Radiographic Pathology: Respiratory System

Front 1

~Inserted through nose or mouth

~To manage airway

Back 1

Endotracheal (ET) Tube

Front 2

~Inserted through the chest wall between ribs

~Allows drainage of air/fluid

~collection device must remain lower than insertion site.

Back 2

Chest Tube

Front 3

~Inserted into the subclavian or juglar vein

~used as an alternate injection site or for massive volumes of fluid

Back 3

Central Venous Pressure (CVP) Line

Front 4

~Inserted into Subclavian Vein.

~Used for those with poor peripheral venous access.

~Open

Back 4

Hickman Catheter

Front 5

~Inserted under the skin.

~Infection less likely & less maintenance

Back 5

Port-A-Cath

Front 6

~Ventricular pacing electrodes

~Produce electrical pacing when heart misfires.

~Generator is under the skin below clavicle.

Back 6

Pacemaker

Front 7

Lack of Respiratory function or the lack of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

Back 7

Respiratory Failure

Front 8

~Low oxygen levels within the arterial blood

~Caused by toxic gas or smoke inhalation, high altitudes, hypoventilation or impaired diffusion.

~Blood from the right side to the left side of heart.

Back 8

Hypoxemia

Front 9

~Inability to move air into and out of lungs.

~Increased blood carbon dioxide content

Back 9

Hypercapnia

Front 10

~Congenital

~Over-secretion of the bronchial glands due to hypertrophy(enlargement) of the glands, which promotes infection, tissue damage and atelectasis and emphysema

~Most common lethal genetic disease for Caucasian Children.

~Life Span ~ 30 years

~Barrel Chest Deformity

~ Additive

Back 10

Cystic Fibrosis

Front 11

~Also known as Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

~Disorder of infants born with less than a 37-week gestation period.

~Alveoli collapse and atelectasis occur.

~Life-threatening condition.

~With adequate ventilation, surfactant production begins in a few days

Back 11

Hyaline Membrane Disease

Front 12

~Inflammatory

~Most frequent type of lung infection.

~Results from bacteria, viruses and mycoplasmas.

~Looks like soft, patchy, ill-defined alveolar densities.

~8th leading cause of death in the u.s

~Most common lethal nosocomial infection

~Additive

Back 12

Pneumonia

Front 13

~Most common of the bacterial.

~Affect alveoli of the entire lobe without affecting the bronchi.

~Antibiotics & Bed Rest.

~About a week recovery.
~ "Walking Pneumonia"

Back 13

Pneumococcal Lobar

Front 14

~Severe bacterial.

~ Caused 4 deaths attending an american legion convention in Phillie in 1976.

~Complaint of malaise, muscular aches, chest pain with non-productive cough, occasional vomitting, diarrhea.

~Antibiotic and oxygen Therapy

Back 14

Legionnaires' Disease

Front 15

~Chemical pneumonia caused by vomit.

~Follows anesthesia, alcoholic intoxication or stroke

~Correction of hypoxia, control of secretions and replacement of fluids.

Back 15

Aspiration Pneumonia

Front 16

~More common and less severe than bacterial.

~Most common cause is influenza.

~Treatment focuses on relief of symptoms.

Back 16

Viral Pneumonia

Front 17

~Muscular and elastic parts of the bronchial wall are destroyed.

~More large bronchi following viral or bacterial infection

~Result: abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi

~Bronchography has been replaced by high resolution CT

~CXR & CT--- Additive

Back 17

Bronchiectasis

Front 18

~caused by inhalation of the bacteria

~CXR & CT---Additive

Back 18

Tuberculosis

Front 19

~Requires respiratory isolation

~Spread through sputum and airbourne droplets

~Lesion most often seen in the Apices (Looks like Swiss Cheese)

~More prevalent in African-Americans, no matter what age.

~Mostly affects the lungs

Back 19

Pulmonary TB

Front 20

~Bloodstream carries large amounts of the bacteria to the rest of the body

~Looks like millet seeds.

Back 20

Miliary TB

Front 21

~a group of disorders that cause chronic airways obstruction.

~Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema

~Irreversible Damage

~in top 4 of common deaths in US

~Most likely cause- smoking

~CXR & CT----Subtractive

Back 21

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Front 22

~Long term, heavy smoking, prolonged exposure to high levels of industrial air pollution.

~Irritates the mucous lining of the bronchial tree.

~Increases susceptibility to both bacteria and viral infections.

Back 22

Chronic Bronchitis

Front 23

~Barrel chest deformity

~primary symptom is dyspnea.

~Alveoli become distended resulting from loss of elasticity or interference with expiration.

~Increased air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles

~Destruction of the alveolar walls.

Back 23

Emphysema

Front 24

~Occupational diseases from inhalation of foreign inorganic dust.

~Inhalation of fibrogenic inorganic dust causes pulmonary fibrosis.

~Three Types

~CXR----Additive

Back 24

Pneumoconioses

Front 25

~a Pneumoconioses

~Oldest known, most widespread, most serious

~Quartz Dust

~After 10-30 years of exposure to dust.

~Looks like egg-shell calcifications.

Back 25

Silicosis

Front 26

~(Pneumoconioses group)

~"Black-Lung Disease"

~Coal Dust

~20 years of exposure to dust

~ no real treatment

Back 26

Anthacosis

Front 27

~(Pneumoconioses group)

~Asbestos Dust

~In building material/insulations

~Usually in lower lungs

~15 years of high exposure to dust

~Promotes Mesothelioma

Back 27

Asbestosis

Front 28

Rare Alignment neoplasm of the pleura

Back 28

Mesothelioma

Front 29

~Infection caused by fungi that thrives in soil; Mostly in OH, and Miss. River Valleys.

~Mild Symptoms: dyspnea, cough and fatigue that may last months or years.

~most often goes w/o diagnosis and most often there is recovery

Back 29

Histoplasmosis

Front 30

~Inflammation debris surrounds a localized area of necrotic lung tissue

~Most common in the right lung because main brnchus is more vertical.

~Empyemas (accumulation of pus in pleural cavity) may result.

~CXR & CT----Additive

Back 30

Lung Abscess

Front 31

~Inflammation of the pleura; usually indicates another condition.

~Thoracic pain indiciates the parietal layer is involved b/c parietal layer has sensory receptors.

~No Modality and neither + or -

Back 31

Pleurisy

Front 32

~Excess fluid in the pleural cavity

~Hemothorax- if fluid is blood

~Blunting of costrophrenic angles on radiograph

~CXR, CT, US----Additive

Back 32

Pleural Effusion

Front 33

~Inflammation of the sinuses

~Ethmoid sinuses are primarily affected

~CT---Additive

Back 33

Sinusitis

Front 34

~Neoplastic

~ Usually considered benign.

~bronchial obstruction is common.

~classified as "lung cancer" in WHO;

~Invades surrounding tissues

~Treated as other malignant neoplasms if it goes into lymph nodes.

~CXR & CT---Additive

Back 34

Bronchial Adenomas

Front 35

~Neoplastic

~most common fatal malignancy in the US

~90% of all lung tumors

~ages 45-70; most common among smokers(most important etiologic cause)

~Radiograph shows a unilateral hilar mass causing airways obstruction ( Most common)

~Radiograph shows a single lung nodule called a "coin lesion" (2nd most common)

~Poor Prognosis

~CT---Additive

Back 35

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Front 36

1) Squamous Cell

2) Oat cell

3) Large cell

4) Adenocardinoma

Back 36

Types of Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Front 37

~Pulmonary mets- more common than primary lung neoplasms.

~Met lesions look like one or many rounded opacities throughout the lungs

~Common primary sites: Breast, GI. Tract, Female Reproductive System, Prostate, Skin, Kidneys

~CT----Additive

Back 37

Metastases from Other Sites