Rad258 Procedures

Front 1

The circulatory system is composed of the following:

Back 1

* •The cardiovascular organs— heart, blood, and blood vessels
* •The lymphatic system— lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph glands, and spleen

Front 2

The alimentary canal is made up of:

Back 2

the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

Front 3

The respiratory system is composed of

Back 3

two lungs, nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree.

Front 4

The organs of the urinary system are the

Back 4

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Front 5

This system includes those organs that produce, transport, and store the germ cells

Back 5

reproductive system

Front 6

The nervous system is composed of the

Back 6

brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and special sense organs such as the eyes and ears.

Front 7

The muscular system includes all muscle tissues of the body and is subdivided into three types:

Back 7

(1) skeletal, (2) visceral, and (3) cardiac.

Front 8

The endocrine system includes all the ductless glands of the body. These glands include the:

Back 8

testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, pineal, and pituitary. The placenta acts as a temporary endocrine gland.

Front 9

This system is composed of the skin and all structures derived from the skin.

Back 9

Integumentary System

Front 10

includes 80 bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body

Back 10

Axial Skeleton

Front 11

consists of all bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities) and the shoulder and pelvic girdles (126 in all)

Back 11

Appendicular Skeleton

Front 12

this type of bone is only found in the appendicular skeleton and has a medullary cavity

Back 12

long bone

Front 13

These types of bones are roughly cuboidal and are found only in the wrists and ankles.

Back 13

short bones

Front 14

These bones consist of two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and marrow between them. Examples are calvarium, sternum, ribs, and scapulae

Back 14

flat bones

Front 15

Vertebrae, facial bones, bones of the base of the cranium, and bones of the pelvis are examples of these bones.

Back 15

irregular

Front 16

________are produced by the red bone marrow

Back 16

RBC's

Front 17

___________are found between the diaphysis and each epiphysis until skeletal growth is complete.

Back 17

epiphyseal plates

Front 18

Immovable joint

Back 18

Synarthrosis

Front 19

Joint with limited movement

Back 19

Amphiarthrosis

Front 20

Freely movable joint

Back 20

Diarthrosis

Front 21

What movement type do the following joints have: the intermetacarpal, carpometacarpal, and intercarpal joints of the hand and wrist. The right and left lateral atlantoaxial joints between C1 and C2 vertebrae

Back 21

Plane (gliding) joints

Front 22

What movement type do the following joints have: the interphalangeal joints of both fingers and toes, the knee joint, the elbow joint, and the ankle joint.

Back 22

Ginglymus (hinge) joints

Front 23

What movement type do the following joints have: the proximal and distal radioulnar joints and the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae

Back 23

Trochoid (pivot) joints

Front 24

What movement type do the following joints have: the second through fifth metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers, the wrist joint, and the metatarsophalangeal joints of the toes.

Back 24

Ellipsoid (condyloid) joints

Front 25

What movement type does the following joint have: the first carpometacarpal joint

Back 25

Sellar (saddle) joints

Front 26

What movement type do the following joints have: the hip joint and the shoulder joint.

Back 26

Spheroid (ball and socket) joints

Front 27

What position is this: an upright position, arms adducted (down), palms forward, head and feet directed straight ahead.

Back 27

anatomic position

Front 28

any longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts.

Back 28

sagittal plane

Front 29

plane dividing the body into equal right and left parts.

Back 29

midsagittal plane

Front 30

any longitudinal plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Back 30

coronal plane

Front 31

divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts

Back 31

midcoronal plane

Front 32

any transverse plane passing though the body at right angles to the longitudinal plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.

Back 32

horizontal (axial) plane

Front 33

Refers to the back half of the patient, or that part of the body seen when viewing the person from the back

Back 33

Posterior or dorsal

Front 34

Refers to front half of patient, or that part seen when viewed from the front

Back 34

Anterior or ventral

Front 35

Refers to the sole or posterior surface of the foot.

Back 35

Plantar (plan'tar)

Front 36

Refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot

Back 36

Dorsal

Front 37

Refers to the palm of the hand; in the anatomic position, the same as the anterior or ventral surface of the hand.

Back 37

Palmar

Front 38

a positioning term that describes the direction or path of the CR of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient, projecting an image onto the IR.

Back 38

Projection

Front 39

Lying on back, facing upward.

Back 39

supine

Front 40

Lying on abdomen, facing downward (head may be turned to one side).

Back 40

prone

Front 41

A recumbent position with the whole body tilted so that the head is lower than the feet.

Back 41

Trendelenburg

Front 42

A recumbent position with the body tilted so that the head is higher than the feet.

Back 42

Fowler's

Front 43

A recumbent oblique position with the patient lying on the left anterior side, with the right knee and thigh flexed and with the left arm extended down behind the back.

Back 43

Sim's

Front 44

recumbent (supine) position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports.

Back 44

Lithotomy position

Front 45

This position will always be 90°, or perpendicular, or at a right angle, to a true AP or PA projection.

Back 45

True Lateral

Front 46

Refers to those oblique positions in which the right or left anterior aspect of the body is closest to the IR and can be erect or recumbent general body positions

Back 46

RAO or LAO

Front 47

For these, the patient is always lying down, and the beam is always horizontal

Back 47

decubitus

Front 48

In this position the patient is lying on the dorsal (posterior) surface with the x-ray beam directed horizontally, exiting from the side closest to the IR

Back 48

Dorsal decubitus position—left or right lateral

Front 49

In this position the patient is lying on the ventral (anterior) surface with the x-ray beam directed horizontally, exiting from the side closest to the IR

Back 49

Ventral decubitus position—right or left lateral

Front 50

In radiographic positioning, this term has been used to describe any angle of the CR more than 10 degrees along the long axis of the body.

Back 50

Axial

Front 51

This is a special use of the term projection to describe a projection that merely skims a body part to project that part into profile and away from other body structures

Back 51

Tangential

Front 52

This is a specific AP chest projection for demonstrating the apices of the lungs.

Back 52

AP axial projection—lordotic position

Front 53

A lateral projection through the thorax.

Back 53

Transthoracic lateral projection

Front 54

Toward the center, or median plane.

Back 54

Medial

Front 55

Away from the center, or median plane

Back 55

lateral

Front 56

near the source or beginning

Back 56

proximal

Front 57

away from the source or beginning

Back 57

distal

Front 58

toward the head

Back 58

cephalad

Front 59

away from the head (toward the feet)

Back 59

caudad

Front 60

nearer the skin surface

Back 60

Superficial

Front 61

on the same side of the body or part

Back 61

Ipsilatera

Front 62

a “swayback” type of curvature, most commonly of the lumbar spine region.

Back 62

lordosis

Front 63

a “humpback” type of curvature, usually of the thoracic spine region.

Back 63

kyphosis

Front 64

a lateral, or side-to-side, curvature of the spine

Back 64

Scoliosis

Front 65

decreases the angle of the joint

Back 65

Flexion

Front 66

to decrease the angle between the dorsum (top of foot) and the lower leg, moving foot and toes upward.

Back 66

Dorsiflexion of foot

Front 67

The plantar surface (sole) of the foot is turned or rotated away from the median plane of the body

Back 67

eversion

Front 68

a movement of arm or leg toward the body, to draw toward a center or medial line.

Back 68

Adduction

Front 69

a rotational movement of the hand into the anatomic position (palm up in supine position or forward in erect position).

Back 69

Supination

Front 70

These bones make up the bony thorax

Back 70

ribs, sternum, clavicles, scapulae, 12 T-vertebrae

Front 71

What 2 topographical positioning landmarks are used in positioning of the chest?

Back 71

Vertebral Prominens and Jugular notch

Front 72

The xiphoid tip is located at the level of what vertebra?

Back 72

T9-T10

Front 73

The CR location for a PA chest is:

Back 73

T7

Front 74

4 general divisions of the respiratory system

Back 74

pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Front 75

Level that the trachea divides in to rt. and lt. bronchi (Carina)

Back 75

T4-T5

Front 76

Each lung is contained in a delicate double-walled sac, or membrane, called the

Back 76

pleura

Front 77

Air or gas present in this pleural cavity results in a condition called:

Back 77

pneumothorax

Front 78

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity (pleural effusion) creates a condition called

Back 78

hemothorax

Front 79

The ______of each lung is that rounded upper area above the level of the clavicles.

Back 79

apex

Front 80

refers to the extreme outermost lower corner of each lung, where the diaphragm meets the ribs.

Back 80

costophrenic angle

Front 81

also known as the root region, is the central area of each lung, where the bronchi, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves enter and leave the lungs.

Back 81

hilum

Front 82

Four radiographically important structures located in the mediastinum are the

Back 82

(1) thymus gland, (2) heart and great vessels,(3) trachea, and (4) esophagus.

Front 83

This patient has a thorax that is very broad and very deep from front to back but is shallow in vertical dimension

Back 83

hypersthenic

Front 84

In this build, the thorax is narrow in width and shallow from front to back but is very long in its vertical dimension

Back 84

asthenic

Front 85

How many ribs should be visualized above the diaphragm on a good inspiration PA chest radiograph?

Back 85

10

Front 86

Thus in general, chest radiography uses _____ contrast, described as a ______scale contrast, with more shades of gray.

Back 86

low; long

Front 87

All chest radiographs should be taken in an erect position if the patient's condition allows. Three reasons for this are:

Back 87

1. Allows the Diaphragm to Move Down Farther 2. Visualizes Possible Air and Fluid Levels in Chest 3. Prevents Engorgement and Hyperemia of Pulmonary Vessels

Front 88

On a true PA chest without any rotation: (how evaluated)

Back 88

both the right and left sternal ends of the clavicles will be the same distance from the center line of the spine.

Front 89

Any more separation than this indicates rotation of the thorax from a true lateral position of the chest:

Back 89

1/4 to1/2 inches, or about 1 cm

Front 90

The lateral borders of these two muscles should be faintly visible on a diagnostic abdominal radiograph of a small to average-sized patient when correct exposure factors are used

Back 90

psoas major

Front 91

What 2 topographical positioning landmarks are used in positioning of the chest?

Back 91

Vertebral Prominens and Jugular notch

Front 92

The xiphoid tip is located at the level of what vertebra?

Back 92

T9-T10

Front 93

The CR location for a PA chest is:

Back 93

T7

Front 94

4 general divisions of the respiratory system

Back 94

pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Front 95

Level that the trachea divides in to rt. and lt. bronchi (Carina)

Back 95

T4-T5

Front 96

Each lung is contained in a delicate double-walled sac, or membrane, called the

Back 96

pleura

Front 97

Air or gas present in this pleural cavity results in a condition called:

Back 97

pneumothorax

Front 98

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity (pleural effusion) creates a condition called

Back 98

hemothorax

Front 99

The ______of each lung is that rounded upper area above the level of the clavicles.

Back 99

apex

Front 100

refers to the extreme outermost lower corner of each lung, where the diaphragm meets the ribs.

Back 100

costophrenic angle

Front 101

What 2 topographical positioning landmarks are used in positioning of the chest?

Back 101

Vertebral Prominens and Jugular notch

Front 102

The xiphoid tip is located at the level of what vertebra?

Back 102

T9-T10

Front 103

The CR location for a PA chest is:

Back 103

T7

Front 104

4 general divisions of the respiratory system

Back 104

pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Front 105

Level that the trachea divides in to rt. and lt. bronchi (Carina)

Back 105

T4-T5

Front 106

Each lung is contained in a delicate double-walled sac, or membrane, called the

Back 106

pleura

Front 107

Air or gas present in this pleural cavity results in a condition called:

Back 107

pneumothorax

Front 108

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity (pleural effusion) creates a condition called

Back 108

hemothorax

Front 109

The ______of each lung is that rounded upper area above the level of the clavicles.

Back 109

apex

Front 110

refers to the extreme outermost lower corner of each lung, where the diaphragm meets the ribs.

Back 110

costophrenic angle

Front 111

These muscles are located on either side of the lumbar vertebral column. The lateral borders of these two muscles should be faintly visible on a diagnostic abdominal radiograph of a small to average-sized patient when correct exposure factors are used

Back 111

psoas major

Front 112

These are considered to be accessory organs to the digestive system

Back 112

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Front 113

The three parts of the small intestine

Back 113

A.Duodenum B.Jejunum C.Ileum (il'eum)

Front 114

The spleen is part of the _______ system

Back 114

lymphatic

Front 115

The ___________ is part of the endocrine (internal) secretion system and also part of the exocrine (external) secretion system

Back 115

pancreas

Front 116

a radiographic examination of the urinary system, wherein the contrast media is injected intravenously. During this examination the hollow organs of this system are visualized by means of the contrast media that has been filtered from the blood flow by the kidneys

Back 116

IVU

Front 117

the most commonly used abdominal landmark for positioning of the abdomen

Back 117

iliac crest

Front 118

Since it is not advised to palpate the symphisis pubis, the __________ _________ can be used to locate the lower margin of the abdomen

Back 118

greater trochanter

Front 119

Abdominal radiographs are exposed on ___________ (inspiration/expiration), with the diaphragm in a superior position to better visualize abdominal structures.

Back 119

expiration

Front 120

_________is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen

Back 120

Ascites

Front 121

__________refers to free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity.

Back 121

Pneumoperitoneum

Front 122

CR should be at the level of the _____ ______ for an AP Abdomen

Back 122

iliac crest

Front 123

Structures demonstrated on an AP abldomen

Back 123

Outline of liver, spleen, kidneys, and air-filled stomach and bowel segments and the arch of the symphysis pubis for the urinary bladder region.

Front 124

Abdomen radiographs should demonstrate a ______ scale of contrast

Back 124

long

Front 125

Patient should be on side a minimum of __________before exposure (to allow air to rise or abnormal fluids to accumulate); 10 to 20 minutes is preferred, if possible, to best demonstrate potential small amounts of intraperitoneal air.

Back 125

5 min

Front 126

______lateral decubitus best visualizes free intraperitoneal air in the area of the liver in the right upper abdomen away from the gastric bubble

Back 126

Left

Front 127

For a left lateral decubitus abdomen, the CR should be:

Back 127

2" above crest

Front 128

An AP upright abdomen should include the ________ _______ to demonstrate Small free, intraperitoneal crescent-shaped air bubble if present

Back 128

bilateral diaphragm

Front 129

Their are _______ bones in each hand and wrist

Back 129

27

Front 130

The three parts of a metacarpal from proximal to distal

Back 130

base, body (shaft), head

Front 131

The metacarpals articulate with the phalanges at their distal ends and are called:

Back 131

metacarpophalangeal, or MCP, joints

Front 132

At the proximal end the metacarpals articulate with the respective carpals and are called:

Back 132

carpometacarpal, or CMC, joints

Front 133

the largest carpal in the proximal row and articulates with the radius proximally.

Back 133

Scaphoid

Front 134

the smallest of the carpal bones and is located anterior to the triquetrum

Back 134

pisiform

Front 135

largest of the carpal bones

Back 135

capitate

Front 136

The rough oval process on the medial and anterior side of the radius, just distal to the neck, is the ________ ________.

Back 136

radial tuberosity

Front 137

The trochlea is located more ________ and articulates with the ______.

Back 137

medially; ulna

Front 138

The capitulum is on the _____ aspect of the distal humerus and articulates with the head of the ________

Back 138

lateral; radius

Front 139

The deep posterior depression of the distal humerus

Back 139

olecranon fossa

Front 140

A fiberglass cast requires a _____ increase in mAs

Back 140

25-30%

Front 141

Most CR systems require that at least ____ of the image plate be exposed to obtain an accurate exposure index value

Back 141

30%

Front 142

Fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone, extending into the carpometacarpal joint, complicated by subluxation with some posterior displacement

Back 142

Bennett's fracture

Front 143

A transverse fracture extending through the metacarpal neck; most commonly seen in the fifth metacarpal

Back 143

Boxer's fracture

Front 144

A transverse fracture of the distal radius with the distal fragment being displaced posteriorly

Back 144

Colles' fracture

Front 145

CR placement for PA finger

Back 145

PIP of affected

Front 146

Degree of rotation for an oblique finger

Back 146

45 degrees

Front 147

To radiograph the 4th digit of the hand in an oblique, the hand should be rotated

Back 147

45 degrees laterally

Front 148

CR placement for AP thumb

Back 148

1st MCP joint

Front 149

What carpal bone should be included in a thumb radiograph?

Back 149

Trapezium

Front 150

CR placement for a PA hand

Back 150

3rd MCP

Front 151

When the hand is positioned for a PA projection, the thumb is in a _______ position.

Back 151

45 degree oblique

Front 152

In order for the joints of the fingers to demonstrated open on an oblique of the hand, the fingers must be _______ to IR

Back 152

parallel

Front 153

excessive overlap of metacarpals indicates ________ in an oblique of the hand

Back 153

over rotation

Front 154

CR placement for a lateral of the hand

Back 154

2nd MCP joint

Front 155

This position is performed commonly to evaluate for early evidence of rheumatoid arthritis at the second through fifth proximal phalanges and MCP joints.

Back 155

Norgaard Method, or “Ball-Catcher's Position”

Front 156

When doing a PA writs, in order to get the wrist and carpal area in close contact with the IR, the technologist should _______

Back 156

arch the hand

Front 157

If the oblique wrist is properly rotated, the proximal third, fourth, and fifth metacarpals should appear mostly ________

Back 157

superimposed

Front 158

For a routine lateral wrist, the _____surface is against the IR

Back 158

medial

Front 159

For the Scaphoid view, the CR is directed ______ degrees toward the _______

Back 159

15; elbow

Front 160

Another name for the CARPAL CANAL (TUNNEL)—TANGENTIAL, INFEROSUPERIOR PROJECTION: WRIST

Back 160

Gaynor-Hart Method

Front 161

For the carpal bridge--tangential projection, the CR is directed _____degrees to the long axis of the forearm

Back 161

45

Front 162

For an AP projection of the forearm, the patient's hand is ________

Back 162

supinated

Front 163

For a lateral forearm, the arm is flexed _____ degrees

Back 163

90

Front 164

If the following is demonstrated, what position/projection is this? The head of the ulna should be superimposed over the radius, and humeral epicondyles should be superimposed. • Radial head should superimpose coronoid process, with radial tuberosity seen in profile.

Back 164

Lateral forearm

Front 165

Obtain two AP projections—one with forearm parallel to IR and one with humerus parallel to IR. This is done when:

Back 165

Elbow cannot be extended

Front 166

Best visualizes radial head and neck and capitulum of humerus

Back 166

external oblique elbow

Front 167

Best visualizes coronoid process of ulna and trochlea in profile

Back 167

Internal oblique elbow

Front 168

A true lateral view of the elbow is indicated by three concentric arcs...they are:

Back 168

the trochlear sulcus, double ridges of the capitulum and trochlea, and the trochlear notch of the ulna.

Front 169

TRAUMA AXIAL LATERALS—AXIAL LATEROMEDIAL PROJECTIONS: ELBOW are also known as:

Back 169

Coyle Method

Front 170

True AP projection is evidenced at proximal humerus by the following: ______ _______is seen in profile laterally;

Back 170

greater tubercle

Front 171

For the carpal bridge--tangential projection, the CR is directed _____degrees to the long axis of the forearm

Back 171

45

Front 172

For an AP projection of the forearm, the patient's hand is ________

Back 172

supinated

Front 173

For a lateral forearm, the arm is flexed _____ degrees

Back 173

90

Front 174

If the following is demonstrated, what position/projection is this? The head of the ulna should be superimposed over the radius, and humeral epicondyles should be superimposed. • Radial head should superimpose coronoid process, with radial tuberosity seen in profile.

Back 174

Lateral forearm

Front 175

Obtain two AP projections—one with forearm parallel to IR and one with humerus parallel to IR. This is done when:

Back 175

Elbow cannot be extended

Front 176

Best visualizes radial head and neck and capitulum of humerus

Back 176

external oblique elbow

Front 177

Best visualizes coronoid process of ulna and trochlea in profile

Back 177

Internal oblique elbow

Front 178

A true lateral view of the elbow is indicated by three concentric arcs...they are:

Back 178

the trochlear sulcus, double ridges of the capitulum and trochlea, and the trochlear notch of the ulna.

Front 179

TRAUMA AXIAL LATERALS—AXIAL LATEROMEDIAL PROJECTIONS: ELBOW are also known as:

Back 179

Coyle Method

Front 180

True AP projection is evidenced at proximal humerus by the following: ______ _______is seen in profile laterally;

Back 180

greater tubercle

Front 181

To correctly position the humerus for a true lateral, one must _________ rotate the arm until the ___________ are ____________ to the IR.

Back 181

internally; epicondyles; perpendicular

Front 182

The shoulder girdle consists of two bones. They are:

Back 182

the clavicle and the scapula

Front 183

a long, curved process extending laterally over the head of the humerus

Back 183

acromion process

Front 184

a thick, beaklike process projecting anteriorly beneath the clavicle

Back 184

coracoid process

Front 185

The ______(external/internal) rotation position represents a true AP projection of the humerus in the anatomic position, as determined by the epicondyles of the distal humerus

Back 185

external

Front 186

a compression fracture of the articular surface of the humeral head often associated with an anterior dislocation of the humeral head.

Back 186

Hill-Sachs defect

Front 187

CR placement for an AP Shoulder

Back 187

1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to coracoid process

Front 188

TRANSTHORACIC LATERAL PROJECTION: SHOULDER (TRAUMA) is also known as:

Back 188

Lawrence Method

Front 189

CR placement for Trans-thoracic lateral shoulder

Back 189

Surgical Neck

Front 190

POSTERIOR OBLIQUE POSITION—GLENOID CAVITY: SHOULDER (NONTRAUMA) is also called:

Back 190

Grashey Method

Front 191

How far is the body rotated for the Grashey?

Back 191

35-45 degrees toward affected side

Front 192

What is the CR angle for an AP axial of the clavicle?

Back 192

15-30 degrees

Front 193

Who requires more of an angle for an AP axial clavicle, a thin patient or a hypersthenic patient?

Back 193

thin (10-15 degrees more)

Front 194

AC joints are done _______ with and without weights

Back 194

bilaterally

Front 195

Weights for AC joints should be

Back 195

tied to wrists

Front 196

SID for AC joints is

Back 196

72"

Front 197

Why is the arm abducted 90 degrees and the hand supinated for an AP scapula?

Back 197

To move scapula away from thoracic structures

Front 198

What is the desired breathing instructions for an AP scapula?

Back 198

breathing technique to blur ribs and lung structures

Front 199

Which oblique best demonstrates the body of the scapula?

Back 199

45 degree LAO

Front 200

Which lateral scapula results in the most magnification--LPO or LAO?

Back 200

LPO

Front 201

The ______ articulates with four bones: posteriorly with the talus and anteriorly with the three cuneiforms.

Back 201

navicular

Front 202

The _______ articulates with four bones: the navicular proximally, the first and second metatarsals distally, and the intermediate laterally.

Back 202

medial cuneiform

Front 203

The ______ ______includes two small pointed prominences, called the medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles, located on the superior surface of the tibial head between the two condyles.

Back 203

intercondylar eminence

Front 204

The_______is the longest and strongest bone in the entire body

Back 204

femur

Front 205

CR direction and placement for toes

Back 205

10° to 15° toward calcaneus to MTP jnt

Front 206

Rotate the leg and foot 30° to 45° ______ for obliques of the first, second, and third digits

Back 206

medially

Front 207

CR placement and direction for AP foot

Back 207

10 degrees posterior to base of 3rd MT

Front 208

The foot is rotated _____ (how much) degrees ______ (which direction) for an oblique of the foot

Back 208

30-40 degrees; medially

Front 209

For the foot, correct obliquity is demonstrated when third through fifth ________ are free of superimposition and the _____ is in profile

Back 209

metatarsals; tuberosity of base of 5th

Front 210

For a lateral of the foot, the _____ surface is ______ to IR

Back 210

plantar; perpendicular

Front 211

CR direction and placement for plantodorsal calcaneus

Back 211

40 degrees cephalic to base of 3rd MT

Front 212

CR direction and placement for a lateral calcaneus

Back 212

perpendicular to a point 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to medial malleolus

Front 213

For a true AP of the ankle, the _________ _______will be about 15° more posterior

Back 213

lateral malleolus

Front 214

For the ______, the intermalleolar line is parallel to the IR

Back 214

AP Mortise

Front 215

For a true oblique of the ankle, the leg is rotated medially ____ degrees

Back 215

45

Front 216

CR placement and directioin for mediolateral ankle projection

Back 216

perpendicular to medial malleolus

Front 217

For a lateral tib-fib, the knee should be flexed ____ degrees

Back 217

45

Front 218

Rotate leg internally 3° to 5° for a true _____(or until interepicondylar line is parallel to plane of IR).

Back 218

True AP

Front 219

CR placement for AP knee

Back 219

a point ½ inch, or 1.25 cm, distal to apex of patella

Front 220

If a patient has thick thighs and buttocks, one must angle ____ (more/less) for an AP knee than you would for an average pt.

Back 220

more

Front 221

A properly positioned medial oblique knee will demonstrate the ________open with the lateral condyles of femur and tibia seen in profile

Back 221

proximal tibiofibular articulation

Front 222

Knee should be flexed ____ degrees for a lateral projection

Back 222

20-30

Front 223

Two names for possible Intercondylar fossa projections

Back 223

Camp Coventry and Holmblad

Front 224

What is true of the relationship between the lower leg and the CR for every intercondylar fossa projection

Back 224

perpendicular to each other

Front 225

The patient is ______ for the camp coventry method

Back 225

prone

Front 226

The settegast method for patella requires a ____ knee bend

Back 226

90 degree

Front 227

If the hip is included for an AP femure, the leg should be rotated 15° to 20° _______ to place the femoral neck in profile.

Back 227

internally

Front 228

Optimal exposure with correct use of ______ ______effect will result in near uniform density of entire femur

Back 228

anode heel

Front 229

The female pelvis has an _____ (acute/obtuse) angle of the pubic arch.

Back 229

obtuse

Front 230

If the entire leg is rotated internally a full 15° to 20°, the outline of the _______ ____generally is not visible at all or only slightly visible on some patients when it is obscured by the shaft of the femur.

Back 230

lesser trochanter

Front 231

CR placement and direction for AP pelvis

Back 231

CR is perpendicular to IR, directed midway between level of ASISs and the symphysis pubis

Front 232

AP BILATERAL “FROG-LEG” PROJECTION: PELVIS is also called

Back 232

Modified Cleaves Method

Front 233

CR direction and placement for an AP inlet of pelvis

Back 233

Angle CR caudad 40° (near perpendicular to plane of inlet).
• Direct CR to a midline point at level of ASISs.

Front 234

POSTERIOR OBLIQUE PELVIS—ACETABULUM is also called

Back 234

Judet method

Front 235

An RPO Judet visualizes the ______ acetabulum

Back 235

Right

Front 236

CR placement for AP Hip

Back 236

1 to 2 inches (3 to 5 cm) medial and 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) distal to ASIS

Front 237

AXIOLATERAL INFEROSUPERIOR PROJECTION: HIP AND PROXIMAL FEMUR—TRAUMA is also called:

Back 237

Danelius-Miller method

Front 238

MODIFIED AXIOLATERAL—POSSIBLE TRAUMA PROJECTION: HIP AND PROXIMAL FEMUR is also called:

Back 238

Clements-Nakayama Method*

Front 239

CR placement and direction for AP axial SI joints

Back 239

Angle CR 30° to 35° cephalad to a midline point about 2 inches (5 cm) below level of ASIS.

Front 240

A posterior oblique of the SI joint demonstrates the joint ______ (farthest from/closest to) IR

Back 240

farthest from

Front 241

Degree that the body is obliqued for an LPO or RPO SI joint

Back 241

25-30

Front 242

The posterior surface of the body and the arch form a circular opening, the _______ _______, that contains the spinal cord

Back 242

vertebral foramen

Front 243

The most prominent part of the thyroid cartilage, or “Adam's apple,” is at the approximate level of

Back 243

C5

Front 244

If the base of the skull is superimposing the odontoid process in an open mouth projection, what correction must be made?

Back 244

chin down more

Front 245

CR placement and direction for a AP Axial C-spine

Back 245

CR angled 15° to 20° cephalad, to enter at the level of the lower margin of thyroid cartilage to pass through C4

Front 246

For an RAO cervical spine, the CR is directed ____ degrees ____(caudad/cephalad)

Back 246

15; caudad

Front 247

The ______ intervertebral foramina is demonstrated in an RPO of the c-spine

Back 247

Left

Front 248

CR placement for Lateral C-spine

Back 248

CR perpendicular to IR, directed horizontally to C4 (level of upper margin of thyroid cartilage)

Front 249

Functional study to demonstrate anteroposterior vertebral mobility

Back 249

flexion/extension

Front 250

One of these projections is useful for demonstrating the superior portion of the dens when this area is not well visualized on the AP open mouth cervical spine projection.

Back 250

Fuchs Method (AP) or Judd Method (PA)

Front 251

CR placement and directioin for AP T-spine

Back 251

CR perpendicular to IR
• CR centered to T7, which is 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) below jugular notch

Front 252

For a lateral T-spine...Significant amounts of secondary/scatter radiation are generated. Close collimation and placement of a ________ _______posterior to the part are essential to maintaining image quality. This is particularly important with digital imaging.

Back 252

lead blocker

Front 253

The ____ of the "scotty dog" is one superior articular process

Back 253

ear

Front 254

The ______ zygapophyseal joint is visualized in an RPO of the L-spine

Back 254

Right

Front 255

involves forward movement of one vertebra in relation to another

Back 255

Spondylolisthesis

Front 256

Anterior wedging of vertebrae; loss of body height

Back 256

compression fx

Front 257

CR placement and direction for AP L-S Spine

Back 257

Direct CR perpendicular to IR centered to following: Larger IR (35 × 43): Center to level of iliac crest (L4-5 interspace).

Front 258

CR placement and direction for Oblique L-S Spine

Back 258

Direct CR perpendicular to IR.
• Center to L3 at the level of the lower costal margin (4 cm, or 11/2 inches) above iliac crest.

Front 259

The intervertebral forimina of the L-spine are best demonstrated in the _____

Back 259

lateral

Front 260

CR placement for Lateral L5-S1 spot

Back 260

CR 11/2 inches (4 cm) inferior to iliac crest and 2 inches (5 cm) posterior to ASIS

Front 261

Which projection gives less breast dose to pt for a scoliosis survey? AP or PA

Back 261

PA

Front 262

With this method for scoliosis studies, Two images are obtained—one standard erect AP or PA and one with the foot or hip on the convex side of the curve elevated.

Back 262

Ferguson

Front 263

CR direction and placement for AP sacrum

Back 263

CR angled 15° cephalad, to enter at midsagittal plane midway between level of symphysis pubis and ASIS

Front 264

CR direction and placement for PA coccyx

Back 264

Angle CR 10° cephalad, to enter 2 inches (5 cm) superior to symphysis pubis

Front 265

Degree of obliquity for an RAO sternum

Back 265

15-20 degrees

Front 266

Patient is rotated ____ degrees for Sternoclavicular joints

Back 266

15 degrees

Front 267

An RAO of the Sternoclavicular joints demonstrates the

Back 267

downside (Right)

Front 268

________ ______ Ribs 1 through 9 or 1 through 10 should be visualized.

Back 268

Above diaphragm

Front 269

If a patient has an anterior/lateral rib injury, then what view should be done?

Back 269

Anterior obliques (affected side away from IR)

Front 270

How many bones make up the calvaria (skull cap)?

Back 270

8

Front 271

The inner ________ is where the eyelids meet near the nose;

Back 271

canthus

Front 272

frequently used positioning line located between the outer canthus (midlateral orbital margin) and the EAM

Back 272

OML

Front 273

Reid's base line

Back 273

IOML

Front 274

Depress chin, bringing OML perpendicular to IR; Angle CR 30° caudad to OML, or 37° caudad to IOML ;Center at midsagittal plane, 2½ inches (6 cm) above glabella. What projection is this?

Back 274

AP Axial---Towne method

Front 275

A PA projection; Rest patient's nose and forehead against table/Bucky surface; CR 15° caudad, OML perpendicular. What method is this?

Back 275

Caldwell

Front 276

Raise patient's chin and hyperextend the neck if possible until infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) is parallel to IR; CR is perpendicular to infraorbitomeatal line.
• Center ¾ inch (2 cm) anterior to level of EAMs. What projection is this?

Back 276

SMV

Front 277

A PA axial projection in which teh CR is angled 25 degrees cephalad to the OML (OML perpendicular to IR) is called:

Back 277

Haas

Front 278

The Haas method is performed when a patient cannot flex their necks sufficiently for an ________

Back 278

AP axial (Towne)

Front 279

a fracture of the floor of the orbit caused by an object striking the eyes straight on

Back 279

Blowout

Front 280

a fracture caused by a blow to the cheek, resulting in a fracture of the zygoma in three places—the orbital process, the maxillary process, and the arch.

Back 280

Tripod

Front 281

Superimposed facial bones, greater wings of the sphenoid, orbital roofs, sella turcica, zygoma, and mandible. When this projection is properly positioned, it will demonstrateno rotation (mandibular rami are superimposed) and no tilt (orbital roofs and greater wings of sphenoid are superimposed).

Back 281

lateral facial bones

Front 282

This method is also known as the Parietoacanthial projection; mentomeatal line (MML) is perpendicular to the plane of the image receptor. OML will form a 37° angle with the table/Bucky surface.
The CR perpendicular to IR, to exit at acanthion

Back 282

Waters

Front 283

If this is correctly positioned, the petrous ridges appear just inferior to the maxillary sinuses

Back 283

Waters

Front 284

Correct patient position/CR angulation is indicated by petrous ridges being projected into the lower one third of orbits with 15° caudad CR for this projection

Back 284

Caldwell facial bones

Front 285

What facial bone projection requires that you adjust the head until lips-meatal line (LML) is perpendicular; OML forms a 55° angle with the image receptor

Back 285

Modified Whaters

Front 286

If a patient is unable to extend their neck for an SMV of the zygomatic arches, then the the CR may be angled so it is perpendicular to:

Back 286

OML

Front 287

When doing an oblique tangential for the zygomatic arch, the head is rotated ______ degrees ______ the affected side

Back 287

15; toward

Front 288

For the mandible, the head in true lateral position best demonstrates the:

Back 288

ramus

Front 289

When doing a mandible, _____ degree rotation toward IR best demonstrates the body

Back 289

30

Front 290

When this is correctly positioned for a mandible exam, the following will be demonstrated: condyloid processes visualized symmetrically, lateral to the cervical spine; clear visualization of condyle/temporomandibular fossae relationship, with minimal superimposition of the TM fossae and mastoid portions

Back 290

Towne

Front 291

The patient's face is rotated 15 degrees toward image receptor and the CR is angled 15 degrees caudad. What TMJ projection is this

Back 291

Axiolateral (LAW)

Front 292

For this TMJ projection, the patient is in a true lateral and the CR is angled 25-30 degrees caudad

Back 292

Schuller

Front 293

The frontal sinuses projected above the frontonasal suture. • Anterior ethmoid air cells visualized lateral to each nasal bone, directly below the frontal sinuses. Which projection is this?

Back 293

PA Caldwell

Front 294

Extend neck, placing chin and nose against table/upright Bucky surface.
• Adjust head until OML forms a 37° angle with IR (MML will be perpendicular with mouth closed).
• Position the midsagittal plane perpendicular to the midline of the grid or the table/upright Bucky surface; ensure no rotation or tilt.
• Instruct patient to open mouth by instructing to “drop jaw without moving head.” (MML is no longer perpendicular.)
• Center IR to CR and to acanthion. This describes what projection for sinuses?

Back 294

PARIETOACANTHIAL TRANSORAL PROJECTION: SINUSES
Open-Mouth Waters Method

Front 295

In the supine position the ________part of the stomach is the lowest part, where the heavy barium settles

Back 295

fundus

Front 296

3 primary functions of the digestive system

Back 296

ingestion/digestion, absorbtion, elimination

Front 297

When comparing the stomach of a hyposthenic patient to that of a hypersthenic patient, the hyposthenic stomach is ________ and more _________

Back 297

lower; vertical

Front 298

the entry of gastric contents into the esophagus, irritating the lining of the esophagus.

Back 298

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or esophageal reflux

Front 299

characterized by a large outpouching of the esophagus just above the upper esophageal sphincter

Back 299

Zenker's diverticulum

Front 300

For this "maneuver" the patient is asked to take a deep breath and, while holding the breath in, to bear down as though trying to move the bowels. This maneuver forces air against the closed glottis

Back 300

Valsalva maneuver

Front 301

weakenings and blind outpouchings of a portion of the mucosal wall. They can occur in the stomach or small intestine

Back 301

Diverticula

Front 302

a condition in which a portion of the stomach herniates through the diaphragmatic opening

Back 302

Hiatal hernia

Front 303

For an RAO of the esophagus, the CR is perpendicular to the level of:

Back 303

T5-T6

Front 304

On an average patient for an RAO of the stomach, the CR is directed to the level of:

Back 304

L1

Front 305

Entire stomach and duodenum are visible. • Retrogastric space is demonstrated. • Pylorus of stomach and C-loop of duodenum should be visualized well in this position for an UGI

Back 305

Rt. Lateral

Front 306

When evaluating this UGI projection, an unobstructed view of the duodenal bulb should be seen, without superimposition by the pylorus of the stomach.

Back 306

LPO

Front 307

Two strict contraindications exist to contrast media studies of the intestinal tract.

Back 307

perforated hollow viscus (intestine or organ) and large bowel obstruction

Front 308

a double-contrast method used to evaluate the small bowel.

Back 308

enteroclysis

Front 309

______are saclike projections similar to diverticula except that they project inward into the lumen rather than outward as do diverticula

Back 309

Polyps

Front 310

The transverse colon is filled with air in when the patient is in this position

Back 310

AP

Front 311

In this position for a LGI, the right colic flexure and the ascending and sigmoid colon are seen “open” without significant superimposition

Back 311

RAO/LPO

Front 312

The patient is on their right side, the beam is directed horizontally for an AP projection, centered at the iliac crest for an Air contrast BE. What anatomy is air-filled?

Back 312

left colic flexure and descending colon.

Front 313

This position demonstrates the mucosal pattern of large intestine with residual contrast media for demonstrating small polyps and defects.

Back 313

PA/AP Post Evac BE

Front 314

CR placement and direction for the PA Axial (butterfly) of the colon

Back 314

Align CR 30-40 degrees caudad to exit at level of ASIS

Front 315

When performing venipuncture for an IVU, the needle should be bevel ____ (up/down) and angled toward the arm ____ degrees

Back 315

up; 20-25

Front 316

_____(elevated/depressed) creatinine or BUN levels may indicate acute or chronic renal failure, tumor, or other conditions of the urinary system

Back 316

elevated

Front 317

A technique using acoustic (sound) waves to shatter large kidney stones into small particles that can be passed

Back 317

Lithotripsy

Front 318

For an IVU exam, the patient is rotated 30 degrees from supine toward the right side and the CR is perpendicular to the level of the iliac crest. Which kidney is seen in profile?

Back 318

Left

Front 319

Obliques of the bladder for an IVU are done at a rotation of:

Back 319

45-60 degrees

Front 320

The purpose of angling 10-15 degrees caudad for a bladder projection is to:

Back 320

project symphysis pubis inferior to bladder