Rad 119 Pathology Ch 5

Front 1

begins w/ the mouth chewing breaking down food and mixing it w/ saliva, the mechanical breakdown of food

Back 1

digestion

Front 2

is the term for chewing

Back 2

mastication

Front 3

is the term for swallowing

Back 3

deglutition

Front 4

the greatest amount of digestion occurs in the

Back 4

duodenum-the first part of the small intestine

Front 5

digestion continues in the stomach w/ the churning movement of gastric contents that have become mixed w/

Back 5

hydrochloric acid and the proteolytic enzyme pepsin

Front 6

is the tem that refers to the smooth muscle contractions that move the contents of the digestive system through the GI tract

Back 6

peristalsis

Front 7

is an emulsifier that aids in the breakdown of fats during digestion

Back 7

bile

Front 8

are digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas for the digestion of proteins, fat, & carbohydrates

Back 8

protein - trypsin and chymotrypsin, fat - lipase, & carbs. - amylase

Front 9

is the term applied to the milky white substance that is formed in the stomach when chewed food is mixed w/ hydrochloric acid and pepsin

Back 9

chyme

Front 10

bile is secreted by the ____, & is stored in the ____

Back 10

liver, gallbladder

Front 11

bile is an ______, a substance that acts like soap by dispersing the fat into very small droplets that permit it to mix w/ water

Back 11

emulsifier

Front 12

is an emulsifier that aids in the breakdown of fats during digestion

Back 12

bile

Front 13

the inner surface area of the small bowel is increased by the formation of numerous fingerlike projection called _____, the largest amt of surface area for digestion and absorption

Back 13

villi

Front 14

is the largest gland in the body and is responsible for several vital functions, many related to digestion

Back 14

liver

Front 15

is a greenish liquid coonsisting of water, bile salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin

Back 15

bile

Front 16

is a pear-shaped organ that lies on the under surface of the liver

Back 16

gallbladder

Front 17

the gallbladder functions to

Back 17

store and concentrate bile by way of the hepatic and cystic ducts & concentrate by absorbing water

Front 18

the gallbladder releases bile into the _____ when stimulated by the presence of _____ _____ in the ____ _____

Back 18

duodenum, dietary fat, small bowel

Front 19

the pancreas controls the level of circulating blood glucose by secreting

Back 19

insulin and glucagon in the islets of Langerhans

Front 20

blood glucose levels in the blood are maintained by the secretion of _____ & _____ by the ______

Back 20

insulin and glucagon, pancreas

Front 21

when there is an increase in glucose the beta cells of the pancreas increase the secretion of

Back 21

insulin

Front 22

when glucose is low, the alpha cells of the pancreas secretes

Back 22

glucagon to accelerate glycogen breakdown by the liver

Front 23

result from the failure of a satisfactory esophageal lumen to develop completely separate from the trachea

Back 23

congenital tracheoesophageal (TE) fistulas

Front 24

the most common type of TE fistulas

Back 24

type III lesion

Front 25

_____% of congenital TE fistulas are type III

Back 25

85% - 90%

Front 26

consists of the upper segment ending in a blind pouch and the lower segment attaching to the trachea

Back 26

type III TE fistula

Front 27

plain radiographs of the abdomen demo. the presence of air in the bowel that has freely entered the stomach

Back 27

type III TE fistula

Front 28

is an extremely serious complication of TE fisula

Back 28

aspiration pneumonia

Front 29

infectious esophagitis is most often caused by the

Back 29

candida fungus and herpesvirus

Front 30

usually occurs in patients w/ widespread malignancy who are receiving radiation therapy, chemo, corticosteroids, etc.

Back 30

candida fungal and herpesvirus

Front 31

this can develop in patient with AIDS

Back 31

candida funal and herpesvirus

Front 32

is the term for difficulty swallowing

Back 32

dysphagia

Front 33

is strongly linked to excessive alcohol intake and smoking

Back 33

esophageal carcinoma

Front 34

procedure will demo. the early plaqulike lesions or ulcers of esophageal cancer

Back 34

double-contrast barium swallow

Front 35

does not usually produce early symptoms, so it is often diagnosed late and has a poor prognosis

Back 35

esophageal cancer

Front 36

study used to stage esophageal carcinoma w/ 90% accuracy, including tumor size, extent, & resectability

Back 36

CT

Front 37

contains all layers of the esophageal wall

Back 37

a traction or true diverticulum

Front 38

outpouchings, are common lesions contain all layers of the wall

Back 38

esophageal diverticula

Front 39

arise from the posterior wall of the upper (cervical) esophagus

Back 39

Zenker's diverticula

Front 40

occurs in the distal 10 cm of the esophagus

Back 40

epiphrenic diverticula

Front 41

dilated veins in the walls of the esophagus are termed

Back 41

varices

Front 42

outpouchings of the esophagus are called

Back 42

diverticula

Front 43

dilated veins of the esophagus, termed varices, are usually caused by

Back 43

portal hypertension

Front 44

varices are usually caused by portal hypertension is secondary to

Back 44

cirrohsis

Front 45

best demo. the wormlike filling defect that is evidence of esophageal varices

Back 45

double contrast barium swallow

Front 46

resembles the beads of a rosary

Back 46

esophageal varices

Front 47

hiatal hernia greatly increases the likelihood of

Back 47

reflux esophagitis

Front 48

is the most common abnormality found on GI exams

Back 48

Hiatal hernia

Front 49

is a condition in which the esophagus is dilated from abnormal functioning of the sphincter

Back 49

achalasia

Front 50

perforation of the esophagus may be a complication of

Back 50

esophagitis, peptic ulcer, neoplasm, external trauma, or instrumentation

Front 51

is the most common manifestation of peptic ulcer disease

Back 51

duodenal ulcer

Front 52

duodenal ulcers are more common than

Back 52

gastric ulcers

Front 53

gastric cancers usually occur in the

Back 53

distal stomach

Front 54

is common in other countries, such as japan, it is relatively rare in the US

Back 54

stomach cancer

Front 55

study used to stage gastric carcinoma and also used for treatment planning and in evaluating response to therapy

Back 55

CT

Front 56

is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown cause and has a wide range of symptoms

Back 56

Crohn's disease or regional enteritis

Front 57

in Crohn's disease it is usually the area most often affected, but can affect any part of the GI tract

Back 57

terminal area of the ileum

Front 58

is an inflammatory condition of unknown cause and most common in young adults

Back 58

regional enteritis or Crohn's disease

Front 59

diseases of unknown cause are classified as

Back 59

idiopathic diseases

Front 60

about ___% of small bowel obstructions are caused by fibrous adhesions from previous surgery or _______

Back 60

75%, peritonitis

Front 61

the second most common cause mechanical bowel obstruction is

Back 61

external hernia

Front 62

is a commoon disorder in which the lack of peristalsis, or motor activity in the intestine, causes fluid and gas to not progress through the intestines

Back 62

adynamic ileus

Front 63

is a major cause of bowel obstruction in children, but rare in adults

Back 63

intussusception

Front 64

is the term of telescoping of one part of bowel into another

Back 64

intussusception

Front 65

is the telescoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another b/c of peristalsis

Back 65

intussusception

Front 66

is the gold standard for detection of appendicitis and provides a more precise evaluation of the nature, extent, and location of the pathologic process

Back 66

CT

Front 67

is a condition of acquired herniations of the mucosa and submucosa through muscular layer at points of weaknesses in the bowel wall

Back 67

diverticulosis

Front 68

almost __% of patients over age 60 have _____

Back 68

50%, diverticulosis

Front 69

demo. on barium enema w/ this saw tooth configuration

Back 69

diverticulosis

Front 70

demo. radiographically w/ progressive shortening and rigidity of the colon and absent haustral patterns caused by ulcer healing and subsequent reepithelization

Back 70

chronic ulcerative colitis

Front 71

characterized by extreme dilatation of a segment of a colon w/ systemic toxicity

Back 71

toxic megacolon

Front 72

is a severe and ominous complication of ulcerative colitis

Back 72

toxic megacolon

Front 73

is characterized by an abrupt onset of abdominal pain and rectal pain

Back 73

ischemic colitis

Front 74

is often seen in patients with prior cardiovascular disease

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ischemic colitis

Front 75

there is evidence that most cancers of the colon arise from

Back 75

preexisting polyps

Front 76

causes the bowel to expand with accumulated gas, which requires less radiation to penetrate

Back 76

obstruction

Front 77

what technique is needed when imaging a patient with an obstruction

Back 77

a decrease in kVp

Front 78

is a twisting of the bowel on itself and can cause obstruction

Back 78

volvulus

Front 79

usually occurs after obstruction of the cystic duct by impaction of a gallstone

Back 79

acute cholecystitis

Front 80

is the imaging modality of choice for the gallbladder

Back 80

ultrasound

Front 81

was the gold imaging standard in the past for the gallbladder

Back 81

oral cholecystogram

Front 82

the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is

Back 82

ascites

Front 83

a common complication of the liver cirrhosis

Back 83

ascites

Front 84

free air in the peritoneal cavity

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pneumoperitoneum

Front 85

is a sign of a perforation of the GI tract

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pneumoperitoneum

Front 86

most pancreatic cancers occur in the

Back 86

head of the pancreas

Front 87

is the imaging modality of choice for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Back 87

CT

Front 88

is the most common cancer of the liver

Back 88

liver metastasis

Front 89

excessive alcohol consumption is the most common cause of

Back 89

acute pancreatitis

Front 90

occasionally acute pancreatitis is the result of

Back 90

gallstones