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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the Bohr model?
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Mini solar system
Nucleus at center Electrons rotating around. Easily understood but replaced. |
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What replaced Bohr model?
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Standard: Describes fundamental particles
Quantum Mechanical Model: Describes e- arrangements in an atom. |
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How many fundamental particles in the Standard Model?
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12 plus their antiparticles.
6 quarks Only exist withi assosciation with other quarks, never alone. Neutrons and protons are made of quarks. 6 leptons Solitary. |
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What are leptons?
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Stable leptons: Electrons and Neutrinos
Exist as solitary particles. |
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Stable matter is made of:
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Up quarks, down quarks, electrons
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Antiparticles are:
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The same as quarks and leptons with opposite charge.
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Unstable particles are:
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Rare, highly unstable, annihilates into pure energy
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Our universe make up is 24%
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matter, 76% dark energy, and only 5% of matter is known. Nature of dark energy and the remainder of matter is unknown.
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What does the standard model do?
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Describes force carrier particles. Mediate interactions between matter particles.
Means by which quarks and leptons (mater interactw without touching. 1. Magnetism 2. Light 3. Electrostatic attraction and repulsion. |
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What are the force carrier particles:
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Photons: (Electromagnetic force)
W and Z bosons: Weak nuclear force (beta decay) Gluons: Strong nuclear forces (bind nuclei) Gravitons: gravity |
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What makes up a proton?
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2 up quarks, 1 down quark (+2/3, -1/3)
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What makes up a Neutron?
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-1 up quark, 2 down quarks (-2/3, +1/3)
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What determines the identity of an element?
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Protons.
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What is the Quantum Mechanical Model?
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Current understanding of electron arrangement in atoms.
Electrons are like particles and waves and circle nucleus in 3D volume called an orbital. |
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What is and electron orbital?
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Represents the location of electron in space. the set of quantum numbers are n, l, and m.
N= size L= shape M= orientation of orbital in space. |
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What are the Angular momentum numbers?
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s,p,d,f,g 12345
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What is ionization?
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Electrically neutral atom with equal protons and neutrons looses an electron. Nucleus become positive ion, free electron become a negative ion. This is ionization.
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For Ionization to occur, you must overcome the Binding energy. Which atomic numbers bind more tightly the electrons to the nucleus?
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Large atomic numbers (Z)
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What is the energy spectrum?
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See your slides.
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Where are Xrays on energy spectrum?
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Between ultraviolet and Gamma rays.
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What is particulate radiation?
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-Large atoms have more neutrons than protons, makes them unstable.
-Unstable atoms break up releasing a,B, and y rays. This is called radioactivity. |
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What is decay?
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Atom is transmuted into another element and particles are released.
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What types of particles are released in decay?
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Alpha: do not penetrate. Helium nuclei with 2 protons and 2 neutrons (no electrons. Double + charge and heavy. give up energy quickly.
Beta: Penetrates about 1.5 cm. Not densely ionizing. Small light and carry a single negative charge. Do not interact with matter as readily as alpha particles. Gamma: Photons (electromagnetic radiation), result from interactions with cell nucleus. (x-rays result from electron interactions.) |
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What are Photons
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High energy: Xray, gamma, characterized by energy (electron volts
Medium energy: Visible light, UV (Wavelength-nanometers) Low energy: AM and FM radio waves (Frequency-KHz and MHz) |
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How is electromagnetic radiation best expressed?
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Quantum theory and wave theory.
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What is electromagnetic radiation?
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Movement of energy through space as combination of electric and magnetic fields
Generated when an electrically charged particle is altered. May be ionizing or non-ionizing. |
