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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immigration and nationality act 1965
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- during Civil Rights movement
-laws weren't made towards 1 group |
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Chinese Student Protection Act 1992
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-Tinanamen Square Massacre
-Pro-democracy rally in china -killed and imprisoned students -govts allowed students visas to extend |
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Model Minority
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-Positive Stereotypes
-Good work ethic -good family values -Emphasis on education --ppl percieved chinese as same |
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Japanese Americans
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Hayakawa and Inouye
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Hawaii
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Very different immigration than chinese
-Orderly -family oriented -mostly worked sugar cane and pineapple fields |
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California
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Chinese Exclusion act 1892
--Japanese took jobs chinese would have -more rural work -more educated |
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Japanese and Koren Exclusion league 1905
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Tried to get US govt to pass laws against allowing them to emigrate
-compared them to chinese negatively |
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Gentleman's agreenment 1907
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restricted japanese immigration
-feared the japanese as a growing power |
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Picture Brides
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Single men in the US would get a pic of a woman from japan who wanted to come to the US and he would sign papers to marry her and she would be allowed to move
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Anti-Japanese legislation
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California Alien Law 1913
--didn't allow japanese to to own land Immigration Act of 1924 -Cut off all japanese immigration |
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Compromise of 1877
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Presidental election was so close that the house was left to decide
-southern democrats said they would give republicans president if they took troops out of south |
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White Reaction
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-Sharecropping, which means one would live and work on land but get a share of profit
--many worked for wages they never sawg, basically slavery w/o title Black Codes -Prohibited voting and created laws against blacks -taken away by legislature |
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Race Riots
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Almost always started by whites
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KKK
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First began right after war
Veterans who wanted to preseve southern ways Disappeared until 1915 |
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Disfranchisement
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taking away black voting rights
-Mississippi plan --Poll tax, lit test, grandfather clauses |
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Jim Crows Laws
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Similar to black codes
tried to remove blacks entirely from white society |
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Plessy V Ferguson 1896
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Homer Plessy was a mixed man who sat in the first class section of the train and was arrested when he said he was a negro
-Seperate but equal |
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Rebirth of the Klan
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Birth of a nation was a major film that portrayed KK
KK reorganized in 1915 |
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Lynching
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1882-1868-4743 lynched
73%black 59%in south WHY? murder, rape, other |
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Resistance
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Ida Well Barnett
Anti-lynching Legislation |
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Booker T Washington
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Born as a slave
Belived in hard work Age 16 went to Hampton Institue and paid for it --was run by Samuel Armstrong who admired Booker -Became head of Tuskeegee -taught agricultural science -Spoke at Atlanta Exposition -Asked for economic equality, not social -Wrote Up from Slavery -1st black to dine at whitehouse |
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WEB Du Bois
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Enemy of Washington
Born as a free black man middle class went to harvard student german in berlin taught wide range of stuff in ATL believed blacks should get higher education wrote The Souls of the Black Folk (aimed at washingtons ATL compromise) editor of The Crisis (NAACP) Moved to Ghana Wasn't welcomed back to the US after being open to communism |
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Marcus Garvy
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Born in Jamaica
dressed like a solider/scholar but was neither formed UNIA founded shipping company but it failed |
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Kansas Exodus 1870s
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Benjimen Pap Singleton
-Born as a slave in Tennessee -tried to sell land to other free slaves in Kansas -est. town Dunlap -name for blacks who fled the south for Kansas |
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Nicodemus, Kansas
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Black community
-had to buy your way in |
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Oklahoma
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Many black armed forces bought land herw
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The Great Migration 1915-1930
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involved 1.5 million blacks moving out of south
Push: Jim crows laws, poverty, lynching -cotton farming changed -WWI -poor and middle class moved -many orginizations aimed to help blacks who were new to cities |
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Effects of Migration
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-Racism
-restrictive covenants --led to the strengthening of black communities Expanding black middle class |
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Harlem Renaissance
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New Negrp Movement
-Music, literature and visual arts created more culture for blacks -nightlife was popping up due to music |
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James Weldon Johnson
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Writer during harlem renaissance
-wrote for the crsis supported by whites |
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Zora Neale Hurston
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Intelligetn at young age
-Wrote folk stories in black perspective |
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Jews in Europe
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Ashkenazm (ashkenazi)
-hebrew for Germany -75% of jews are ashkenazi -forced to live in Palestine settlement |
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Stereotypes and Anti-semitism
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-Blood-libel-urban myth that said jews used christian childrens blood in ceremonies
-thought they started the plague bc they traveled a lot |
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Jewish immigration to America
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Most jews came to start businesses
first jews came to new amsterdam |
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Shetetl
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predominatly jewish villages
-forced to live there -eventually considered it home |
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Pogroms
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Riots against Jews
-Usually govt sponsored -usually associated with a murder or missing child |
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Russian Jews
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-Came in 1880s
mostly poor began to work in garmet industry |
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Jewish Assimilation
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Tried but didn't mix well
Not forced bc there were large jewish communities |
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Landsmanshaft
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Orginizations to help jews adjust to US
As jews became more assimilated they focused on jews in europe tried to get more jews to come to america |
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Jews in the economy
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Very important to economy
allowed to bank and led in europe eventually could buy industries |
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Triange Shirtwaste Fire
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The young, single women were locked into thefactory so they didn't take long breaks
-caught on fire and many burned -govt made laws for workplace safety |
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Antisemitims in US
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Seen was dirty and poor
-didnt want them coming to US -believed to have no morals towards sex |
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Antisemitism in Europe
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Believed they stabbed germany in the back
-claimed they were the reason germany lost WWI |
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German Jews
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Mostly Middle class intellectuals--had rescources to get out
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Jewish Customs
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Britt Millah-ceremony of getting a hebrew name and circumcision
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Jewish Language
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Yiddush
-Ladino-Spanish and hebrew |
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Polish Americans 1st wave
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Divided by russian empire, persian empire and Austria
-Came to US for political reasons -Mostly in NYC and Chicago |
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Polish Americans 2nd Wave
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-2.6 million came
-About .25 went back to Poland - |
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Prussian (German) Poles
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-Came from German areas of Poland
-left bc of overpopulation, new farming techniques, Otto Van Bismark forced them to change religion |
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Austrain and Russian Poles
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-less educated than germans
-Came to US for work -settled mostly in north Polish national alliance -helped poles assimilate |
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3rd wave of Polish Americans
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-1924 Immigration act made it difficult for them to immigrate
-poland became a independent state -after WWI americans believed they could go back -they didn't return -hitler invaded poland |
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4th wave of Polish Americans
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Wakacjusze: temp worked and students who eventually went back to poland
-brought back polish language and culture -assimilated very well but still enclaved -Dyngus Day: dump shit on the ppl you like |
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Russian Americans
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-Came in large numbers and singly
-settled in the west -large russian populations in north and south daktoa |
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Ukranian Americans
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No accurate numbers
-1877 many came to PA to work and later brought families -due to warfare many came as displaced person |
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Hungarian Americans
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First wave was called the 48ers Kossuth immigrants
-failed civil war -forced to leave -fit in well, very accepted |
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czech americans
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another group of 448ers due to civil war
didn't stay to catholic faith originally moved for farming but moved to urban areas |
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Slovack Americans
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Came from rural homes but moved to urban areas
mostly worked in mines mostly males came but then females and kids came later |
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442nd regimental combat team
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japanese american unit
fought in italy bc govt didnt want to send them to asia most decorated unit in US history |
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Civil Liberities Act of 1988
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Signed by Regan
If you went to camps you got $20,000 |
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Reconstruction Laws
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13th ammendment abolished slavery
-14th ammendement bought blacks citizenship 15th amendment gave black men voting rights |
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After the civil war
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many battles fought in south
--loss of wealth and agriculture --4 million free slaves wondering for shelter and work |
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geary act
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extended the chinese exclusion act
forced them to carry papers said they couldn't become citizens |
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Magnuson act
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attitude towards chinese began to change because of WWII alllies
-removed complete immigration -allowed for 100 ppl per yr |
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The Rising Tide of Color
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By Lothtop Stoddard
-claimed that whites would fail -theres a scientific reason for race |
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Korematau V US 1944
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6-3 japanese internment declared constitutional
Kormeatau was a young man who was arrested for visiting his gf took it to the supreme court believed he should be allowed on the west coast |
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Kibel
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Japanese man who went back to japan for educaiton purposes
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Irish in America
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-Settled in Urban areas
-had labor jobs b/c english law left them uneducated -over 75% catholic |
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Know Nothings
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-severe limitiations on immigration
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German Americans
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-Brought to Jamestown to bring gasblowing
-Came during First wave -Moravians: tried to convert indians and slaves -push: Napoleanic wars, crop failures, european revolution, unification pull: political toleration, homestead act -20th century british propoghanda against the Germans changed American views |
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Mexican American's
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1821 Mexico became independent from Spain
-claimed all the land of "new spain" which the US tried to take move into -had a radical heirechy based partially on skin color |
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Mexican's in California
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moved in 1500's due to Christian Missions
-set up catholic outposts |
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Mexican's in California-Hierarchy
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1. Californios
2. Mestiios 3. Indios -only californios could own land, indios were slaves |
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New Mexico
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-El Camino Real was a road from Mexico City
-Catholic missions along the road |
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Crypto Jews
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Spanish jews who fled spain
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Genizaros
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Native Americans in new mexico who converted to catholicism
-ended up caught b/w catholic church and native american communities, not being accepted |
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Hacinedas
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large ranched owned by people of influence, attempt to bring large population
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Mexican's in Texas
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Patrons (same has Hacindeas)
Rancheros-step up from Hacindeas Penos-Vagueros (cowboys) eventually split up b/w whites blacks and mexicans -Tejanos-mexicans in texas |
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Mexican's in Mexico
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After 1821 many americans illegally moved to Mexican lands and mexico couldn't control its boundries
-allowed the americans to move to texas (had to be catholic, pledge allegiance to mexican govt, couldn't bring slaves) didnt follow those rules |
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Republic of Texas
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Texas Revolution (1835-1836)
-Mexican war started right after -a lot of disrupted territory |
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Mexican's and the California Gold Rush
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-Gold was discovered, many mexicans moved back (the 49ers)
-foreign minors tax against mexicans -other anti-mexican legislation was passed |
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Sutter's mill
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site of first real gold discovery in California
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New Mexico
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Santa Fe Ring
-outlawed spanish, made them prove their land ownership -Haciendas evicted -fencing laws, many mexicans couldn't afford fence for their 50 miles of land so they lost it |
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Mexican Bandits
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Jaquin Murrieta-Robin hood of California
-Tibercio Vasquez-tried to run the whites out, caught and hung Juan Cortina-Politically motivated Gregorio Cortez-songs about bandits Elfego Baca-Considered himself the law |
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San Elizario Salt war 1877
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West Texas
-Mexicans living here harvested salt from old lakes, when texas switched lands they took it over and it started a shootout |
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Glories Blancas
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took the law into her hands, wreaked havoc in New mexico-response to anglo oppression
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Caballeros de Labor
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Labor Union in response to anglo oppression
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El Partido del pubelo Unido
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population
political group -response to anglo oppression |
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Porfiro Diaz
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In mexico, was a systematic restructing of mexican society-an attempt to modernize mexico
-led to mass poverty, and foreign (US) investments |
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"Hero" of Cinco De Mayo
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rules mexico 1876-1880 1884-1911
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Mexican Revolution
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large number of deaths
multiple change in leaderships led to political instability many fled to the US |
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Pancho de Villa
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Launched a raid on Colombus, New Mexico
-retalliated for WIlson's interventions -Killed 18 americans, lost 80 men -led to increased racial tensions |
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Tampico Affair-American Intervention
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American sailors were arrested
-sent in marines -occupation of Veracruz |
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Mexican Immigration
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Reasons for increase-fewer restrictions after WWI
-mexicans exempt from quotas -continuing instability in mexican govt -economic boom in US |
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Mexican's and Great Depression
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-Many forced to return to mexico
-blamed for economic downturn -whites wanted mexican jobs |
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The Bracero Programs
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US/Mexican agreement
-supplied agriculturial workers, was originally just for WWII but extended to 1964 |
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Mexican youth culture
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fad called zoot suits (pachucos were boys who wore this)
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Zoot Suit Riots
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A young man was murdered so the sheriff arrested all mexican american youths, started bar fights and riots
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Operation wetback, 1954
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Alambristas y Mojados
-Illegal immigrants began coming to the US |
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Southwest
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Mexicans were treated like blacks in the south
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Mendez v Westminster
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took the school to court for segregation, won the case
-thurgood marshall helped out with the case (later argued brown v. board of education) |
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Hernandez v. Texas
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Hernandez was convicted of murder, there were no mexicans on the jury and the court ruled that the 14th ammendment (specific citizenship rights) applied to all races
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Cesar Chavez
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-Mexican American who started the united farm workers, tried to keep decent wages and work conditions
-started peaceful riots |
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Chicano Movement
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La Raza (the race)
-began being seen mexican as positive -many Mexican-American bonds started, and mexicans tried to set themselves apart from the white community |
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postscripts
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currently about 27 million americans of mexican descent
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Phillip Randolph
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-Socialist, started "The Messenger" magazine
-was jailed during WWI b/c of an article he wrote -tried to start several black unions-the brothers of sleeping car porters |
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African American's in the Great Depression
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first to be fired last to be hired
the new deal helped whites more caused many blacks to go from republic to democrat |
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Jesse Owens
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a runner for the 1936 olympics
a hero to many americans-went against nazi germany and beat them |
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Joe Lewis
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black boxer with many fans
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Dorie Miller
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black cook for the navy during WWII
-during pearl harbor he manned machine guns and won the navy cross |
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African Americans in World War II
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-practices of non segregation in the miliarty was pushed towards the govt
-began march on washington movement -won and fair employment commission was set up, caused a massive migration to the north -kept army hospitals segregated -fully participated in the war but still were not treated equally -by the end of the war whites began to change their feelings, Truman helped wipe out segregation |
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Tuskegee airmen
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famous black infantry unit
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Jackie Robinson
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First African American to play pro bball
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Brown V Board of Education 1954
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Seperation in school was unequal, court ruled in favor of NAACP and integrated schools
-Mendez v westminster led up to it |
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Emmett Till Murder 1955
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Emmett till whistled at a white woman, her brother and father killed him. the two were not charged with murder and it got people thinking about the morals of civil rights
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
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Organized by blacks
very successful, blacks began to open their own taix's intercivic committee tried to branch out to students |
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Little Rock 1957
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9 black kids tried to go to a white school, troops sent in to ensure this happened
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Sit-in's at Woolworth, 1960
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in Greensboro NC some college students tried to integrate the counter at a local diner and sat there everyday. was very peaceful and the govt of florida sided with the protestors
-Ceroy Colins- first southern governor to not send troops to protestors |
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Freedom Riders, 1961
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Mostly college students, black and white, from the north would go to southern schools and test segregation, many were arrested
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Albany Movement
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Southern Christian Leaders conference, started my MLK, he went to go have a protest and when the cameras turned off the cops were violent towards protestors
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James Marideth 1962
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decided to integrate U of Mississippi , when he tried to go he was met with violence but was allowed to attend
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Virgil Hawkins
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Accepted into UF medical school
-when he went he was kicked out, later agreement was made that UF would accept blacks but not him |
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Birmingham 1963
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Most segregated city in the US, MLK led protestors here, stood up in front of a KKK member (bill conner) and was jailed. in jail he wrote his famous letters
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March on Washington
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I have a dream
government began to support civil rights |
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Freedom Summer 1964
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3 young men who tried to increase voting in black communities were murdered, changed many public opinons about the south
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Civil Rights Act 1964
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After JFK's assination many believed that was the end of govt support, Lyndon Johnson did a lot to help the movement
-the act formally outlawed segregation |
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Voting Rights Act 1965
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Reinforced black voting rights, outlawed literary hate texts, very effective
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Salem, Alabama
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A march that obtained a lot of violence, Johnson was very inspired by this
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Malcom X
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a black seperatist, very powerful speaker.He was very angry and took it out on whites but after he went to Mecca he believed blacks could cope with whites
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Black Panthers
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saw only radical ways of change, many race riots, angry because of their poverty
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Cuban Americans
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US wanted to buy cuba from spain, south liked it b/c it was a slave state and US wanted to extend to cuba
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10 yrs war
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cuba wanted to break away from spain, lower class revolted and tried to overthrow spanish bondage. resulted in a very bloody war but was viewed positively by the US
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Jose Marti
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Forced to leave Cuba, he found ppl who would listen to him in Ybor City, FL and was very popular among other exiles
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Spanish American War 1898
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1895 another revolution broke out in cuba and americans supported the war until a US battleship was blown up in a cuban harbor and the Spanish were blamed. this caused a relatively short war and US won
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Teller Ammendement
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Against US Spanish war
-started that after the war the US wouldn't take over Cuba |
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Platt Amendment
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Against US Spanish war
-adjusted teller, cubas constituion would mimic US and domestic affairs would be controlled by US -caused anger in Cuba towards the US |
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Treaty of Relations 1934
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Good Neighbor Policy-tried to back off from central america and keep good relations with cuba
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Fidel Castro
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Cuba dictator who wanted to come to US to talk about relations-eisenhower wouldn't talk to him only Nixen would. he made cuba communist and became a push factor for cubans
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Operation Peter Pan
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send cuban children to live in US while castro was in power
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Bay of Pigs 1961
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Us trained cuban exiles to invade cuba, but castro knew about it and kennedy did it anyone, killed or jailed all invadors
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Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
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Nuclear Missles were to be placed in Cuba, and were very close to a nuclear war, both eventually removed missles when US agreed not to remove Castro and Cuba would give back bay of pigs men
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Cuabn Refugee Adjustment Act 1966
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allowed cubans to come to the US, all were considered refugees but aid was given to them and it was seen as good migration
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Varadiros 1965-1973
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Allowed cubans to come to the US who had family in the US
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Cubans-1970's
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Hijacking to get back to cuba
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Mariel Boat Lift
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castro opened up to let people leave, used so he could get rid of unwanted citizena
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Reagan tightens Embargo
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marielitos changed opinions about cubans, reinstated with travel ban
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Radio Marti 1895
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established a giant radio tower in the keys that could be heard in cuba and helped fight castro
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Cuban Democracy Act 1992
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Made it illegal for any American companies to sell to cuba against the Embargo
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Cuban Adjustment Act-Revived 1995
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tried to ease emmigration from cuba
if they were picked up wet they were sent back but if they made it to land they could stay |
