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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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History Of X-Rays |
Discovered in 1895 by Wihelm Roentgen by experimenting with cathode rays when a barium screen fluoresced 1896 an osteosarcoma of the tibia was diagnosed 1896 soldiers in italy were x-rayed to locate bullet fragments |
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Radiographs |
The visible photographic record on film produced from the X-Ray energy passing through an object |
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Importance of Radiography for Vet Techs |
To improve their ability to produce high quality radiographs To develop knowledge of proper film identification (part of the medical record, avoid mix ups) To gain a better understanding of radiation safety To better understand techincal errors and how to fix them Proper patient positioning |
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Diagnostic Imaging Techniques |
X-Rays Fluoroscopy Ultrasound Computed Tomography (CT Scan) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scintigraphy |
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Energy Types |
Radiant and Electromagnetic Each are organized on a spectrum called an electromagnetic spectrum Some visible, most are invisible |
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Electromagnetic Radiation |
A method of transporting energy through space distinguished by its wavelength, frequency and energy Consists of waves and particles |
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Electromagnetic Radiation: Wave characteristics |
Wavelength- the distance between two consecutive, corresponding points on a wave Frequency- Number of cycles of the wave passing a stationary point per second |
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X-Rays |
A form of electromagnetic radiation similar to visible light and radio waves but with a much shorter wavelength Are NOT visible |
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Basics of Radiation |
The shorter the wavelength, the greater the energy of the x-ray beam The greater the energy of the x-ray beam, the greater its penetration Increased exposure will change the picture on the radiograph |
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Electromagnetic Radiation: Particle Characteristics |
Atomic structure- contain a nucleus with protons and neutrons with electrons rotating around the nucleus |
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Binding Energy |
The energy required to remove an electron from an atom The energy is greater for the electrons on the inner shell and is unique for a particular electron in each shell |
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Photon |
A bundle of radiant energy released due to the moving of electrons If this energy is great enough it is considered an x-ray |
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Physical Properties of X-Rays |
Wavelength can be variable and is related to the energy of the radiation Travel in a straight line Penetrate materials which absorb or reflect them Certain substances can fluoresce after absorbing electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays Produce invisible image on photographic film made visible by processing the film Capable of ionization Can cause biologic changes to living tissue Penetration of tissue by x-ray radiation is dependant on energy of the x-rays and the density of tissue |
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Ionizing Radiation |
AKA X-Rays The formation of ions by subtracting/removing electrons from atoms (this occurs when they pass through tissues causing cell damage) |
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Mihran Kassabian |
1870-1910 Photography and Radiology Instructor Suffered radiation burns Fingers amputated Died of radiation induced cancer |
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Clarence Dally |
Thomas Edison's assistant Hair fell out, ulcers on head, hands and arms, eventually succumbed to cancer |
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Maria Ridder |
1871-1916 Hospital radiographer Held nervous child patients with unprotected hands, numerous amputations, died of cancer |
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1897 |
Approximately 70 cases of skin damage
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1900 |
170 cases of radiation injury |
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Somatic Damage |
Becomes apparent in lifetime of individual exposed Alters body's cells- especially rapidly dividing cells Results can include cancer, cataracts, aplastic anemia, and sterility Damage is more extensive when there is exposure to a single, massive dose than to smaller cumulative doses |
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Genetic Damage |
Alters DNA of reproductive cells resulting in gene mutations May affect offspring of individuals exposed May result in abnormal fetal development (12 weeks) or cancer of the child (second or third trimesters) |
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Pregnancy Safety |
According to law - are allowed to take x-rays if proper precautions are taken (PPE) Radiation exposure is most damaging in weeks 2-10 Maximum allowable exposure is the same as for non-x-ray workers |
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Three Main Rules of Radiation Safety |
Time Distance Shielding |
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Time Safety |
Reduce the time of exposure
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Distance Safety |
Increase the distance between you and the source of the radiation (ideally leave the room) Minimum of 2 meters from the primary beam Stand up straight at the end of the table if restraining NEVER allow any of your body to be in the primary beam |
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Shielding Safety |
Place a shield or barrier between you ad the x-ray machine |
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Lead Apron |
Line with a minimum of 0.5 mm lead Only protects from scatter radiation NOT the primary beam |
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Lead Protective Eyeglasses |
The front and sides are lined with ~0.75mm of lead |
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Thyroid Protector |
Lead lined 0.5 mm of lead |
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Lead Gloves |
Lined with a minimum of 0.5 mm of lead DO NOT protect staff from the primary beam Can have openings for fingers to allow restraint of patient (fingers are exposed to scatter radiation) |
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X-Ray Room Construction |
Legally, veterinary clinics must ensure that walls, ceilings, floors, and doors are radiation barriers Lined with either lead or concrete |
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Ontario Ministry of Labour |
Occupational Health and Safety Act states that it is the employer's responsibility to ensure that te health care worker is protected against any excessive radiation exposure |
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Health Canada |
Administers the Radiation Protection Bureau (RPB) which runs the National Dosimetry Service Has NO regulatory powers over radiation health and safety |
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Provincial Regulations |
Separate X-Ray rooms should be used where practical Stay as far away from the x-ray beam as possible Restrict x-ray beam to the film and area of interest using lead shutters Use positioning devices where practical Use Chemical restraint |
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CVO |
College of Veterinarians of Ontario stipulates that veterinary clinics must has protective apparel, including thyroid protectors, lead aprons and gloves; dosimeters for staff and collimator on the x-ray machine |
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Dosimeters |
Badges provided by and sent to Health Canada - National Dosimetry Service Vet personel MUST wear a dosimeter badge at all times when working around radiation It is ILLEGAL to share dosimeters SIN used for tracking Measures a cumulative radiation exposure Dosimeters should be stored away from the source of radiation |
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MPD |
Maximum Possible Dose = the maximum dose of radiation that a person may receive in a given period Reflects the amount of radiation, not the risk Helps determine safety of procedures and equipment |
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ALARA |
As Low As Reasonable Achievable A universal principle refering to the dose of radiation veterinary medical staff receive |
