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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. State the radiation unit that measures exposure and discuss how it is measured?
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• R- measured in Roentgens
• Exposure is measured by the electrical charge in a volume of dry air |
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2. Radioactive atoms in body tissue
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• Internal
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75. A radiation weighting factor has been established for each of the following ionizing radiations x rays 1, fast neutrons 20, and alpha particles.20, what is the total equivalent dose in severt for a person who has received the following exposures .2 gy x rays, 0.07 gy fast neutrons and .3gy of alpha
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• 7.6sv
•.2 x 1 + .07 x 20 + .3 x 20 |
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1. What is the average annual radiation equivalent dose from natural radiation in the united states
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• ________msv ___________mrem
• 3.6 msv • 360mrem |
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1. What radiation equivalent dose expressed in rems does it take to decrease the number of lymphocytes present in the blood
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25 rem
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1.Which type of radiation has a shorter wavelength
•Microwave •Xrays |
• X rays
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1. ____________ ___________ is based upon an average absorbed in an entire organ or tissue
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• Equivalent dose
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1. What is the average yearly exposure to artificial radiation in the US.
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• 65 mrem
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1. Provide a detailed definition of the term radionuclide
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• Unstable nucleus that emits one or more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability
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1. Deposits energy very quickly contain protons and neutrons (helium nuclei)
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• Alpha
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1. Positive charge 2 x electron emitted from nuclei of very heavy elements
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• Alpha
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1. High energy electromagnetic waves formed in atomic nuclei
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• Gamma
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1. Negative charge emitted from nuclei of radioactive atoms
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• Beta
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1. Used in calculation of dose equivalent to determine ability of any type of ionizing radiation to cause biological damage
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• Quality factor
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1. If the absorbed dose is stated in rads, gray may be determined by
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• Dividing by 100
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1. The absorption of radiation by an irradiated object increases as_________ and ___________ increases and ___________ ____________ decreases
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• Atomic #
• Density • Photon energy |
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1. Which type of radiation will have a higher let
• X ray photons • Alpha particles |
• Alpha particles
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1. Explain how bert can be applied to the radiation dosage a patient received
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• This gives a comparison of the amount of radiation naturally received in nature to a radiologic exam it helps the patient understand the amount of radiation exposure
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1. How does the production of x ray differ from gamma radiation
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• Gamma is produced inside of nucleus and x rays are produced by interaction of electrons outside of nucleus
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1. 1 rad = _______________J/Kg
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• 1/100
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1. 1 REM = ______________sv
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• 1/100
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1. 1 gray = _______________ J/Kg
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• 1
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1. 7 rem = ________________mrem
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• 7000 mrem
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1. 22 centisieverts = ____________ rem
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• 22 rem
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1. 10 gray = ____________ rads
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• 1000 rads
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1. 9 msv = ____________mrem
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• 900 mrem
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15 rad = __________cGy
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• 15
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1. 5 Rem = __________msv
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• 50
• 100 mrem = 1000msv |
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1. 2 rad = _________ ERG/G
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• 200
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1. 1 coulomb = ________ ampere second
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• 1
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1. Translate the abbreviation ESD
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• Entrance
• Skin • Dose |
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1. In what two units of radiation measurement is the dose equivalent expressed
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• Sv
• Rem |
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1. DQ=
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• DQ= D x Q
• Absorbed dose x quality |
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1. Amount of energy transferred on average by incident radiation to an object per unit length of track
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• Linear energy transfer
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1. Quantity of electrical charge flowing past a point in a circuit in 1 second with the electrical current of 1 ampere
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• Columb
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1. Name the three classifications of natural radiation
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• Terrestrial
• Cosmic • Internal |
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1. ______________ atoms with same protons but different number of neutrons
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• Isotope
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1. What is the traditional unit for radiation dose?
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• RAD
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1. What is more likely to be absorbed by an irradiated object
• High energy photon • Low energy photon |
• (low energy photon
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1. Name the company that the radium girls worked for
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• United states radium company
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1. ________ _______________ is the absorbed dose at a specific point of tissue
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• Dose equivalent
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1. In the early 1950’s which dosage term replaced the use of the tolerance dose
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• Maximum permissible dose
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1. Provide a detailed definition of the term threshold dose
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• Threshold dose means that no adverse effects on biologic tissue should be expected below this dose
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1. Explain how biological damage to the lungs takes place after radon is inhaled
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• After radon gas is inhaled radioactive isotopes remain for lengthy periods in epithelial lung tissue and damage tissue as they decompose
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1. What is the recommended level of radiation dosage to radon in 1 year
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• 4 picocuries/liter
• 5 mrem |
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1. High energy photon collides with nucleus of an atom which absorbs all of the photons energy occurs about 10 mev
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• Photodisintegration
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1. Incoming low energy x ray photon interacts with an atom and transfers its energy by causing some or all of the electrons of the atom to vibrate momentarily: type of interaction
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• Coherent scatter
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1. As a result of interaction a characteristic photon Is formed: type of interaction
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• Photoelectric absorption
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1. Incoming photon with energy level of at least 1.022 mev strongly interacts with the nucleus of an atom of an irradiated object and disappears: type of interaction
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• Pair production
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1. Interaction between x ray photon and an inner shell electron : type of interaction
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• Photoelectric absorption
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1. Incoming x ray photon interacts with loosely bound outer shell electron of an atom of an irradiated object: type of interaction
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• Compton
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1. Indicate the process for calculation effective dose EFD =
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• EFD=d x wr x wt
• Absorbed dose x radiation weighting factor c tissue weighting factor |
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1. In terms of overall radiation measurement what does the effective dose calculate that the equivalent dose and dose equivalent do not
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• Radio sensitivity of body part through tissue weighting factor
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1. The interactions of x ray photons with any atoms of biologic matter are
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• Random in nature and therefore the effects of such interactions cannot be predicted with certainty
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1. Radiographic fog results from which of the following interactions between x radiation and matter
• Compton scattering • Pair production • Photoelectric absorption |
Compton scattering)
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1. What is the formula for calculating equivalent dose
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• Ed=d x wr
• Dose x radiation weighting factor |
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1. What factor is used to calculate the equivalent dose
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• Radiation weighting factor
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1. Complete abbreviation BERT
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• Background
• Equivalent • Radiation • Time |
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1. Define the following term diagnostic efficacy
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• This refers to the ability of an x ray to show the presence or absence of disease
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1. The term optimization for radiation protection is synonymous with the term
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• Alara
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1. Which instrument in an ionization chamber measure the total amount of electricl charge collected on the positively charge metal plate that is expressed in roentgens (R)
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• Electrometer
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1. In what SI radiation unit is the collective effective dose expressed
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• Person sievert
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1. What show was featured in the assigned reading fact vs fiction does tv mislead viewers about radiation
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• Csi Miami
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1. Which has a higher quality factor
• Alpha particles • Gamma photons |
alpha
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1. Which of the following characteristics primarily differentiates the probability of occurrence of the various interactions of x radiation with human tissue?
• Energy of the incoming photon • Direction of the incident photon • X ray beam intensity • Exposure time |
• (energy of the incoming photon
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1. In which of the following x ray interactions with matter is the energy of the incident photon partially absorbed
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• Compton
• Photoelectric • Coherent • Pair production • (Compton) |
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1. In the radiographic kilovoltage range which of the following structures will undergo the most photoelectric absorption
• Air cavities • Compact bone • Fat • Soft tissue |
compact bone)
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1. Which of the following defines attenuation?
• Absorption and scatter • Absorption only • Scatter only • Compton electrons |
absorption and scatter)
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1. Which of the following contributes significantly to the exposure of the radiographer
• Positrons • Electrons • Compton scattered photons |
• Compton scattered electrons
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1. Exit or image formation, radiation comprises which of the following?
• Primary photons and Compton scattered photons • Non-interacting and small angle scattered photons • Attenuated photons • Absorbed photons |
• (non-interacting and small angle scattered photons)
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1. Examples found include potassium 40 carbon 14 and hydrogen 3
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• Internal
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1. From sun and solar system
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Cosmic
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1. From radioactive material in the earth
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• Terrestrial
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1. Non stochastic vs. stochastic: deterministic
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• Non stochastic
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1. Non stochastic vs stochastic: exhibits a threshold dose
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• Non stochastic
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1. Non stochastic vs stochastic: effect occurs in an arbitrary manner
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• stochastic
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1. Non stochastic vs stochastic: severity of effect is not dose dependent
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• stochastic
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1. In a DNA macromolecule thymine will only link with
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• Adenine
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1. State the pyrimidine base which is only found in messenger RNA
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• Uracil
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1. Radiation induced chromosome damage may be evaluated during which of the following processes
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• Metaphase
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1. In a DNA macro molecule the sequence of _____________ determines the characteristics of every living thins
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Nitrogenous organic bases
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1. How is epithelial tissue regenerated
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• Mitosis
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1. What initial dosage of radiation is required to lessen the number of thrombocytes circulating in the blood
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• 50 rad
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During the radiolysis of water the positive water molecule may break apart into smaller molecules called
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• Hydrogen ion
• Hydroxyl radical |
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1. Define the term direct action as it applies to the molecular effects of irradiation
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• Direct action means that the damage taken by a cell has occurred because of a direct interaction with radiation. Direct action occurs when DNA is damaged as a result of exposure
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1. The linear dose response model is used to establish radiation protection standards because it accurately reflects the effects of
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• High LET radiations at higher doses
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1. When biologic effects from ionizing radiation demonstrate the existence of a threshold and the severity of that damage increases as a consequence of increased absorbed dose the events are considered
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• Deterministic
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1. Name the three nucleotides found in a DNA macromolecule
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• Nitrogenous base
• Phosphate molecule • 5 carbon sugar |
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1. What class of protein causes biochemical reactions to occur in order to meet the needs of the cell
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• Enzyme
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1. Which human cell component controls cell division and multiplication as well as biochemical reactions that occur within the cell
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• Nucleus
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1. What is the byproduct that occurs as part of the indirect action process
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• Free radicals
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1. In regard to the molecular effects of irradiation during indirect action __________is not the immediate cause of injury
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• Radiation
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1. Which specific structures that are part of the nucleus control entry into the nucleus
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• Nuclear pores
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1. Which two radioactive elements were discovered by madam curie
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• Plutonium
• Radium |
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1. ARS is actually a collection of symptoms associated with
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• Exposure to high level radiation
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1. What radiation equivalent dose expressed in rems does it take to decrease the number of lymphocytes present in the blood
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• 25 rem
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1. Supply the required term ___________ _________ is based upon an average absorbed dose in an entire organ or tissue
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• Equivalent dose
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1. Which levels of radiation dose are related to the cerebvrovascular syndrome_______gray _________rad
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• 50 gray
• 5000 rad |
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1. Which special anatomical area of the body is most affected as a result of the gastrointestinal syndrome
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• Small bowel
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1. Which action of ionizing radiation is most harmful to the human body
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• Indirect action
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1. Free radicals behave as an extremely reactive single entity as a result of the presence of
• Paired electrons • Unpaired electrons • Paired neutrons and protons • Unpaired neutrons and protons |
• (unpaired electrons)
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1. In what specific area of the cell do all metabolic functions occur
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• Cytoplasm
2. |
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1. Which structure found in the nucleus holds the RNA
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• Nucleolus
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1. DNA is replicated during the stage between cell divisions called
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S phase
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1. Chromatin shortens and thickens to form distinct structures called
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chromosomes
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1. Why is the primary function of messenger RNA found in a cell
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• To travel outside of the nucleus with instructions to build proteins
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1. Identify the four nitrogenous bases found in a DNA macromolecule
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• Adenine
• Cytosine • Guanine • Thymine |
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1. Define the term accentric fragment as it applies to the effects of ionizing radiation on chromosomes
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• This refers to a piece of a chromosome that has been broken off
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1. explain in very specific terms what takes place during the formation of a chromosome aberration
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• This is when a piece of the chromosome is broken off because of radiation hit the chromatin and replication takes place and both chromosomes exhibit break. Occurs early in interphase
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1. when does ionizing radiation cause complete chromosome breakage
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• when two direct hits occur in the same rung of the DNA macro molecule
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1. what is the dose response relationship interpretation difference between a linear quadratic non threshold curve and a linear non threshold curve
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• a linear quadratic non threshold curve is more accurate in demonstrating the response of living cells to low LET radiation at low doses. The linear non threshold curve does not accurately show the low dose low LET biological response it over estimates it
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1. name one late non-stochastic somatic radiation effect
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• cataracts
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1. Identify Organelle: contains centrioles
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• centrosomes
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1. Identify Organelle: primary function is to break down large molecules found in the cell
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lysosomes
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1. Identify Organelle: allows mRNA to travel into the cytoplasm
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• Endoplasmic reticulum
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1. Identify Organelle: involved in formation of mitotic spindle
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• centrosomes
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1. Identify Organelle: small spherical organelles that attach to endoplasmic reticulum
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• ribosomes
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1. Identify Organelle: contains highly organized enzymes that produce energy
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Mitochondira
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1. Identify Organelle: large carbohydrate molecules with proteins to from glycoprotein’s
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• Golgi apparatus
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1. Nitrogenous base pairs form the
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• Steps or rungs of the DNA ladder like structure
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1. When a cell divides the genetic containing material contracts into tiny rod shaped bodies called
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• Chromosomes
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1. The s phase of mitosis is the
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• Actual dna synthesis period
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1. Which of the following is of primary importance in maintain adequate amount of intracellualar fluid
• Deoxyribose • Glucose • Potassium • Ribose |
• (potassium)
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1. Water performs which of the following functions in the human body
• Maintains a constant core temperature of 37 Celsius • Regulates the concentration of dissolved substances • Lubricates skeletal articulations |
• All
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1. The total amount of genetic material DNA contained in a chromosome of a human being is called the __________________ __________________
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• Human genome
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1. Which inorganic compound found in the cell is involved in the conduction of impulses along nerves
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• Mineral salts
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1. The LD 50/30 for human beings is estimated to be a ________ gray or ________ rad without medical support
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• 3-4 gray
• 300 – 400 rad |
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1. The probability that a single dose of ionizing radiation_________ gray or _____ rad will induct the formation of cataracts is high
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• 2 gray
• 200 rads |
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1. Nuclear membrane disappears
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• Prophase
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1. Duplicate centromeres migrate in opposite directions along the mitotic spindle carrying chromatids to opposite sides of the cell
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• Anaphase
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1. Cytoplasm divides near the equator of the cell
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• Telophase
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1. Each chromosome lines up in the center of the cell
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• Metaphase
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1. _________ ____________ is the absorbed dose at a specific point of tissue
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• Dose equivalent
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1. Which of the following describes the nuclear envelope that separates the nucleus from other parts of the cell
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• Double walled membrane
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1. Dna regulates cellular activity indirectly by reproducing itself in the form of _______ to carry genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosome’s located in the cytoplasm
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• Messenger rna
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1. Carbohydrates also may be referred to
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• Saccharides
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1. In the human cell protein syntheses occurs in which of the following locations
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• Ribosome’s
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1. Which two scientists believed that all cells possess the same sensitivity to radiation
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• Ansel
• Bitem |
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1. What is the primary inorganic substance contained in the human body
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• Water
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1. Dna that makes up every ___________ is divided into hundreds of segments called________
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• Chromosome
• Genes |
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1. According to the law of bergonie and tribondeau ________of cells is directly ________ to the reproductive activity and ________ proportional to their degree of _________
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• Radio sensitivity
• Proportional • Inversely • Differentiation |
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1. What governs the radiation dose required to cause apoptosis
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• The radio sensitivity of the individual cell
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1. Why are repair enzymes usually able to reverse the cellular damage generally caused by low level ionizing radiation
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• Damage to dna is sub lethal
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1. According to the target theory if only a few non dna cell molecules are destroyed by radiation exposure the cell probably will
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• Not show any evidence of injury after irradiation
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1. Radiation damage is observed on which of the following three levels
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• Molecular cellular and organic
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1. What is the formula for calculating equivalent dose?
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• ED=Dose X Radiation weighting factor
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1. Which instrument in an ionization chamber measures the total amount of electrical charge collected on the positively charge metal plate that is expressed in roentgens
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• Electrometer
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1. Hematopoietic gastrointestinal and cerebrovascular symptoms become apparent
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• Manifest
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1. 200-300 rad dose recovery may occur in 3 months
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• Recovery / death
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1. Occurs within hours of 1 gray whole body absorbed dose
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• Prodromal
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1. Visible symptoms disappear
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• Latent
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1. During the s phase of interphase a chromosome changes from _______ chromatids to the appearance of _______ chromatids
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• 2 to 4
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1. Which of the following systems is the most radiosensitive vital organ system in human beings
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• Hematopoietic
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1. LET is an important factor for
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Assessing potential tissue and organ damage from exposure to ionizing radiation
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1. Where in the human body are lymphocytes manufactured
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• Bone marrow
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1. Specifically what is displayed on a cell survival curve
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• This shows the sensitivity certain types of cells have to radiation exposure
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1. Provide a very thorough explanation of the target theory as it relates to cellular irradiation
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• Target theory says that if a particular dna structure is hit by radiation the cell will die. If other parts of the cell interact with radiation the cell will not display effects
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1. What chromosome structure connects the chromatids together?
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• Centromere
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1. During which phase of interphase is a form of rna synthesized
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• G1
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1. The linear nonthreshold curve implies that biologic response is
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• Directly proportional to the dose
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1. What was the name of the report that roentgen immediately published after his discovery of x rays
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• On a new kind of rays
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1. During meiosis what takes place at the end of telophase that does not occur during mitosis
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• There are 4 daughter cells at the end of meiosis each cell containing 23 chromosomes
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1. What is purpose of public law 90-602
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• To place standards in place for consumer products such as televisions, microwaves and diagnostic x ray equipment
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1. The FDA recommends that a notation should be made in the patients record if the skin dose is in the range of ______________ rad or __________gy
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• 100-200
• 1-2 gy |
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1. Which lead equivalent primary protective barrier is required for an image intensifier unit
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• Collimator 2.omm
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1. Pregnant tech limits
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• .5msv .05 rem per month not exceeding
• 5 msv .50 rem gestation |
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1. The source to table top distance cannot be less than --__________in for fixed fluoroscopic units and not less than ____________inches for mobile fluoroscopes
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• 15
• 12 |
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1. Which is more sensitive to scatter radiation before and after a x ray exposure
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• Cr cassette
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1. What is the cumulative effective dose limit for a 30 year old radiographer who has been practicing for two years in msv
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• 300msv
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1. Responsible for enforcement of regulations pertaining to radiation in the environment
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• EPA
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1. Regulated the design and manufacture of diagnostic x ray equipment
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• Fda
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1. Responsible for right to know regulations
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• Osha
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1. Which agency is responsible for enforcing radiation safety standards
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• NRC
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1. Name two concerns related to patient dose during computed tomography procedures
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• Helical ct scans result in higher doses
• It is important to use different techniques for children than adults |
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1. When performing a radiographic study on a pregnant patient a shield is recommended if the ovaries and uterus are less than _________cm from the edge of the field
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• 5
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1. In addition to the annul occupational EFD limit established for radiation workers the NCRP recommends a lifetime efd limit which is found by multiplying a person’s age in years by which of the following
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• 10 msv 1 rem
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1. How does the position of the American college of radiology differ from the 10 day rule proposed by the ICRp in 1970 when protecting the pregnant or potentially pregnant patient during a radiographic study
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• American college of radiology does not believe it is practical or necessary to make women wait until 10 days after the start of LMP to schedule exams
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1. Why is the use of excellent radiation protection practices so important when performing radiographic studies on a ped patient
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• Because they are more sensitive to radiation because of their age in a few ways they are biologically more sensitive to ionizing radiation and are going to live for many years after exposure and effects from radiation may show up years down the line
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1. If you were performing half value layer test and the established aluminum equivalent only reduce the output by 30 percent what action would you take to meet the expected standard
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• Add more lead
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1. According to current NCRP recommendations the annual occupation effective dose limit excluding medical and background exposure for the whole body in one year for a radiographer is____________rem and ___________msv
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• 5rem
• 50msv |
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1. Which type of dose response curve is followed by current radiation protection philosophy
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• Linear non threshold curve
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What is the functions of a filter in diagnostic radiology
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• To decrease the x radiation dose to the patients skin and superficial tissue
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1. When selecting a kv range during a radiographic procedure using a computed radiography imaging system what should be the primary concern which pertains to its selection
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• Patient size
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1. Which radiographic exposure technique would produce the least amount of patient absorbed dose 16 mas at 75 kvp or 4.5 mas at 100kv
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• 100kv at 4.5 because it uses a smaller amount of radiation and due to the kv more radiation will pass through the patient instead of being absorbed
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1. Describe the radiation hormensis theory
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• This refers to the theory that people who are regularly exposed to low levels of radiation will have positive health effects
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1. What is the cumulative effective dose limit for a 25 year old radiographer who has been practicing for 5 years in rems
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• 25 rem
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1. In the in class radioactivity video titled radioactivity enemy or friend what radioactive element was stolen
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• Plutonium
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1. What is the primary function of a photomultiplier tube in a computed radiography imaging system
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• To convert light to electrical signal
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1. Filtration removes ____________ energy photons ________wave x rays from the beam by absorbing them and permits _____________ energy photons to pass through and ______ the amount of radiation the patient receives
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•• Low
• Long • High • Decrease |
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1. What federal act established the requirement for the use of the half value layer
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90-602
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1. What color of light is emitted following the scanning of the image plate in a computed radiography system
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Violet
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1. In a computed radiography image system the cassette contains a ______________phosphor image plate which is made of ____ _____ ____________ --_____________
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• Photostimulable
• Europium • Activated • Barium • Fluorohalide |
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1. In a digital radiography system what material in the photoconductor allows for direct conversion of x ray into an electrical signal
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• Amorphous selenium
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1. Resolution of a digital image is sharper when pixels are
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• Smaller
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1. In 1991 the icrp recommended the annual effective dose limit for radiation workers be adjusted to ____________rem or ___________msv
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2 rem 20 msv
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1. According to the in class video titled radiation roulette one ct scan is equal to _________________ to __________________ chest x rays
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• 300-400
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1. The image produced when using the air gap technique to remove scatter radiation is comparable to the use of an _______________ to _______________ grid
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• 8:1
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1. How is scatter radiation removed from the image during a radiographic study when using the air gap technique
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• Since the patient is 6-10 from IR the scattered photons will miss the IR
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1. Lead strips directly over patients reproductive organs
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• Flat contact shield
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1. Used for gonad and breast shielding during scoliosis series studies
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• Clear lead shield
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1. Most effective for ap/pa projections in a recumbent position
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• Contact shield
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1. Suspended above beam defining system
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• Shadow shield
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1. Main function is to manage nuclear energy industry
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• Nuclear regulatory commission
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1. Assumes responsibility for enforcing radiation protection regulations
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• Agreement states
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1. Controls use of nuclear medicine imaging procedures
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• Nuclear regulatory commission
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1. Which of the following are most often used to assess skin doses
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• Tld
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1. Gonadal shielding devices are to be used during radiographic procedures to protect the reproductive organs from the exposure to the useful beam when they are in or within approximately__________cm of the properly collimated x ray beam
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• 5cm
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1. Define the term half value layer
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• Amount of aluminum equivalent that is required to decrease the intensity of the x ray beam by half
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1. A fixed x ray unit operating above 70 kv must have ________mm of aluminum equivalent of inherent filtration properly installed
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• 2.5mm
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1. Provide two examples of inherent filtration in an x ray tube assembly and its related components
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• Glass envelope
• Insulating oil |
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1. Automatic limitation of x ray beam to ir size
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• Positive beam limitation
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1. Consistency in output radiation intensity at select kv levels when changing ma and exposure time
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• Exposure linearity
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1. What are the two primary purposes of the consumer patient radiation health safety act of 1981
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• Schools that educate x ray techs should be accredited
• States should require x ray techs to be certified |
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1. In regard to enforcing radiation protection regulations who conducts inspections in non agreement states
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• Nuclear regulatory commission
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1. How will pixel size affect resolution in a digital image
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• The pixel size affects resolution because smaller pixels will demonstrate images with a greater resolution than will large pixels
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1. When operating a mobile radiographic unit the radiographer must use a source skin distance SSD of at least __________in
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• 12 in
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1. Name two important provisions of the standards for manufacturing assemble installation and maintain radiologic machines originally formulated to the then radiation control for health and safety act of 1968
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• Positive beam limitation
• Tubes should have permanent inherent filtration |
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1. What is the main reason for placing filtration below the x ray source window
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• To remove the low energy x ray photons from the beam
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1. In a collimator the alignment length and width dimensions of the light beam must correspond to what percent of the SID
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• 2%
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1. In the assigned reading that was written about a senate committee passage of a bill what abbreviated term was used as a substitute for the consumer assurance of radiologic excellence bill
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• Rad care bill
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1. To minimize skin exposure the patients skin surface must be ________ cm below the collimator
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• 15cm
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1. Used in a panorex unit
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• Slit diaphragm
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1. Consists of a flat piece of lead with a hole of a designated size and shape cut in its center
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• Aperture diaphragm
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1. Consists of two sets of adjustable lead shutters mounted within a device at different levels light source to illuminate field and permit centering of IR and a mirror to deflect light beam towards area of interest
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• Light localizing variable aperture rectangular collimator
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1. Circular metal tubes that attach to x ray housing or collimator
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• Cone or cylinder
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1. The conclusions of the BEIR report no 5 about the adverse health effects of low levels of ionizing radiation are based on extrapolations from radiation EqD greater than
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• .5sv or 50 rem
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1. The NRC previously was known as
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• AEC
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1. According to the assigned reading which contained a letter to radiologic technologist from the ISRT chairman of the board what state was the first to enact a licensure law for personnel who operate x ray equipment
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• New York
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