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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types of contrast studies |
GI - Esophagram, Gastrogram, upper gi, lower gi Urinary- ivp, cystogram, urethrogram myelogram- cervical, lumbar fistula |
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Patient prep |
fasting (12 hours before) cleansing enema - night before and morning of |
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Scout films |
R lat +/- VD 1)Check quality of effectiveness of patient prep 2)Establish proper exposure factors 3)Check for changes in patient's condition |
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Contrast media |
Positive -Barium sulfate --GI, wont dilute -Organic Iodides --all studies, water soluble (will dilute), IV oral fistula or subarachnoid space. Some side effects Negative -Air, O2, CO2, nitrous |
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Esophagram |
Barium swallow 1. 100% barium first- add marshmellow fluff tos low (20 cc) and x-ray fast 2. If go down add canned food to barium and take x-ray 3. If go down add kibble and x-ray *If not a fluoroscopy must take x-ray within seconds of swallow |
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Gastrogram |
30% dilution barium 5cc/lb-might be more if excessive drooling or PO -stomach tube (optimal) center beam on T13 +/- fluoroscopy -Take films quickly ----R and L lateral, VD and DV |
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Upper GI Study |
Start same as gastrogram -looking at stomach and small intestine Multiple films +/- fluroscopy -@ 5 min- all views -@15 min- R or L lat and DV or VD -@ 30 min -@1 hr -@ q/hr until barium reaches colon (Normal dog time- 3-5 hr. Cat is 2-4) |
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Lower GI Study |
AKA Barium enema 15% solution -no set dose,when it stops dont force- note how much goes in -baloon tipped catheter with clamp- dont take out until done Post scout film- ensure colon is full 4 views- lat, VD, 2 oblique lats |
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Lower GI- Double contrast |
pull out as much barium as possible and then put in that much air. another 4 views- lat, VD, 2 oblique lats |
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IVP |
Intravenous pyelogram --check blood flow to kidney ---1st film immediately after injection (VD) ------then @ 1-2, 4-5, 15-20 min VD and lat If not rushed, just looking for post kidney flow -Ectopic ureters -@ 3, 10, 15 min VD and lat and oblique @10 min Fluoroscopy if available |
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Cystogram |
Catheterize (baloon) and drain urine Diluted iodine- no set dose; dont force lateral and VD(obliqued) double contrast |
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Urethrogram |
Typically male dogs- look for stones trapped in urethra Catheter 2-3 inches into urethra -Prime catheter and inject 10-12 cc -Take x-ray after injection --Lateral- legs forward focus on hips |
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Myelogram |
Anesthetized or heavily sedated Scount films of spine -lat and VD of focus area -lat of rest of spine * special myelogram dye |
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Lumbar myelogram |
Inject 1 ml/10 lbs Small amt and take film- if right location put in rest lat and VD |
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Cervical myelogram |
Easier but more dangerous Point bevel down canal - towards tail VD/VD views- animal unintibated Keep animal out for 45 min- 1 hr after study with head elevated |
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Echogenic |
Bright |
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Hyperechoic |
Brighter (air) |
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Hypoechoic |
darker (fluid) |
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Isoechoic |
2 sturctures with the same echogenicity |
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Anechoic |
very dark (tissue) |
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Enhancement artifact |
bright shadow below sructure -ie- waves go through urinary bladder to under it and brighten space under More waves in one spot=brighter |
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My Cat Loves Sunny Places |
Medulla of kidney Cortex of kidney Liver Spleen Prostate Dark (hypoechoic) to light (hyperechoic) |
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CAT scan or CT scan |
Computed Axial Tomography Computed Tomography Body selection radiograph. Many x-rays while spinning around object and create a cross-sectional or 3D picture +Pinpoint problems +determining sizes +organ/tissue invlovment -Animal must be anesthetized -expensive -cant always see |
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MRI |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging -aka Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Powerful magnet + programmed radio signals --Lines up hydrogen atoms in body and takes picture NO METAL +Better for soft tissue +change contrast +change imaging place without moving patient |
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Nuclear Medicine |
PET- Position emission tomography SPECT- single photon emission computed tomorgraphy Nuclear scintigraphy/bone scanning Cardiovascular imagine Tc 99 MDP- short acting radioisotope --When injected collect in bone tissue- gamma camera- accumulate in high metabolic activity (light areas) |
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Thermography |
Camera with sensor that measures infra-red emissions- detect heat differences Good history needed. Heat changes with blood flow -muscle and lameness issues |
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How does the ultrasound work? |
Pulses deform the piezoelectric crystals and send out sound waves. Sound waves come back to transducer, deform crystals again and sent to computer to traslate it |
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high vs low frequencies |
High frequency trasducers produce shorter pulses so the higher the frequency the less penetration and better resolution the lower the frequency the more penetration and poorer resolution |
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Acoustic shadowing |
Soundwaves reflect back from the dense tissue to the probe; no sound waves left. |
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comet tail reverberation |
Soundwaves are entirely reflected back from the gas, are sent back and reflect againand again, creating multiple echoes from 1 ultrasound pulse. |
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miror image |
Ultrasoundbounces off the diaphragm to another structure (vessel, gall bladder). It takestwice as long to come back to the probe and the machine shows the image attwice the distance. |
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Sagittal plane |
cranial-caudal slices |
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dorsal plane |
from the side |
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transverse plane |
left to right slices |
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Intestines |
Lumen: hyperechoic Mucosa: hypoechoic Submucosa: hyperechoic Muscularis: hypoechoic Serosa: hyperechoic |
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Roll |
¨transducer remain in same plane, butpoint it cranially or caudally (bring structures to the center of the image).Used at the costal arch and pelvic canal Rollcranial- beams to cranial (move transduced caudally) |
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Slide |
¨move transducer to different areas of theabdomen without angling the transducer |
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fan |
¨movetransducer perpendicular to the scan plane (side to side in sagittal plane oftransducer). If transducer is sagittalto body, rock it side to side; if transducer is transverse to body, rock it cranial to caudal. |
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rotate |
¨movetransducer 90 degrees counter clockwise to the starting plane. Best for determining cystic structures fromend-on vessels |
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Diaphragmatic line |
crura or crus |
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Split off of trachea |
carina |
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Crura in L lateral |
Overlaps |
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Crura in R lateral |
Smooth crura |
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Crura in VD |
Layers |
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Crura in DV |
Smooth |
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Lateral cardiac silhouette |
•2½ - 3 ½ times the width of intercostal space•2/3the height of thorax |
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DV cardiac silhouette |
•2/3width of chest •Hardto assess height |
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OFAs |
Anyone can take them, only OFA certified can read margins from iliac crest to proximal tibia -center on greater trochanter -legs straight and parallel to table and each other and patellas over femoral condyles -take at 2 years |
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Penhip |
Can take at 4 months Only certified person can take Extended, compressed and destraction views |
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Piece pulled off of bone |
Avulsion |
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Break at epiphyseal plate |
Salter-harris or epiphyseal fracture |
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Multiple piece fracture |
Comminuted |
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Interuption of periosteum on only one side - usually with young bones |
Greenstick fracture |
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Proximal and distal portions of the bone twist opposite ways |
Spiral fracture |
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Fracture through skin |
compound |
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angled fracure |
obique |
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vertical fracture |
linear |
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horizontal fracture |
transverse |
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Skull imaging studies |
Crainum, maxilla, mandible, nasal series, and tympanic bullae series |
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Cranium |
DV and lateral (frontoccipital) -Center on lateral canthus and include c1 and nose |
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Nasal Series |
Open mouth lat, VD open mouth, VD frontal sinus -Center on lateral canthus and open to zygomatic arch |
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Maxilla |
Open mouth lat, open mouth VD, open mouth lateral obliques and intra oral -Center on lateral canthus |
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Mandible |
Open mouth lat, DV, lateral open mouth obliques, intra oral -Center on lateral canthus |
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Tympanic Bullae |
Lateral, DV, VD open mouth (basilar view), lat obliques, intra oral |
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Cervical spine |
Lateral and VD -center on c3 and c4 and include base of skill and t1 |
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Thoracic spine |
Lat and VD -center on t7 and include c7 and l1 |
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Thoracolumbar junction |
Lateral and VD -center on TL junction and include l3 and t13 |
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Lumbar spine |
Lateral and VD -Center on l3/l4. open to t13 and sacrum |
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Lumbosacral juntion |
Lateral and VD -Center on LS junction and include l6 and sacrum |
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Abdomen Lateral |
center on caudal tip of last rib -2-3 fingers cranial to xiphoid -greater trochanter -dorsal spinous process -body wall |
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Abdomen VD |
center on caudal tip of last rib -2-3 fingers cranial to xiphoid -greater trochanter -body walls |
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Thoracic Lateral |
Center on caudal tip of scapula -thoracic inlet -last rib -dorsal spinous process -sternum |
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Thoracic VD |
Center on caudal tip of scapula -thoracic inlet -last rib -body walls/ribs |
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Routein Thorax |
R lat and VD |
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Met check |
L and R lat and VD |
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Cardiac eval |
R lat and DV |
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Vertebral formula for cat/dog |
C 7 T 13 L 7 S 3 |
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Vertebral formula for horse |
C 7 T 18 L 6 S 5 |
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Anatomic abnormalities describe.. |
Density Location Size Shape Amount Other things it changes |
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When laying on a side and the structures on that side are compressed |
Positional alelectusis |
