maxillary tuberosity
radiopaque bulge distal to the third molar region. |
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Small hook like projection of bone extending from the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone. What is the radiographic.?
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Hamulus
radiopaque look like projection posterior to the maxillary tuberosity area. |
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Bony projection of the Macs a lot that articulates with the zygoma, or malar bone.
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Zygomatic process of the maxilla
J-shaped or U-shaped radiopacity located superior to the maxillary first molar region. |
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Cheekbone. What is the radiographic hearings?
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The zygoma
diffuse radiopaque band extending posteriorly from the zygomatic process of the maxilla |
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Largest and strongest bone of the face. What does it consist of.
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Mandible
ramus body of mandible alveolar process |
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Vertical portion of the mandible that is found posterior to the third molar.
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Ramis
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Horizontal, U-shaped portion that extends from Ramis to Ramis
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Body of mandible
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Portion of the mandible that in cases and supports the teeth.
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Alveolar process
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Tiny bumps of bone that surround the lingual foramen. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Genial tubercles
ring-shaped radiopacity below the ABCs of the mandibular incisors |
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Tiny opening or whole in bone located on the internal surface of the mandible. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Lingual foramen
small, radio Lucent.located in fear ear to the APCs of the mandibular incisors |
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Tubelike passageways most often seen in the anterior mandible, a region that typically has thin. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Interdental nutrient canals
vertical radio Lucent lines |
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Linear prominence of cortical bone located on the external surface of the anterior portion of the mandible. It extends from the pre-molar region to the midline and slopes slightly upward. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Mental ridge
thick radiopaque band that extends from the pre-molar region to the incisor region |
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Scooped out, the pressed area of bone located on the external surface of the anterior mandible. What is the radiographic appearance,?
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Mental fossa
radio Lucent area above the mental ridge |
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Opening her hole and bone located on the external surface of the mandible in the region of the mandibular premolars. Blood vessels and nerves that supply the lower lip exit through this whole. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Mental foramen
round radio Lucent area located in the apical region of the mandibular premolars |
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Linear prominent of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible. It extends from the molar region down word and foreword towards the lower border of the mandible. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Mylohyoid ridge
dense radiopaque band that extends down word and forward from the molar region |
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Tubelike passageway through bone that travels the length of the mandible. It extends from the mandibular foramen to the mental foramen and houses the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessel's. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Mandibular canal
radio Lucent's band outlined by two thin radiopaque lines |
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Linear prominence of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible that extends downwards and forward from the ramus. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Internal oblique ridge or
mylohoid ridge radiopaque band that extends downwards and forward from the Remus |
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Linear prominence of bone located on the external surface of the body of the mandible; on radiographs it shows always on top. What is the radiographic appearance?
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External oblique ridge
radiopaque band extending downward and forward from the anterior border of the ramus of the mandible. |
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Scoped out, depressed area of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible inferior to the mylohyoid ridge. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Sub mandibular fossa or
mandibular fossa sub maxillary loss radiolucent area in the molar region below the mylohyoid ridge. Found below the internal oblique ridge |
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Marked prominence of bone on the anterior ramus of the mandible. It serves as an attachment site of one of the muscles of mastication. What is the radiographic appearance
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Coronoid process
triangular radiopacity superimposed over, or inferior to, the maxillary tuberosity region. Only seen on a maxillary molar periapical film |
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Densest structure found in the human body. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Enamel
radiopaque layer of the crown of a to this |
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What is the appearance of Denton on radiographs.?
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Radiopaque, but not as radiopaque as enamel.
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Peers as a line where the enamel meets the Denton.
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DEJ
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How does pulp cavity up here on radiographs?
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Radiolucent
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What does the alveolar bone consists of?
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Lamina dura
alveolar crest periodontal ligament space |
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Wall of the tooth socket that surrounds the root of a tooth. How does it appear on a radiograph!
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Lamina Dora
dense radiopaque line that surrounds the root of a tooth. |
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The most coronal portion of the alveolar bone found between the teeth. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Radiopaque and is typically 1.5 to 2.0 mm below the junction of the crown and the roof surfaces.
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Space between the root of the tooth and the lamina Dora. It contains connective tissue fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics. What is the radiographic appearance?
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Periodontal ligaments base PDL
thin radiolucent line around the root of the tooth. |
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Describe the shape and density of alveolar bone in the anterior regions and the posterior regions?
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In the anterior regions the alveolar crest appears pointed and sharp between the teeth
in the posterior regions the alveolar crest appears whacked and smooth between the teeth and it appears less dense and less radiopaque than the alveolar crest seen in the anterior region's |
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Term used to describe an explanation of what is viewed on a dental radiograph.
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Radiographic interpretation
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To offer an explanation.
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Interpret
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An explanation.
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Interpretation
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The identification of a disease by examination were analysis.
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Diagnosis
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Who interprets radiographs?
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Dental hygienist
dentist |
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These radiographs are used to detect into proximal carries.
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Bite-wing radiographs
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Method used to examine the inter proximal surfaces of teeth.
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Bite wing technique
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Intraoral radiographic examination used to inspect the crowns of both the maxillary and the mandibular teeth on a single film.
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Inter proximal examination
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Type of film used in the inter proximal examination.
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Bite wing film
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Coronal portion of alveolar bone found between the teeth also known as the alveolar crest.
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Crestal bone
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Describe the basic principles of the bite wing technique.
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The film is placed in the mouth parallel to the crowns of both the upper and the lower teeth.
The film is stabilized when the patient bites on the bite wing Or bite wing film holder. The central ray of the x-ray beam is directed through the contacts of the teeth, using a vertical angulation of +10°. |
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A device used to position an intraoral film in the mouth and retain the film imposition during the exposure.
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Gnome holder
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Example of a commercially available intraoral bite wing film holder is?
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XCP
Rinn XCP bite-wing instruments |
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An alternative to a film holding device, a film can be fitted with a?
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Bite wing tab or
by loop or bite tab |
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What are the four sizes of bite wing film. Describe each.
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Size 0 – is used to examine the posterior teeth of children with primary dentition.
Size 1 – is used to examine the posterior teeth of children with mixed dentition; can also be used to it time and the anterior teeth of adults in a vertical position. Size 2 – is used to examine the posterior teeth and adults and may be placed horizontally or vertically. Size 3 – is longer and narrower than the standard size to film and is used only for bite wing exposures; in adult size 3 film is not recommended |
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Term used to describe the alignment of the central rate of the x-ray beam in the her is on till and vertical planes.
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Angulation
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In vertical angulation if the PID is directed downward it is terms.
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Positive
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Incorrect vertical angulation used in the exposure of a bite wing film results in what type of error.
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Distorted image
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Incorrect horizontal angulation used in the exposure of the bite wing film results and what type of error?
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Overlapped into proximal contact areas
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What are the five rules that must be followed when using the bite wing technique?
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Film basement
film position vertical angulation or is on till angulation film exposure |
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Term used to describe definite order for film placements and exposure.
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Exposure sequence
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The number of bite wing films necessary is based on.
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Curvature of the arch
number of teeth |
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Any patient who requires both the periapical and bite wing radiographs followed the following exposure sequence.
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Expose all anterior periapical films first.
Follow with posterior periapical films. Finish with the bite wing exposures |
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Any patient who requires just the bite wing radiographs follow the following sequence.
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Expose the premolar bite wing film first.
Expose the molar bite wing film last. |
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Term used to describe the specific area where the film must be positioned before exposure.
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Film placements
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Can be used to it time and the level of alveolar bone in the mouth. A total of seven films are used to cover the K-9, midline, premolar, and molar areas. What size films can be used with this.
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Vertical bite wing
size 2 only or size 1 and size 2 |
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A modified bite wing technique must be used for patients with,?
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Missing teeth
bony growth |
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What size PID is more effective in reducing radiation exposure?
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16 inch PID
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What is the function of a filter in the dental x-ray tube head?
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To remove low-energy x-rays
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What is the most effect of method of reducing patient exposure to radiation?
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Fast films
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What shape PID is the most fact that him reducing patient exposure?
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Rectangular PID
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What restricts the size and shape of the x-ray beam?
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Collimator
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What is used as a collimator?
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Lead plate
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What is the function of filtration?
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It reduces low energy waves
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What is the recommended size of the beam at the patient's face?
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2.75 inches
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This term describes the dose of radiation that the body can endure with little or no chance of injury.
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Maximum permissible dose
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Machine operating at 70 Kvp or lower require blank millimeters aluminum.
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1.5
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Machines operating above 70 Kvp require blank millimeters aluminum.
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2.5
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What is the angle that the dental radiographer should stand to the primary beam?
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90 – 135°
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What is the formula for maximum accumulated dose?
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n -18x5
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What is the maximum permissible dose for occupationally exposed persons?
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Five rems per year or
0.05 Sv per year or 50 mSv per year |
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What is the maximum permissible dose for non-occupationally exposed persons?
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0.1 rems per year or
0.001 Sv per year |
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States that all exposure to radiation must be kept to a minimum.
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ALARA concept
as low as reasonably achievable |
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Any radiation with the exception of the primary beam that is emitted from the dental tube head?
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Leakage radiation
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What are the three types of filtration used in the dental x-ray tubehead?
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Inherent filtration
added filtration total filtration |
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This type of filtration takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the x-ray tube, the insulating oil, and the tubehead seal. This filtration is approximately 0.5 to 1.0 mm of aluminum. This type of filtration alone does not meet the standards regulated by state and federal law.
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Inherent filtration
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The first of the placements of aluminum discs in the path of the x-ray beam between the collimator and the tubehead seal in the dental x-ray machine.
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Added filtration
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What is the purpose of aluminum discs were added filtration?
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To filter out the longer wavelength, low-energy x-rays from the x-ray beam because they are harmful to the patient and not useful in diagnostic radiography.
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Inherent plus added filtration.
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Total filtration
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