Radiation Safety

Front 1

**What are the units for the absorbed dose of radiation?

Back 1

Gray (Gy)= 1 joule/kg

Front 2

*What is the dose equivalent man?

Back 2

Measure of effect of radiation (how much radiation actually effects your tissues)

Front 3

*What are the units for Dose equivalent Man?

Back 3

Sievert (Sv)

Front 4

The principal effect of ionizing radiation is ________.

Back 4

Indirect damage to DNA ---> carcinogenesis OR cancer treatment

Front 5

*What tissues express radiation damage relatively quickly?

Back 5

Tissues with high proliferation rate

Front 6

*What are 3 actively dividing cell types?

Back 6

1) Bone marrow
2) Intestinal crypt cells
3) Germinal layer of epidermis

Front 7

**Tumors have similar sensitivity to __________, so radiation will damage both.

Back 7

Tissues w/ actively dividing cells

Front 8

*What are the 2 effects of radiation?

Back 8

1) Stochastic
2) Deterministic

Front 9

*What are the stochastic effects of radiation?

Back 9

-There is a probability that it will happen
-No specific dose, variable
-Stochastic~ statistic

Front 10

*What are the deterministic effects of radiation?

Back 10

Effects that will happen if dose is sufficient (reaches threshold)

Front 11

**True or false. The severity of stochastic effects are proportional to dose.

Back 11

False!!!! severity not proportional to dose

Front 12

*What is the basis of ALARA?

Back 12

There's no threshold for stochastic effects so always use as low as reasonably achievable amounts of radiation

Front 13

*What is ALARA?

Back 13

As low as reasonably achievable

Front 14

*True or false. There's a threshold dose for deterministic effects of radiation.

Back 14

True, below threshold there is no detectable effect

Front 15

*The severity of deterministic radiation effects is proportional to ______.

Back 15

The dose above threshold

Front 16

**What is a deterministic side effect of radiation when taking radiographs of the head?

Back 16

Cataracts-guaranteed at a certain dose

Front 17

*What is the main problem in radiation accidents or radiation therapy?

Back 17

Deterministic effects

Front 18

True or false. Deterministic effects are what we worry about at radiation doses used in diagnostic radiology.

Back 18

False, seldom sufficiently large enough to cause deterministic effects (except e.g. cataracts)

Front 19

**What are the consequences of diagnostic radiology that we are concerned about?

Back 19

Stochastic effects

Front 20

**What method of imaging is associated with increased risk of exposure (that we care about the most!)?

Back 20

Mobile examinations

Front 21

**What are the 3 sources of occupational exposure?

Back 21

1) Leakage from the x-ray tube
2) Primary beam
3) Scatter radiation

Front 22

**__________ radiation is harmful.

Back 22

All ionizing radiation

Front 23

**What is the annual occupational effective dose limit for the whole body?

Back 23

50 mSv (5 rem)

Front 24

**What are the 3 basic ways to minimize radiation exposure?

Back 24

1) Time
2) Distance
3) Shielding

Front 25

**In order to minimize the time related to radiation exposure, is it sometimes nice to take one radiograph to examine the whole body and just take one film.

Back 25

False! doesn't mean take one radiograph for whole body and doesn't mean take only one view

Front 26

**If you step back 1 meter, how much will your radiation exposure decrease?

Back 26

Reduce 1% of primary beam

Front 27

**What is shielding designed to absorb?

Back 27

Scatter radiation

Front 28

**What are 3 types shielding used to reduce radiation exposure?

Back 28

1) Lead gloves
2) Lead aprons/thyroid shields
3) Eyewear
DOES NOT PROTECT FROM PRIMARY BEAM

Front 29

What is so great about linear accelerators?

Back 29

Gives the highest radiation dose the deepest

Front 30

*What are the 4 R's of radiation therapy (the reason we give small amounts of radiation then wait, then give small amounts and wait)?

Back 30

-spares normal tissues because it allows Repair of sublethal damage and Repopulation
-increases damage to tumor because of Reoxygenation and Reassortment of cells into radiosensitive phases of cell cycle

Front 31

**What is an acceptable acute effect of radiation therapy? Not acceptable acute effect?

Back 31

Acceptable: moist desquamation
Unaccetable: necrosis

Front 32

*What is an acceptable late-effect of radiation therapy? Unacceptable?

Back 32

Acceptable: cataracts
Unacceptable: neoplasia

Front 33

What are 2 types of tumors that are the best candidates for radiation therapy?

Back 33

1) Not metastatic
2) Locally invasive, non-resectable