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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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audience share vs audience reach |
Audience share: listeners to a station as % of total listeners in the area Audience reach: listeners to a station as % of population … more important. |
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Characteristics of radio as a medium |
blind medium: creates images a personal medium instant ephemeral (and therefore must be clear) "cold"/background noise (less participatory) producer selects content efficient (limited time) has personality low barrier to entry wrt cost, skills suffers from interference |
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functions of radio |
Personal: companionship, news, guides behavior, educational Societal: multiplier of change, a watchdog, shares ideas, contributes to culture, empowers communication. May function as a public servant (empathetic and useful) |
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Impulses for being in radio |
Informative, educational, entertaining, shock, profit, pleasure, emitting beliefs or opinions |
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Definition of Audio Design |
Audio design is the process of creating meaning through aural imagery: “theater of the mind” evoking images, sensations, and emotions Theater of the mind is the interaction between life experience and radio stimuli |
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Tools we have to produce radio |
spoken words, music, sound (fx) and silence good scripting guides a narrative. Three formats: informational (factual, news like), personal (more participatory), and dramatic (descriptive and sensory) Words carry effects of tone, emphasis, pacing, accent, personality. How they are spoken matters Music establishes mood, links, can symbolize real sounds Sound is used in conjunction with silence. Must be used to create a sense of space. |
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Tips for newswriting |
Clarity first and foremost Know your audience Speak directly to the individual target listener Must have strong opening to gain attention. Language: conversational, unambiguous (avoid homophones), descriptive (in a way that can be understood) Use signposts to clarify the progression We speak ~180 wpm Round numbers Avoid quotes, abbreviations, lists Intelligibility through simplicity. One thought per sentence Short sentences, natural delivery - “crisp, economical, direct, colloquial” Use present tense, active voice Use concrete language, avoid superfluity |
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7 Ps of Presentation |
posture
projection pace/timing pitch/modulation pause pronunciation personality |
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Roles of the producer |
Technical/operational, editorial, administrative, managerial Come up with new ideas for the program based on the needs of the audiencegoals: satisfy or increase audience Prep content, incl. budget, rights, sfx and clips Support presenters |
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Communicative capacity of radio |
??? … Point of listening is the image of the content, listening zone is the ambience, and the communicative capacity is the conjunction of scripting and audio design that creates the entire scene |
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running order, cue sheet |
running order is just a list of program elements and durations cue sheet is a list of sound elements and their lengths |
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Practices of good news reporting |
News = new, interesting, true Responsibility: to inform to the best extent law, taste and judgment will allow Sticking points: objectivity (especially in conflict), legality, agenda setting (and omission) Factors of newsworthiness: is it important, contentious, dramatic, near, culturally relevant, immediate, novel avoid campaigning |
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Types of interviews |
informational interview: to give context interpretive interview: interviewee to comment on or explain facts emotional interview: humanize an event |
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Interviewer must keep in mind: |
technical aspects and sound*** be aware of background aims of the interview supplementary question timing Interviewee should be briefed on content, context, audience, etc Interviewer should be invisible |
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Triangle of trust |
“Triangle of trust”: interviewee expects professionalism and honesty, interviewer expects honest answers, listener expects fair interviewing |
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Tips on vox pop |
Questions should be simple and specific, to get a representative sample of public opinion Not a formal survey Editing should juxtapose answers…variety, insight, humor. End on a strong comment |
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Tips on discussion format (+ example) |
In a broadcast debate, the subject should be of public interest. Casual discussion of both points of view. Broadcaster is independent. Neutral but challenging to the panel, and should moderate for even representation 4/5 voices maximum Interview vs. discussion: If the presenter has a perspective to share it is not an interview Let panelists have the last word |
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Tips on drama (+ example) |
Difficulty of composing for radio: time element, necessity of speaking obvious details (or thinking out loud, etc) Create ambience with acoustics |
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Drama vs Feature (+ examples) |
Documentary: wholly factual/informative (portions of ALL THINGS CONSIDERED) focus on a person. Narrator as linkage. Should be as organic as possible. Cannot give editorial control to subjects Feature: more freeform, may include poetry or drama, etc. Feature is anything that is less than fully fact (THIS AMERICAN LIFE) Higher relevance of scripting; creating a dramatic storyline |
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Principles of music programs |
make sure tone of music and spoken portions match “Hammock” new music with hits Mix durations and types Maintain regular times for certain features (weather, traffic) never talk over vocals Aspects of music to consider: Sound, Tempo, Vocal, Era, Ensemble |
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Sequences and Magazines |
Sequence: long program, mixing music and content with a general appeal (i.e. drive-time) Magazine: specific audience, focused on content (MORNING EDITION) Importance of presenter in setting tone Both formats emphasize short pieces. Consider order to build and maintain interest |
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Future of radio and the 4 phases of digital sound |
digital music changing how we consume music. more personal. Reduced barrier to broadcast, and to do so online (streaming) web radio (3 types) simulcast of radio on website web-only radio broadcast thematic radio — like old tv radio stations …did not revolutionize radio…cost of consumptionfree musicfile sharing, reducing the need for music radio. Loss of interest in instant music in favor of permanent music ipod and podcasting removes temporal/geographic boundaries May not be more democratic. May be a niche market |
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New challenges in radio advertising |
podcasts, streaming music, multitasking, cross-platform —> more volatility, different methods of dissemination |
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Tools of market research |
Surveys, listening journals, focus groups, EGM MediaScore (online media research): automated research, puts the listener in the drivers seat. personalized participation, closeness b/t audience and station iSelector (custom streams): again, personalization of the music to the listener, plus the station gets feedback based on listening habits Personal People Meter (production of ratings): device that logs listening habits; passive/mobile/objective |
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Parts of commercials |
message (creative) and source (economic) introduction: engaging, persuasive presentation: linear or nonlinear, suspenseful aim: brand, institution, public service coverage: reach and type of campaign |
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3 levels of formats |
Program, Station, Genre (?) Factual (news/bulletins, interview, commentary, documentary, feature) Fictional (drama) Editorial (editorial commentary, discussion) station formats (diversified, general appeal, specialized, thematic, formula) |
