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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Can xrays be focused by mirrors
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No
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What does the mA dial control
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filament heat
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How long are xrays stored in the body
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They aren't stored, they move at the speed of light
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If an mA setting is 200 and a time of 1/2 sec would result in which mAs
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100 mAs
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What does a lead tube housing prevent?
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leakage
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What does metal appear on a xray
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radio-opaque
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What does radiolucent indicate
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dark shaddow
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If the same mA, kV and time are used to make an xray of a 20 cm thick styrofoam vs 20 cm thick of concrete which would be darker
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styrofoam
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T/F Cassettes and intensifying screens should be left open every night to air out
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False
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What color will a film of the leg that has not yet been developed be
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Greenish or blue opaque
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If a lid was left off a box of new films what would result
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solid black band which extends all along one edge of a finished xray - due to light fogging.
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Where is the intensity of the primary x-ray beam strongest?
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Cathode end of the tube (HEEL end)
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What are some reasons collimation is useful
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Protects the patient
Results in better image quality and less scatter |
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Wedge filters made of Al can be useful to compensate for a differing thickness and/or density of tissues w/in the same field of view
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The thick part of the filter should be directed upward for an AP thoracic projection
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What are grids used for
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To absorb scatter which would otherwise reach the film and adversely affect image quality (reduce detail)
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What grid dimensions are best for best clean up
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12:1 103 lpi
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Assuming an identical part being x-rayed, which exposure would result in the darkest radiograph?
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100 mA, 1.5 s. 70 kV, = 150 mAs
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one x-ray is taken at 100 mA, 1/2 sec. 80 KV; and a repeat xray at 300 mA 1/6s 80 kV
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The 2 xrays show the same density
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What is mA
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Heating of the cathode filament to boil off electrons
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What is mAs
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How milliamerage time seconds
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What are comparative studies
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Studies taken of both sides of the body for comparison
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What are serial radiographs
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X rays taken over time for comparison
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What are the "4 biggies" in radiographics
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Density
Contrast Definition Distortion |
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What is density
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How dark is the x-ray, this is determined by the mAs - The amount of radiation available for the film. Too dark = too high mA. Too light = too low mA.
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What is contrast
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Gray scale variety on the film. controlled by kV - how much "pull" there is on the cloud.
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How is high contrast (short scale) film produced
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low kV and high mAs
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How is low contrast (long scale) film produced
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high kV and low mAs
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What are the advantages of a long scale films
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lower radiation dose to pts and a greater detail in the xray
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What is Definition
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the clarity of the image, determined by grids, collimation, motion, film and screens and fog
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What is distortion
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a film that does not accurately reflect the anatomy of the patient
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What are the optimum options for kV ranges for spine radiography
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70-90
100-120 (chest) Extremities - 50-60 |
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What is good exposure technique for a person with heavier mm
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use somewhat higher exposure factors than listed
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What is good exposure technique for a frail 80 y/o woman
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use lower exposure factors than listed on the chart for her measurements
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would a 1200 speed film/screen combination improve radiographic definition
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No
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What parameters would show the best radiographic definition
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103 lpi & 12:1 ratio, 400 speed film/screen combination, expensive brand-name film
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What tube tilt is appropriate to acquire a good film of a moderate-severe scoliosis pt
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AP view
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What is a good reason for spot radiographs
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show less distrotion b/c central ray is aimed more directly at the area of interest
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Is observing a bulging disc an expected part of a search pattern
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No
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What is the minimal study of cervical spine
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AP, APOM, neutral lateral
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What radiographic would right cervical intervertebral foramina be expected to be visualized
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LPO
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What is best view for thoracic intervertebral foramina
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Lateral
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What angle are thoracic oblique projects taken at
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Coronal plane angled at 15 deg (rarely produced)
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Best view of lumbar foramina
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Lateral
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Where are scottie dogs viewed (which view)
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Lumbar oblique
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What are the scottie dogs looking at
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facets and pars
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What is the minimal standard study for Thorasic spine
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AP, Lateral
extra is swimmer's view |
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Minimal standard study for lumbar
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AP Lateral
5 or 6 views |
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What bone of the hand is most frequently broken
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the scaphoid
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T/F Speed of film and intensity of screens used for optimal xray of hand and ankle is FASTER than that used for the spine
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F
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Plain films of the knee are the clinically best way to rule out what?
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DJD
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T/F One single AP view of the ankle and foot provides sufficient visualization from the front prospective.
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F
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T/F Shoulder pain is not well imaged by plain films, nether the less there are some ligament reasons that the plain films are ordered 1st
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T
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T/F PA and Left lateral chest projections require small doses and are very clinically relevant
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T
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T/F Oblique views are part of min study when trying to r/o rib fracture
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T
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Is the esophagus typically visualized on x-ray
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No
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What soft tissue can be visualized with plain film xray of the abdomen
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Major soft tissue contours can be visualized, calcifications, soft tissue densities... etc
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T/F Skull xrays are very sensitive
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F
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What cells get damaged the most by radiation
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cells with short life spans and rapid cell division
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What indicates the unit of xray absorbed dose in a specific part of the body?
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rad
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What is a likely dose encountered for a diagnostic plain film
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< 3 r
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Is this an acceptable procedure: Producing a 2 view lumbar study on a female pt who is not sure if she is pregnant
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No
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What is the difference between adults and children in regards to radiosensitivity?
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Children are slightly greater tissue radiosensitivity than adults, but xrays are safe and perfectly acceptable if good indications are observed and proper procedures are utilized.
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Is generalized scoliosis screening in asymptomatic females an acceptable practice
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no it is not indicated
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Is xraying to determine what vertebral segment to manipulate an acceptable practice
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no, it is not indicated
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What is case law
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it is law that compels health professionals to conduct practices a certain way, even though there is not precise law or rule requiring them to do so
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What provides compelling necessity to inform Pt of procedure, risk and have them sign consent
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Case law
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Why is it important to x-ray in cases that there is a concern on manipulation
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Plain films could reveal conditions that could modify or even entirely preclude spinal manipulation
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