Radiology Final Exam

Front 1

What factors affect Diagnostic Quality of Abdominal Radiography?

Back 1

Patient Preparation
Technique Settings
Positioning

Front 2

On Abdominal Radiography, Gastric and/or Colon Distention create what effect? How does this affect visualization of structures?

Back 2

On Abdominal Radiography, Gastric and/or Colon Distention creates a MASS EFFECT that OBSCURES visualization of adjacent structures.

Front 3

How does a full urinary bladder affect Abdominal Radiography?

Back 3

Mimics a mass
Displaces adjacent structures

Front 4

How does patient motion affect abdominal radiography?

Back 4

Blurs & Obscures Margins

Front 5

T or F: The abdomen is a region with low inherent subject contrast.

Back 5

TRUE

Front 6

What strategy should you use to overcome the abdomen's inherently low subject contrast?

Back 6

Choose technical factors that will MAXIMIZE contrast resolution.

Front 7

What technical factors should you use to maximize contrast resolution for abdominal radiography?

Back 7

Low kVp
High mAs
Grid

Front 8

How do a low kVp and high mAs technique affect abdominal radiographs?

Back 8

Sharp Transition
High Contrast

Front 9

When should you use a grid with abdominal radiography?

Back 9

If thickness if > 10 cm

Front 10

Why would a grid improve abdominal radiographic contrast resolution?

Back 10

Reduces scatter

Front 11

T or F: Normal Organ Location assumes true Lateral and VD positioning and a prepared abdomen.

Back 11

TRUE

Front 12

How do you know if a lateral abdominal radiograph is a true lateral?

Back 12

Rib heads, Transverse processes, ilial wings are superimposed

Front 13

What 3 main bony structures are superimposed in a true lateral radiograph of the abdomen

Back 13

Rib Heads
Transverse Processes
Ilial Wings

Front 14

How do you know if a VD abdominal radiograph is a true VD?

Back 14

Spinous processes are centered over vertebrae

Front 15

What can be used to insure true lateral positioning?

Back 15

Positioning Devices (wedge sponges)

Front 16

What additional views are commonly taken with abdominal radiography?

Back 16

DV
Horizontal beam VD

Front 17

What are the 4 borders for Abdominal Radiography to include the entire abdomen of small animals?

Back 17

Cranial= Dome of he Diaphragm
Caudal= Pelvic Inlet
Ventral/Lateral= Abdominal Wall
Dorsal= Spine

Front 18

How does kVp change if you need to visualize pelvic structures on an Abdominal Radiograph?

Back 18

10% higher kVp

Front 19

For abdominal radiography in larger animals, what kinds of images should you use to visualize the entire abdomen?

Back 19

Overlapping Images

Front 20

T or F: You should center on an area of interest with Abdominal Radiography.

Back 20

TRUE

Front 21

What are compression bands used for in Abdominal Radiography?

Back 21

To minimize thickness and/or motion

Front 22

What are compression paddles used for in Abdominal Radiography?

Back 22

To displace overlying bowel loops

Front 23

In conventional abdominal radiographs, some structures may not be visible due to what 3 things?

Back 23

Overexposure
Superimposition
Silhouetting

Front 24

T or F: Superimposition of normal extra-abdominal structures may mimic intra-abdominal lesions.

Back 24

TRUE

Front 25

What normal fat deposits often mimic intra-abdominal masses in abdominal radiographs?

Back 25

Fat Deposits in the....
Retroperitoneal Space
Falciform Ligament

Front 26

What mimics abdominal effusion in young animals on abdominal radiographs?

Back 26

Normal lack of mesenteric fat

Front 27

When are normal sublumbar muscles visible in abdominal radiographs?

Back 27

In True Lateral Views if there's sufficient retroperitoneal fat
AND
In True VD Views, esp in cats and rabbits

Front 28

The cranial surface of the liver silhouettes with which organ on abdominal radiographs?

Back 28

Peritoneal surface of the Diaphragm

Front 29

The caudal surface of the liver silhouettes with which organ on abdominal radiographs?

Back 29

Stomach
And the Right Caudate Lobe silhouttes with Right Kidney

Front 30

What shape is the liver on a lateral abdominal radiograph? Is it all visualized?

Back 30

Triangular; NO

Front 31

When is the margin of the liver well visualized on abdominal radiography? Why?

Back 31

Ventrally because of the fat of the falciform ligament

Front 32

What does the margin of a normal liver look like on abdominal radiography?

Back 32

Smooth and sharply marginated
Caudoventral angle is distinct-- relatively acute and usually lies at the level of the costal arch

Front 33

What can be used to approximate liver size on abdominal radiographs?

Back 33

The stomach since it's in close apposition to caudal surface of the liver and it's usually visible because it contains a small volume of gas.

Front 34

In the lateral radiograph, the _____ _____ is normally ________ to the long axis of the body or parallel to the ribs.

Back 34

In the lateral radiograph, the gastric axis is normally perpendicular to the long axis of the body or parallel to the ribs.

Front 35

In the dog, where is the pylorus located on a VD abdominal radiograph?

Back 35

Right Cranial Quadrant, approximately half way between the midline and the right abdominal wall

Front 36

In the dog, the gastric axis runs what direction to the long axis of the body on a VD abdominal radiograph?

Back 36

Perpendicular

Front 37

T or F: In the cat, the gastric axis is linear in the VD abdominal radiograph with the pylorus located at or near the midline.

Back 37

FALSE-- In the cat, the gastric axis is J Shaped in the VD view with the pylorus located at or near the midline.

Front 38

T or F: The gall bladder should be visible and about the size of 1/2 L2 on an abdominal radiograph.

Back 38

FALSE-- The gall bladder should NOT be visible due to silhouetting with liver parenchyma.

Front 39

T or F: The size of a spleen on an abdominal radiograph is consistent within a species.

Back 39

FALSE-- spleen size is variable

Front 40

How does the spleen look on an abdominal radiograph?

Back 40

Triangular shape
Smooth with sharp margins
Located along ventral abdomen

Front 41

How does the spleen look on a VD abdominal radiograph?

Back 41

Head of the spleen is usually triangular and seen in left cranial abdomen, just caudal and left of the gastric fundus

Front 42

Where are the kidneys normally located on abdominal radiographs?

Back 42

Cranial portion of the retroperitoneal space
Uniform soft tissue opacity
Left kidney positioned caudal to right in the dog (more variable in cats)

Front 43

How does the position of the bladder vary between cats and dogs on abdominal radiographs?

Back 43

More cranial in cats

Front 44

Which margins of the bladder are well visualized on abdominal radiographs?

Back 44

Cranial and Ventral Margins due to adjacent fat pads

Front 45

Which margins of the bladder are poorly visualized on abdominal radiographs?

Back 45

Dorsal Margin silhouettes with colon

Front 46

How will the Small Intestine look on an abdominal radiograph if the colon is distended or in very fat animals?

Back 46

Displaced to the RIGHT

Front 47

T or F: The Small Intestines does not normally contain volumes of gas AND fluid on abdominal radiographs.

Back 47

FALSE-- it does contain gas and fluid normally.

Front 48

What does the cecum look like and where is it positioned in an abdominal radiograph of a dog?

Back 48

Gas-filled and located in the Right Mid-Abdomen

Front 49

T or F: The Cecum of a cat is usually gas-filled and seen clearly in the right mid-abdomen on an abdominal radiograph.

Back 49

FALSE--it's usually not seen at all.

Front 50

Where are the ascending, transverse, and descending colon on an abdominal radiograph?

Back 50

Ascending Colon= Right Mid-Abdomen
Transverse Colon= Cranial Abdomen
Descending Colon= Left Mid-to-Caudal Abdomen

Front 51

What abdominal structures are not normally seen on abdominal radiographs?

Back 51

Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Adrenal Glands
Ureters
Prostate Gland
Ovaries
Uterus
Lymph Nodes
Blood Vessels

Front 52

What is Excretory Urography?

Back 52

IV injection of contrast medium to sequentially opacify urinary tract over time

Front 53

What is well visualized in the vascular phase of excretory urography?

Back 53

Arteries

Front 54

What is well visualized in the nephrogram phase of excretory urography?

Back 54

Renal Parenchyma

Front 55

Where is the contrast agent in the nephrogram phase of excretory urography?

Back 55

Renal Tubules

Front 56

When is the opacity the greatest in the nephrogram phase of excretory urography?

Back 56

Early in the study

Front 57

What is well visualized in the pyelogram phase of excretory urography?

Back 57

The Collecting System: Renal Pelvis, Diverticula, Ureters

Front 58

When is the opacity the greatest in the pyelogram phase of excretory urography? Why?

Back 58

Less opaque early in the study due to osmotic diuresis
More opaque later in the study due to increased concentration of contrast agent over time

Front 59

What other terms and abbreviations are used to describe excretory urography?

Back 59

Intravenous Urography (IU, IVU)
Excretory Urography (EU)
Intravenous Pyelography (IVP)

Front 60

What are the Indications for Excretory Urography?

Back 60

1) Evaluation of Renal and Uretral Morphology: Size, shape, position, margination
2) Evaluate Renal and Ureteral Integrity: Rupture, tear
3) Evaluate relationship between kidnes and an abdominal mass
4) Evaluate Ureteral function: Patency and Motility (peristalsis)
5) Achieve filling of urinary bladder when retrograde cystography not possible
6) Evaluate renal function (limited)

Front 61

How is the evaluation of renal function limited with excretory urography?

Back 61

1) Contrast is passively excreted, so no qualitative information can be gained.
2) Perfusion can be evaluated to a limited extent in that visualization of contrast in kidneys implies patent renal arteries.
3) The volume and rate of excretion can be roughly compared between kidneys by viewing differences in sequential images.

Front 62

What is Excretory Urography?

Back 62

IV injection of contrast medium to sequentially opacify urinary tract over time

Front 63

What is well visualized in the vascular phase of excretory urography?

Back 63

Arteries

Front 64

What is well visualized in the nephrogram phase of excretory urography?

Back 64

Renal Parenchyma

Front 65

Where is the contrast agent in the nephrogram phase of excretory urography?

Back 65

Renal Tubules

Front 66

When is the opacity the greatest in the nephrogram phase of excretory urography?

Back 66

Early in the study

Front 67

What is well visualized in the pyelogram phase of excretory urography?

Back 67

The Collecting System: Renal Pelvis, Diverticula, Ureters

Front 68

When is the opacity the greatest in the pyelogram phase of excretory urography? Why?

Back 68

Less opaque early in the study due to osmotic diuresis
More opaque later in the study due to increased concentration of contrast agent over time

Front 69

What other terms and abbreviations are used to describe excretory urography?

Back 69

Intravenous Urography (IU, IVU)
Excretory Urography (EU)
Intravenous Pyelography (IVP)

Front 70

What are the Indications for Excretory Urography?

Back 70

1) Evaluation of Renal and Uretral Morphology: Size, shape, position, margination
2) Evaluate Renal and Ureteral Integrity: Rupture, tear
3) Evaluate relationship between kidnes and an abdominal mass
4) Evaluate Ureteral function: Patency and Motility (peristalsis)
5) Achieve filling of urinary bladder when retrograde cystography not possible
6) Evaluate renal function (limited)

Front 71

How is the evaluation of renal function limited with excretory urography?

Back 71

1) Contrast is passively excreted, so no qualitative information can be gained.
2) Perfusion can be evaluated to a limited extent in that visualization of contrast in kidneys implies patent renal arteries.
3) The volume and rate of excretion can be roughly compared between kidneys by viewing differences in sequential images.

Front 72

What are Contraindications for Excretory Urography?

Back 72

1) Dehydration (acute tubular necrosis)
2) Previous adverse reaction to iodinated contrast media
3) Renal Failure is not contraindicated but will degrade the study quality

Front 73

T or F: All contrast agents used for excretory urography contain water-soluble organic iodine.

Back 73

TRUE

Front 74

T or F: All contrast agents used for excretory urography are slowly cleared from circulation by renal excretion.

Back 74

FALSE-- they are rapidly cleared

Front 75

T or F: The most commonly used contrast agents for excretory urography have low molecular weight to decrease the amount of adverse reactions they may cause.

Back 75

FALSE-- they have HIGH molecular weights so are more likely to cause adverse effects, but they are super duper cheap and work well in most cases, which is why we use them

Front 76

What are the indications for a cystography?

Back 76

Clinical Suspicion of Bladder Dz
Suspect Bladder involved secondarily by adjacent dz
Size, shape, location, integrity of Bladder Wall

Front 77

What are the possible complications of Cystography?

Back 77

Iatrogenic Bladder Rupture
Subserosal Accumulation of Contrast (esp cats)
Air Embolism

Front 78

What are the advantages of Antegrade positive contrast cystography?

Back 78

Avoid having to pass urethral catheter
Less likely to iatrogenically rupture bladder

Front 79

What are the disadvantages of Antegrade positive contrast cystography?

Back 79

Incomplete Bladder Distention
Urine Mixes with Contrast

Front 80

What are the advantages of
Retrograde positive contrast cystography?

Back 80

Best for suspected Bladder Rupture or Herniation
Good for identifying communication between bladder and adjacent structures

Front 81

What is it called when contrast goes from the bladder to the ureter during a cystogram?

Back 81

Vesicoureteral Reflux

Front 82

What are the advantages of Negative Cystography?

Back 82

Inexpensive

Front 83

What are the disadvantages of Negative Cystography?

Back 83

Not good for Bladder Rupture as air leakage is hard to see relative to bowel gas

Front 84

What are the advantages of Retrograde double contrast cystography?

Back 84

Best for evaluating mural or intraluminal diseases

Front 85

What are the indications for Urethrography?

Back 85

Clinical suspicion of urethral obstruction
Localization of urethra relative to adjacent structures (ex: prostate)
Determination of hematuria

Front 86

What is a true lateral dental radiographs good for evaluating?

Back 86

Secondary changes in overall geometry

Front 87

What are VD or DV dental radiographs good for evaluating?

Back 87

Alignment of the Mandibles

Front 88

What are the Open Mouth Oblique dental radiographs good for evaluating?

Back 88

Arcades of primary interest

Front 89

What are Intraoral dentral radiographs good for evaluating?

Back 89

Incisor Teeth

Front 90

What is the deciduous dental formula for dogs?

Back 90

3/3, 1/1, 3/3

Front 91

What is the permanent dental formula for dogs?

Back 91

3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 2/3

Front 92

When does the crown of deciduous teeth calcify?

Back 92

10-20 days postnatal

Front 93

When does the root of deciduous teeth calcify?

Back 93

40-50 days postnatal

Front 94

What are aging changes seen in teeth?

Back 94

Pulp cavity becomes smaller
Alveolar crest regression
Trabecular patter of alveolar bone becomes more coarse and sclerotic
Lamina dura becomes less distinct

Front 95

What is Anodontia?

Back 95

Congenital absence of teeth
Especially in smaller and branchycephalic breeds

Front 96

What teeth are most likely to be missing in Brachycephalic dogs?

Back 96

P1 and M3

Front 97

What is Polydontia?

Back 97

Supernumary Teeth
Esp P and I involved
May cause crowding, displacement, rotation, malocclusion

Front 98

What is the deciduous dental formula for the equine?

Back 98

3/3, 0/0, 3/3

Front 99

What is the permanent dental formula for the equine?

Back 99

3/3, 1/1, 3 or 4/3, 3/3

Front 100

What are the advantages to using Barium Paste for an Esophogram?

Back 100

Excellent Mucosal Coating

Front 101

What are the disadvantages to using Barium Paste for an Esophogram?

Back 101

Does not fill a distended, hypomotile esophagus

Front 102

What are the advantages to using Barium Food Bolus for an Esophogram?

Back 102

Esophageal filling and distention
Less likely to pass a stricture

Front 103

What are the disadvantages to using Barium Food Bolus for an Esophogram?

Back 103

Poor Mucosal Coating
Obscures Luminal Content

Front 104

What are the advantages to using Aqueous Organic Iodide for an Esophogram?

Back 104

Reveal Perforations

Front 105

What are the disadvantages to using Aqueous Organic Iodide for an Esophogram?

Back 105

Coat the Mucosa poorly
Doesn't distend lumen
Readily passes strictures

Front 106

What are the complications of an Esophagram?

Back 106

Aspiration
Ba inflammation
Organic Iodide in Airways

Front 107

Which structures are best seen on a Rt Lt, Le Lt, VD, and DV views for an Upper GI Series?

Back 107

Rt Lt: Pylorus

Le Lt: Fundus

VD: Fundus

DV: Pylorus

Front 108

What are some technique variations for Upper GI Contrast Series?

Back 108

Low Volume Gastrogram

Aqueous Organic Iodide CM

Pneumogastrogram

Double Contrast Gastrogram

Front 109

What are the Complications of Upper GI Contrast Series?

Back 109

Aspiration
Ba Induced Peritonitis

Front 110

Where does the air rise in the stomach in the following positions:
Sternal Recumb
Dorsal Recumb
Right Recumb
Left Recumb

Back 110

Sternal Recumb: Fundus

Dorsal Recumb: Body

Right Recumb: Fundus and Body

Left Recumb: Pylorus

Front 111

Delay in gastric emptying in Upper GI Series may be due to what iatrogenic factors?

Back 111

Insufficient Gastric Distention
Feces in colon
Drugs
Psychic Factors

Front 112

Where is the Duodenum located?

Back 112

Fixed position
Extends cranially then turns sharply caudally along the Right Abdominal Wall in the VD view

Front 113

Where is the Jejunum seen?

Back 113

Freely mobile
Extensive winding and superimposition

Front 114

Where is the Ileum seen?

Back 114

Freely mobile
Terminally at the ileocolic junction

Front 115

What is Fimbriation in relation to the Upper GI Series?

Back 115

Slightly irregular, feathery appearing mucosa
Normal variant
Due to spatial arrangement of villi

Front 116

T or F: Mucosal folds may create linear filing defects in non-distended segments analogous to esophageal folds.

Back 116

TRUE

Front 117

T or F: Psuedoulcers are normal in the descending duodenum.

Back 117

TRUE

Front 118

T or F: Wall thickness can be evaluated well on an Upper GI Series

Back 118

TRUE

Front 119

T or F: Upper GI transit times are variable.

Back 119

TRUE

Front 120

How long are the Duodenum, Ileo-colic, and Stomach Empty Times in the dog?

Back 120

Duodenum: 15-30 min
Ileo-colic: 2-4 hr
Stomach Empty: 2-3 hr

Front 121

How long are the Ileo-colic and Stomach Empty Times in the cat?

Back 121

Ileo-colic: 15-60 min
Stomach Empty: 1 hr

Front 122

What are variations on the Lower GI Series?

Back 122

Pneumocolon
Double Contrast L GI Series
Aqueous Organic Iodide

Front 123

False Results in Lower GI Series can be due to what?

Back 123

Feces
Air Bubbles
Peristalsis
Spasms

Front 124

T or F: Deviation in the Descending Colon location is abnormal.

Back 124

FALSE

Front 125

What GI Structure is poorly evaluated on Ultrasound?

Back 125

Esophagus

Front 126

How does the Stomach and Intestine look on Ultrasound?

Back 126

Striped Appearance

(Subserosa serosa, Muscle, Submucosa, Mucosa, Mucosal Surface)

Front 127

How thick should the Stomach and Intestinal Walls be?

Back 127

Stomach= 3-5 mm
Intestine= 2-4 mm

Front 128

What are the 3 main Radiographic Signs?

Back 128

Density
Geometry
Function

Front 129

How is Density evaluated?

Back 129

Increased
Decreased

Front 130

How is Geometry evaluated?

Back 130

Shape
Size
Position
Number
Margination

Front 131

How is Function evaluated?

Back 131

Integrity
Patency
Motility
Excretion

Front 132

T or F: Abnormalities in the alimentary tract may be due to Primary OR Secondary disease.

Back 132

TRUE

Front 133

What are the principles of radiographic interpretation for the alimentary tract based on?

Back 133

Filing Defects

Front 134

How are mass lesions of Tubular and Hollow Organs Classified?

Back 134

Itraluminal (includes obstruction)
Mural-Mucosal (includes annular)
Extrinsic-Extraluminal

Front 135

Which view is best for obtaining an unobstructed view of the nasal cavities?

Back 135

Open Mouth VD View

Front 136

Which view is excellent for evaluating more rostral portions of the nasal cavity?

Back 136

Intra-Oral View
(Frontal View too)

Front 137

Which view gives a skyline view of the frontal sinuses?

Back 137

Rostral-Caudal View (aka Frontal View)

Front 138

What do oblique views of the maxilla show?

Back 138

Maxillary Teeth
Turbinates
Maxillary Bone

Front 139

What are examples of abnormal Upper Airway Radiographic findings?

Back 139

Increased ST opacity in nasal cavity
Turbinate destruction
Destruction or Deviation of Septum
Lysis of overlying bone
Involvement of Frontal Sinuses

Front 140

What is the proper technique for a lateral Upper Airway Radiograph?

Back 140

Head and Neck Slightly extended
Minus 10% of kVp for Lateral Thorax Technique

Front 141

What is the proper technique for a VD Upper Airway Radiograph?

Back 141

Use the VD/DV Thoracic Technique kVp

Front 142

What is the normal diameter of the Trachea on an Upper Airway film?

Back 142

Thoracic Inlet ratio for non-brachycephalic= 0.2+/- 0.03

Thoracic Inlet for brachycephalic= 0.13 +/- 0.38

Front 143

What technique do you use for Thoracic Radiology? Why?

Back 143

High kVp
Low mAs

Because Low Contrast (long grey scale) is best for the thorax

Front 144

How does a RIGHT Lateral Thoracic Radiograph Appear?

Back 144

Right Crus more cranial-- Caudal Vena Cava seen entering cranial right crus

Heart: More oval and upright

More overlap of R and L Cranial Lobar Pulmonary Vessels

Front 145

How does a LEFT Lateral Thoracic Radiograph Appear?

Back 145

Left Crus more cranial-- Fundus of Stomach associated with Left Crus

Heart: More Rounded and Dorsally displaced apex; Gap between apex and sternum

Left and Right Crus intersect at level of Caudal Vena Cava

Front 146

T or F: There is a significant difference between Left and Right Lateral Thoracic Radiographs in cats and small dogs.

Back 146

FALSE

Front 147

How does a VD Thoracic Radiograph Appear?

Back 147

3 humps of diaphragm visible
Lungs appear larger
Heart appears longer and narrower

Front 148

What is a VD Thoracic Radiograph best for visualizing?

Back 148

Early Pleural Effusion
Cranial Mediastinal Masses

Front 149

What is a DV Thoracic Radiograph best for visualizing?

Back 149

Pneumothorax
Hilar Lymph Node Enlargement

Front 150

How does a DV Thoracic Radiograph appear?

Back 150

Diaphragm= sing hump

Caudal lung lobes appear narrower and taper caudally

Lung field appears smaller

Caudal Pulmonary Vessels better visualized

Heart appears shorter in length (more accurate)

Front 151

Which views are preferred for Thoracic Radiographs?

Back 151

R and L Lateral
AND
VD or DV

**3 View Thorax**

Front 152

What are signs of inspiration on lateral Thoracic Radiographs?

Back 152

flatter diaphragm
Lungs appear larger and more radiolucent
Increased distance between the heart and diaphragm
Caudal Vena Cava more parallel to spine, more elongated, and thinner

Front 153

What are signs of inspiration on VD/DV Thoracic Radiographs?

Back 153

Cardiac silhouette is smaller
Increased Thoracic Cavity width and length

Front 154

What are general signs of expiration on Thoracic Radiographs?

Back 154

Heart appears larger
Lungs are more radiopaque and smaller
More overlap between the heart and diaphragm

Front 155

What do skin folds mimic on normal thoracic radiographs?

Back 155

pneumothorax

Front 156

T or F: Mineralization of Costal Cartilages is a normal variant with age.

Back 156

TRUE

Front 157

T or F: The appearance of extrapleural sings or pleural effusion in the Dachshund and Basset Hound is due to extra curve to the ribs.

Back 157

TRUE

Extra curve causes the superimposition of the body wall over the lung and periphery.

Front 158

What structures are found in the Mediastinum?

Back 158

Trachea, Esophagus, Heart, Aorta, Great Vessels, Thoracic LN, Cran & Caud VC, Azygous Vein, Lymphatic Ducts, Thymus

Front 159

T or F: The Mediastinum communicates with the Pleural space.

Back 159

FALSE

Front 160

What causes the Cranioventral Mediastinal Reflection?

Back 160

Left Sided extension of Right Cranial Lung Lobe

Front 161

What causes the Caudoventral Mediastinal Reflection?

Back 161

Left sided extension of Accessory Lung Lobe

Front 162

Enlargement of what lymph nodes results in soft tissue masses cranial to the heart?

Back 162

Sternal Lymph Nodes
Cranial Mediastinal Lymph Nodes

Front 163

What does enlargement of Tracheobronchial (Hilar) LN cause?

Back 163

Ventral Deviation of Carina and Principle Bronchi

Front 164

What causes a mediastinal shift?

Back 164

uilateral increase (overexpansion) or decrease (atelectasis or lobe removal) in lung volume

mediastinum (heart) shifts away from overexpanded lung and towards collapsed or absent lung

Front 165

What can cause pneumomediastinum?

Back 165

Ruptured esophagus
Neck lacerations with S/Q emphysema
Lung Trauma

Front 166

How would a thoracic radiograph of a dog with pneumomediastinum appear?

Back 166

Free air acts as Negative Contrast
Enhanced visualization of structures not normally seen: subclavian and brachiocephalic arteries, outer wall of trachea, esophagus, cranial VC, azygous vein

Front 167

Lung Lobe Anatomy:

Back 167

Left: Cranial and Caudal lobes
Right: Cranial, Middle, Caudal, and Accessory

Front 168

What views are the cranial peripheral vessels best seen in thoracic radiographs?

Back 168

Left Lateral

Front 169

What views are the caudal peripheral vessels best seen in thoracic radiographs?

Back 169

DV

Front 170

What comprises the cardiac silhouette?

Back 170

Heart
Pericardium
Pericardial and Mediastinal Fat
LN
Structures at hilus of lung

Front 171

T or F: Cardiac size varies with age and young dogs have larger hearts relative to thoracic size.

Back 171

TRUE

Front 172

T or F: Apparent cardiac size is not affected by Pericardial and Mediastinal Fat

Back 172

FALSE

Front 173

How does the heart appear on a lateral thoracic view of a Doberman?

Back 173

Elongated, Narrow
Upright
Almost Perpendicular with little sternal contact
Relatively small

Front 174

How does the heart appear on a VD thoracic view of a Doberman?

Back 174

Circular
Apex on the midline

Front 175

How does the heart appear on a lateral thoracic view of a German Shepherd?

Back 175

Wider
Cranially
More Sternal Contact

Front 176

How does the heart appear on a DV thoracic view of a German Shepherd?

Back 176

Reverse D Shape
Straight left border
Slightly rounded right border
Apex is slightly to the left

Front 177

How does the heart appear on a lateral thoracic view of a Bulldog?

Back 177

Shorter and Rounder
Cranial inclination
Exaggerated sternal contact

Front 178

How does the heart appear on a DV thoracic view of a Bulldog?

Back 178

Apical shift to the Left
Apex is rounded
Enlarged

Front 179

What views are best for radiography of the heart?

Back 179

Right Lateral
DV

Front 180

How does the heart appear on a RIGHT lateral view?

Back 180

Oval
Upright

Front 181

How does the heart appear on a LEFT lateral view?

Back 181

Rounded
Slight dorsal displacement of Apex

Front 182

How does the heart appear on a VD view?

Back 182

Longer
Narrower
Apex to left of midline

Front 183

How does the heart appear on a DV view?

Back 183

Shorter
Apex more to midline

Front 184

On a LATERAL view, name what structures are found at the following borders:
Cranial
Cranioventral
Craniodorsal
Caudal
Caudodorsal
Cranial Waist

Back 184

Cranial: Right Ventricular Outflow (conus arteriosus)

Cranioventral: RV

Craniodorsal: RAu, AA, PT

Caudal: LV

Caudodorsal: LA

Cranial Waist: Junction of Cranial VC and Right Ventricle

** RA and LAu don't form borders on Lateral View**

Front 185

Complete the following clock-face analogy for the VD/DV view of the heart:
11 to 1
1 to 2
2 to 3
2 to 5:30
5:30 to 9
9 to 11

Back 185

11 to 1: AA

1 to 2: PT

2 to 3: LAu

3 to 5:30: LV

5:30 to 9: RV

9 to 11-- RA

Front 186

On the Thoracic Lateral views, how big should the arteries and veins be?

Back 186

3/4ths the size of width of 3rd or 4th rib

Front 187

On the VD views, how big should the arteries and veins be?

Back 187

less than or equal to the 9th rib

Front 188

What are normal Cardiac Variations in the geriatric cat?

Back 188

Exaggerated Sternal Contact
Tortuous, redundant AA

Front 189

How wide should the cat heart be on a lateral view?

Back 189

2 to 2.5 ICS

Front 190

How do you measure the heart using the Vertebral Heart Scale?

Back 190

Start at T4, extend caudally and estimate to the nearest 0.1 vertebra

Front 191

How long is a normal heart using the Vertebral Heart Scale?

Back 191

5.8 VB

Front 192

What size is a normal heart using the Vertebral Heart Scale?

Back 192

Canine: 9.7 +/- 0.5
Feline: 7.5 +/- 0.3